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1 CAE Professional Services Applying Simulation to Study Human Performance Impacts of Evolutionary and Revolutionary Changes to Armoured Vehicle Design Mark Espenant April 2006

2 Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 01 JUN REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Applying Simulation to Study Human Performance Impacts of Evolutionary and Revolutionary Changes to Armoured Vehicle Design 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) CAE Professional Services 686 Eastfield Street Ottawa, Ontario K1K 2E6 CANADA 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR S ACRONYM(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release, distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES See also ADM , The original document contains color images. 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR S REPORT NUMBER(S) 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 36 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

3 Services: Technical and Engineering Consulting System Level and Capability Level Government and Industrial Clients Defence and Homeland Defence Clients: Defense R&D Centers Defense Concept Development & Experimentation Centers Defense Procurement Centers Defense Simulation Coordination Office Crisis Management Centers Original Equipment Manufacturers Locations: Canada, US, Germany, UK, Australia The CAE Professional Services Business Unit Simulation Based Professional Services

4 Simulation Laboratories to Support Services Simulation Labs study alternative designs, tactics, and procedures, at the Tactical, Operational, and Strategic levels.

5 Armoured vehicle design challenges Why use simulation? Past and current projects Activities related to conference themes Perceptual requirements for displays HCI interactions issues Training approaches Measurement of human performance Augmented, mixed, and virtual environments Future military applications Conclusion Presentation Content

6 Armoured Vehicle Design Challenges Advanced technologies Faster, lighter, more capable but more expensive and complex Information & task overload Net-centric info must be filtered Situation Awareness What do crews need to know? Limitations on vehicle size & weight Airlift, mobility characteristics Reduced crew size Do the same tasks? Rotate crews? Common vehicles Special equipment vehicles

7 Why Simulation? Three kinds of simulation: Live Real people in real situations in real vehicles Virtual Real people in simulated environments Constructive Simulated (computer-generated) people in simulated environments A consistent theme in our projects is the use of all three environments as best suited to the required results

8 Comparison of Simulation Environments % of Requirements Speed/ease of Trials Cost Crew Performance Prediction Validation Constructive Virtual Real Crew Performance Measurement

9 Advantages of Virtual Simulation Motion/CGI costly Model sensors/vehicle Validation critical Disadvantages of simulation

10 Advantages of Virtual Simulation Easier/more varied/reproducible trials Use commercial components and unqualified software Not limited by vehicle configuration Rapid SMI prototyping Easier/cheaper development Easier program changes Assess undeveloped technology Link to Capability Engr Motion/CGI costly Model sensors/vehicle Validation critical Advantages of simulation Disadvantages of simulation

11 Advanced Land Fire Control Systems (ALFCS) Past and Current Projects Real Defensive Aides Suite Definition Study and Pronghorn Trial Real Future Armoured Vehicle Systems (FAVS) Real Multi-Mission Effects Vehicle (MMEV) Real Sponsored by Defence R&D Canada, client General Dynamics Canada Virtual Virtual Virtual Virtual

12 Armoured Vehicle Test Bed 6 DOF motion platform AFV crew enclosure Computer-generated imagery and enemy vehicles Sensor and host vehicle models

13 Evaluation Methodology Build 1 FCS AVTB Evaluation #1 Active AFV Crews Build 2 FCS AVTB Evaluation #2 Build 3 FCS AVTB Evaluation #3 Users Group Build 4 FCS AVTB Evaluation #4

14 ALFCS New Features 2-person turret with autoloader Relaxed-view sights/integrated control panel Multi-function control handles Basic Defensive Aides Suite Automatic Target Detection/Tracking Image enhancement Wide Angle Surveillance system Scan path/fire points Integrated tactical display

15 ALFCS Results Measurement of Human Performance and subjective crew opinion Increase in engagement speed and accuracy Suitability of relaxed view displays Improvement in survivability Design of OMI and symbology Actual FCS used in Mobile Gun System Useful? Mean Rating Easy to Use? Adjust Mag On Control Handles Operate View Other Feature Detect with ATD in Day Sight Detect with ATD in Thermal Sight Track with ATT Time (seconds) st Fire to Kill Lase to 1st Fire Detect to 1st Lase Time to Detect DAS Auto Mode DAS Semi Auto Mode DAS Manual Mode -2-4 Baseline Build 2 Build 3

16 DAS Live/Virtual Comparison DAS implementation in ALFCS virtual environment by General Dynamics Canada Real DAS implemented in LAV by Litton Systems CAE Professional Services conducted HF design of virtual DAS, and evaluation in field and lab of both systems Very similar evaluation results V&V is important!

17 The FUTURE ARMOURED VEHICLE SYSTEMS Technology Demonstration Project Future Armoured Vehicle Systems Future Armoured Vehicle Systems Create Computer Task Network Model Simulate All three Co-operative simulation environments Air-Land Build-it Engagements slide Validate Model Performance Data Create Virtual Immersive Environment Quantify Technology Performance Develop Technologies Neural Network ATR Immersive Visualization Radar/IR Integration Image/Target Processing Image Presentation /SMI Multi-Function Laser DAS Adaptive Camouflage Integrate in LAV Validate Assumptions and Performance Validate Model

18 Technology Development IVS IR DAS Target Acquisition Fusion Computer Radar BMS Data Biomimetic ATR

19 FAVS Head-Mounted Display

20 FAVS Operator-Machine Interface (incl HCI) Sensors and DAS Weapons and Targets 13. FIRE DAS CM (Sensor) 27. COMPUTER ENGAGE (Sensor) 26. FIRE WEAPON (Sensor) 24. LASE (Sensor) Joysticks Two joysticks mounted on seat armrests - Movement controls centre of view, fine aim, and flies vehicle in digital terrain - Buttons for all OMI functionality Seat -Full reclined backrest with armrests - 5-point harness - Push-to-talk for radios on armrests HMD Wide-angle colour stereo immersive view - Visual and IR imagery - Symbology to represent tactical and navigational features - Head-tracker - Live mic for DVI and intercom

21 Augmented Reality Concept SENSORS: ALL SEMI S E C W N SABOT :42 R DAY X1 ATDR ON B T80 T80 2xT80 1 T80 3 A 21B CC 2200 GUN GNR CC HULL

22 FAVS Results HMDs not suitable for AFVs, but immersive visualization critical for SA Three-prong simulation approach successful and validated Technology development mostly successful Created new TTPs HMD Ratings Distributed simulation successful 27. (CC) Scan Arcs While Static using the HMD (x14,x25) ATDR Comparison 26. (CC) Scan Arcs While Static using the HMD (x1, x4) Engagements ATDR Fire to Kill 17. Orient on Targets using Compass Rose Engagement Times (s) Engagements 10 Engagements Computer Engage (Successful) Computer Engage (Fail) Track On (Successful) Avg. Rng.: 1404 Avg. Rng.: 1973 Avg. Rng.: Engagements Track On (Fail) Avg. Rng.: Engagements Manual Avg. Rng: 1822 ATDR Lase to Fire/Manual Fire to Kill ATDR Engage to Lase/Manual Lase to Fire Detect to Engage(Track)/Manual Detect to Lase 31. (CC) Navigate using the HMD Map Display 30. (CC) Maintain Aw areness using the HMD Map Display 29. (CC) Scan Arcs While Moving using the HMD (X14, X25) 28. (CC) Scan Arcs While Moving using the HMD (x1, x4) Average Rating

23 Multi-Mission Concept Multi-mission fire control: Direct Fire Non Line of Sight (NLOS) Air Defence Use of unmanned vehicles (including organic to the MMEV) for Situation Awareness and target engagement Net-centric environment allows external target assignment and remote sensing and target engagement

24 Combined Arms Operational Construct TACTICAL LEVEL Brigade Group Bde Gp UAV Bde Gp HQ Bde Gp Tac Hel Bde Gp Arty Bde Gp Recce Task Force TF HQ CAT HQ MMEV TCP Combined Arms Team MMEV TUA MGS INF Pl / Sect INF

25 Combined Arms Simulation Construct TACTICAL LEVEL Brigade Group FFSE UAV RTB DRDC-Ottawa SAF Bde Gp UAV Command Element Operational Functions C ommand S ense Bde Gp HQ CASE NTS TARDEC UCD Bde Gp Tac Hel A ct Bde Gp Arty S hield Bde Gp Recce Task Force S ustain MMEV TCP TF HQ CAT HQ Combined Arms Team MMEV AVTB + 3 x OVS TUA MGS INF SAF SAF SAF Pl / Sect INF DSS DRDC-Toronto

26 MMEV Operator-Machine Interface Note use of simulation to design the simulation! Get picture

27 MMEV Results Improved Situation Awareness Benefits of OMI flexibility roles not specific to crew position Improves ability to conduct multi-role operations Increased crew accountability/responsibility Required changes in training and career progression Digital vs voice commands Increased speed, decreased SA Need direct sensor-shooter communication Digital waypoints and shared digital map have high utility

28 Perceptual Requirements for Displays Complete HMD evaluation Performance impact Crew integration Requirements for relaxed view displays Screen size/orientation/number Display technical requirements Allocation of information Display symbology style guide Wide-area Situation Awareness schemes

29 HCI Interaction Issues Direct Voice Input Multi-button joysticks/control handles Reconfigurable buttons Touch screen States & modes Sensors and DAS Weapons and Targets 13. FIRE DAS CM (Sensor) 27. COMPUTER ENGAGE (Sensor) 26. FIRE WEAPON (Sensor) 24. LASE (Sensor)

30 Training Approaches Cannot have too much training! Training flow from Powerpoint to hands-on Challenges with conversion of attitudes from legacy methodologies and equipment How to operate in Net Centric world Necessary changes to career progression and training

31 Measurement of Human Performance Target engagement Navigation Command & Control Situation Awareness Fatigue, workload, sickness ***The limitations of HP evaluation! Must consider objective task performance...

32 AMVE Don t go there markings Way points/fire points Boundaries/report lines, etc Done in real and virtual vehicles (FAVS)

33 Future Military Applications All projects concerned future technologies Worked with Army strategic concepts organization Includes new TTPs, organizational structure

34 Conclusions In excess of 5000 hours of experimentation has been conducted, and more is on-going in live, virtual, and constructive environments Human and system performance measurements have lead to vastly increased understanding of display requirements, training approaches, human-computer interactions, and use of augmented and mixed environments.

35 The End!

36 Applying Simulation to Study Human Performance Impacts of Evolutionary and Revolutionary Changes to Armoured Vehicle Design Mark Espenant CAE Professional Services 686 Eastfield Street Ottawa, Ontario K1K 2E6 CANADA This paper was received as a PowerPoint presentation without supporting text. Espenant, M. (2006) Applying Simulation to Study Human Performance Impacts of Evolutionary and Revolutionary Changes to Armoured Vehicle Design. In Virtual Media for Military Applications (pp ). Meeting Proceedings RTO-MP-HFM-136, Paper 17. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France: RTO. Available from: RTO-MP-HFM

37 Applying Simulation to Study Human Performance Impacts of Evolutionary and Revolutionary Changes to Armoured Vehicle Design 17-2 RTO-MP-HFM-136