Automotive black: from decorative towards functional. Dr. E.P.K. Currie, technical director JM AGT

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1 Automotive black: from decorative towards functional Dr. E.P.K. Currie, technical director JM AGT

A speciality chemicals company, 12,000 people in over 30 countries Organised

Markets Light Duty Catalysts Heavy Duty Catalysts Stationary Emissions Control

Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Manufacturing Fine chemicals New Business

fabrications Metal Joining Fuel Cells Medical Device Components Piezoceramics

2 A speciality chemicals company, 12,000 people in over 30 countries Organised in Four Business Sectors Clean Air Efficient Natural Resources Health New Markets Light Duty Catalysts Heavy Duty Catalysts Stationary Emissions Control Glass industry products Refining Chemical Process Technologies Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Manufacturing Fine chemicals New Business Development Water Technologies Battery Technologies Precious metal fabrications Metal Joining Fuel Cells Medical Device Components Piezoceramics Fine Chemicals Catalysis Purification Chiral Technologies Tracerco Automotive glass seminar 5 th December 2017

3 Advanced Glass Technologies Maastricht HQ 3

4 Key AGT Sites Royston Maastricht Jincheon Downingtown Shanghai Bangkok Other Sites 4

5 Advanced Glass Technologies Products Insert footer here 5

6 Decorative and Functional Glass Enamels Appliance and Architectural Glass Coatings Bottle & Tumbler Decoration 6

7 Decorative Precious Metals Ceramic and Glass Functional Inks, typically Aerospace and Electronics Companies 7

8 Technical Glass Materials Fire Retardant Additives Ceramic glazes for a variety of applications 8

Automotive glass obscuration enamels A full product line for toughening and laminating applications Desired properties: Excellent esthetics (deep blackness.

9 Automotive glass obscuration enamels A full product line for toughening and laminating applications Desired properties: Excellent esthetics (deep blackness.) High acid resistance where required Lower or broader thermal operating window Deeper bending, better non-stick performance Easy and versatile printing Attractive cost-use Strong silver-hiding properties Good compatibility with electronics and optical coatings 9

provide color One or more glass powders to provide a matrix and functional properties Additives to ensure high

10 How does an enamel work..? An automotive obscuration enamel consists of: Sacrificial organics for printing (~20%) One or more pigments to provide color One or more glass powders to provide a matrix and functional properties Additives to ensure high functionality Silver (green) on top of a black enamel: Control of the glass structure on microand nanolevel yields an optimal distribution of pigment and different glass types, each providing optimal functionality. 10

and to the substrate Diffusion of silver into the enamel (bleeding) The duration and peak temperature of the thermal process

11 What determines the working window? The use of an enamel in the glass forming process is complex: Fast burn-out of organics Fusing of the glass, both internally and to the substrate Diffusion of silver into the enamel (bleeding) The duration and peak temperature of the thermal process Controlled response and release in moulding process Controlled remnant glass stress after full production cycle Control of submicron bismuth crystals at the glass air or glass silver interface is key for high performance. 11

12 Silver hiding, how to control? Silver naturally starts to migrate > 400 o C When not controlled the silver migrates through the obscuration enamel Either in the enamel or at glass surface a redox reaction can form metallic silver bleeding stains Use of special glass chemistry in our products limits this to provide high esthetics We can follow the silver diffusion front using elemental analysis coupled to cross section electron microscopy 12

13 Glass Enamels for Tempering Applications Product Fired Surface Operating Range [1] C Chemical Resistance Ag Hiding HCl [2] Citric Acid [3] Alkali [4] H 2 SO [5] 4 1T3010 Matt T3015 Matt T3030 Matt T1430 Matt T55M050 Matt T70M100 Semi-matt Working windows determined by optical and functional properties within a fast cycle Ag-hiding requires special chemistry New grades outperform on working window, non-stick and chemical durability Insert footer here 13

14 Glass Enamels for Laminating Applications Product Fired Surface Glass Surface Operating Range [1] C Chemical Resistance HCl [2] Citric Acid [3] Alkali [4] H SO [5] 2 4 1L4507 Glossy S4 6 4 n.a. 1L4750 Semi-matt S L4755 Matt S L5350 Glossy S L5370 Glossy S L7210 Semi-matt S >100 1L6026 Matt S2 Pre-fire L6060 Matt S2 Pre-fire L6250 Matt S2 No Pre-fire Lower temperatures and longer cycles than tempering Special grades for S2 applications Insert footer here 14

15 Glass Enamels for External Press-bend Laminating Product Fired Surface Operating Range [1] C Chemical Resistance Glass Surface HCl [2] Citric Acid [3] Alkali [4] H 2 SO 4 [5] 1PBL3020 Matt S2/S PBL3070 Matt S2/S PBL3075 Matt S2/S Growing trend in automotive glass market EPBL process requires a hybridisation of laminating & tempering enamels The non-stick properties are required at lower temperatures than in tempering Highly technical products, resulting in turn-key usage on EPBL lines Insert footer here 15

Summary Strong demand for high quality obscuration products New processes and specifications require materials with superior fusing Strict control of morphology and glass chemistry is

16 Summary Strong demand for high quality obscuration products New processes and specifications require materials with superior fusing Strict control of morphology and glass chemistry is essential AGT has products to meet these challenging applications We are strongly investing in our product pipeline We are always interested in cooperations to bring our technology further.. 16

Ferro Glass Systems can draw on decades of experience in the production and application of ceramic colours, media and silver pastes.

Introduction Ferro Glass Systems can draw on decades of experience in the production and application of ceramic colours, media and silver pastes. To secure our high share of the market into the future,