Subtractive and Additive types of sculpture: Professor Sue Dawe

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1 Slide 1 Professor Sue Dawe Slide 2 Sculpture is the art of carving, casting, modeling or assembling materials into three dimensional figures Relief Sculptures: Three dimensional forms that are raised from a flat background In low relief, or bas relief, the forms project only slightly from the background In high relief, figures project by at least half their natural depth Freestanding Sculptures: have fronts, sides, backs and tops. Spaces or voids in or around the work may have as much meaning as the sculpted forms. Slide 3 Subtractive and Additive types of sculpture: In a subtractive process, unwanted material is removed Ex: Carving In the additive process, material is added, assembled or built up to achieve its final form Examples: Modeling Casting Construction Assemblage Page1

2 Slide 4 Carving: In carving, the sculptor begins with a block of material and cuts portions of it away until the desired form is created. The sculptor must have a clear conception of the final product at the outset. Modeling: In modeling, a pliable material such as clay or wax is shaped into a three dimensional form Slide 5 Slide 6 Casting: In the casting process, a liquid material is poured into a mold. The liquid hardens into the shape of the mold and is then removed. An original model, made of wax, clay, or even something like Styrofoam, can be translated into a more durable material such as bronze Page 2

3 Slide 7 Slide 8 Lost Wax Casting: An original model is made and a mold is made from it Molten wax is then brushed or poured onto the inner surface of the mold, to make a wax shell After the wax hardens, it is removed and stands as a hollow wax replica of the clay Wax rods called gates re connected to the hollow wax model A sandy mixture of silica, clay and plaster is placed all around the wax model, hardening into a fire resistant mold, or investiture (this process uses 2 models and 2 molds) Slide 9 Lost Wax Casting continued: The investiture is turned over and placed in a kiln. As it is heated, the wax melts and runs out ( lost wax technique ) The hot investiture is turned back over and molten bronze poured in As metal flows in, air escapes out of the gates so that no air pockets are left inside Investiture and core are removed, leaving a bronze sculpture with projections over it (from bronze filling the gates) Projections are removed and the surface is burnished, or chemically treated, to take on the texture and color desired Page 3

4 Slide 10 Slide 11 Slide 12 Casting of Human Models Plaster, plaster bandages & gel-trate Page 4

5 Slide 13 Stone: Extremely hard and durable material May be carved, scraped, drilled and polished Greeks used white marble easier to achieve detail They painted it, used it more for durability than color Tools used with stone: Chisel Mallet Rasp Power tools (modern use, not so tedious) Slide 14 Slide 15 Wood: Like stone, wood can be carved, scraped, drilled and polished Unlike stone, it can be permanently molded and bent Plywood, when heated, can be bent to a variety of shapes Easier to carve than stone, but not as durable May warp and crack It is appealing to sculptors due to grain, color and workability Wood s tensile strength exceeds stone, so that projecting wooden parts are less likely to break off Page 5

6 Slide 16 Slide 17 Clay: More pliable than stone or wood Modeling of clay is personal and direct The fingerprints of the sculptor can be found in the material Has little strength Because of its weakness its often used to make 3-D sketches or models for sculptures made of more durable material In ceramics, clay can be fired at high temperatures so that it becomes hardened and non-porous Before firing, can also be coated or glazed with substances that provide the object with a glassy monochromatic or polychromatic surface Slide 18 Page 6

7 Slide 19 Metal: Has been used as sculpture for thousands of years Metals have been cast, extruded, forged, stamped, drilled, filed and burnished Artists have also assembled direct-metal sculptures by welding, riveting, soldering and using modern adhesives Different metals have different properties Bronze can change colors when treated with different chemicals Oxidation also changes bronze and copper surfaces by aging to form a rich green or greenish-blue patina, and iron to rust Slide 20 Slide 21 Constructed Sculpture: In constructed sculpture, the artist builds or constructs the sculpture from materials such as cardboard, celluloid, translucent plastic, sheet metal, or wire, resin Assemblage: Assemblage is a form of constructed sculpture in which pre-existing, or found, objects recognizable in form, are re-integrated by the sculptor into novel combinations that take on a life and meaning of their own Page 7

8 Slide 22 Slide 23 Ready-mades: No assembly required, that the art is in the object itself and only needs to be placed on a pedestal (such as Duchamp s Fountain ) It invests an object with a new idea Mixed Media: In mixed media constructions and assemblages, sculptors use materials and ready made or found objects that are not normally the elements of a work of art Ex: Simon Rodia Towers in Watts (Watts Towers) constructed by an Italian-born tile setter who immigrated to Watts, LA. Tall, whimsical, covered in bits of tile and glass, broken dishes; cement on steel frames Slide 24 Page 8

9 Slide 25 Slide 26 Kinetic Sculpture Kinetic sculptures move Light Sculpture In the last century, sculptors have experimented with the additions of artificial light to their sculpture creating effects that are as varied as the light itself Slide 27 page 9

10 Slide 28 Site-specific works are distinguished from other artworks that are typically created in a studio with no spatial context in mind in that they are produced in or for one location, and in theory, not to be re-located. Often the content and meaning of the work is inextricably bound to the location. Slide 29 Land Art is site-specific work that is created or marked by an artist within natural surroundings. Earthworks In earthworks, large amounts of earth or land are shaped into a sculpture. In contemporary form, earthworks started in the 1960 s and are considered a literal return to nature Contemporary works include Smithson s Spiral Jetty, great trenches, drawings in the desert, collections of rock, shoveled rings of ice and snow Slide 30 page 10

11 Slide31 Ephemeral Art is used specifically to describe works that have a temporal immediacy or are built with the recognition that they will disintegrate. Slide 32 Slide33 As the name suggests, public art is work created for public spaces. page 11

12 Slide34 Slide 35 The purpose of monuments is to to preserve the memory of a person or event. Slide 36 page 12

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