ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
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1 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION C H A P T E R S I X
2 OBJECTIVES 1. Recognize and the symbol for third-angle projection. 2. List the six principal views of projection. 3. Understand which views show depth in a drawing showing top, front, and right-side views. 4. List the dimensions that transfer between top, front, and right-side views. 5. Transfer depth between the top and right-side views. 6. Label points where surfaces intersect. 7. Select a good arrangement of generated 2D drawing views to place from a 3D model. 2
3 UNDERSTANDING PROJECTIONS To make and interpret drawings you need to know how to create projections and understand the standard arrangement of views. You also need to be familiar with the geometry of solid objects and be able to visualize a 3D object that is represented in a 2D sketch or drawing. 3
4 Views of Objects The system of views is called multiview projection. Each view provides certain definite information. For example, a front view shows the true shape and size of surfaces that are parallel to the front of the object. 4
5 Multiview Projection The system of views is called multiview projection. Each view provides certain definite information. 5
6 The Six Standard Views Any object can be viewed from six mutually perpendicular directions, Six Principle Views 6
7 Revolving the Object to Produce Views Revolving the Object to Produce Views. You can experience different views by revolving an object. 7
8 Principal Dimensions The three principal dimensions of an object are width, height, and depth. The front view shows only the height and width of the object and not the depth. In fact, any principal view of a 3D object shows only two of the three principal dimensions; the third is found in an adjacent view. Height is shown in the rear, left-side, front, and right-side views. Width is shown in the rear, top, front, and bottom views. Depth is shown in the left-side, top, right-side, and bottom views. 8
9 Third-Angle Projection 9
10 First-Angle Projection If the object is placed above the horizontal plane and in front of the vertical plane, the object is in the first angle. The biggest difference between third-angle projection and first-angle projection is how the planes of the glass box are unfolded. 10
11 Projection Method The outline on the plane of projection shows how the object appears to the observer. In orthographic projection, rays (or projectors) from all points on the edges or contours of the object extend parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The word orthographic means at right angles. Projection of an Object 11
12 Horizontal and Profile Projection Planes Specific names are given to the planes of projection. The front view is projected to the frontal plane. The top view is projected to the horizontal plane. The side view is projected to the profile plane. 12
13 The Glass Box One way to understand the standard arrangement of views on the sheet of paper is to envision a glass box. If planes of projection were placed parallel to each principal face of the object, they would form a box. 13
14 Unfolding the Glass Box To organize the views of a 3D object on a flat sheet of paper, imagine the six planes of the glass box being unfolded to lie flat. Note the six standard views (front, rear, top, bottom, right side, left side). 14
15 The Glass Box Unfolded Lines extend around the glass box from one view to another on the planes of projection. These are the projectors from a point in one view to the same point in another view. 15
16 The Orthographic Projection The front, top, and right-side views of the object shown now without the folding lines. 16
17 Transferring Depth Dimensions The depth dimensions in the top and side views must correspond point-for-point. When using CAD or instruments, transfer these distances accurately. You can transfer dimensions between the top and side views either with dividers or with a scale. You may find it convenient to use a 45 miter line to project dimensions between top and side views. Miter Line 17
18 Necessary Views The top, front, and right-side views, arranged together, are called the three regular views because they are the views most frequently used. A sketch or drawing should contain only the views needed to clearly and completely describe the object. 18
19 Choice of Views to Fit Paper Many objects need only two views to clearly describe their shape. If an object requires only two views, and the left-side and right-side views show the object equally well, use the right-side view. 19
20 One-View Often, a single view supplemented by a note or by lettered symbols is Enough. 20
21 Choice of Front View The view chosen for the front view in this case is the side, not the front, of the automobile. 21
22 Hidden Lines Thick, dark lines represent features of the object that are directly visible. Dashed lines represent features that would be hidden behind other surfaces. 22
23 The centerline pattern is used to: Centerlines show the axis of symmetry for a feature or part indicate a path of motion show the location for bolt circles and other circular patterns The centerline pattern is composed of three dashes: one long dash on each end with a short dash in the middle. Precedence of Lines 23
24 PRECEDENCE OF LINES A visible line always takes precedence over and covers up a centerline or a hidden line when they coincide in a view (A and B). A hidden line takes precedence over a centerline (C). 24
25 Centerlines continued Centerlines (symbol: ) are used to indicate symmetrical axes of objects or features, bolt circles, and paths of motion. 25
26 Placing the Views As you plan the views to be included, allow for plenty of white space on the drawing. Leave room for dimensions between the views, and separate the views from one another with white space. The space between drawing views does not have to be equal, yet the views should appear to be related. Do not space them too far apart. If there is not enough white space in your drawing, or if the views are too small to see the details clearly, consider using a larger sheet size Spacing Drawing Views 26
27 Isometric Views Including isometric views in detail drawings helps others easily interpret the drawing. Isometric views are often shown in the upper right-hand area of the drawing, as there is often room there. The isometric view does not have to be at the same scale as the other views. The isometric view provides an easy visual reference for the part described in the orthographic views. 27
28 VIEWS OF SURFACES There are terms used for describing a surface s orientation to the plane of projection. The three orientations that a plane surface can have to the plane of projection are normal, inclined, and oblique. Note how a plane surface that is perpendicular to a plane of projection appears on edge as a straight line 28
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