STUDENT'S BOOKLET. Pythagoras Trips. Contents. 1 Squares and Roots 2 Straight Moves. 3 Game of Vectors. Meeting 6 Student s Booklet
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1 Meeting 6 Student s Booklet Pythagoras Trips February 22 UCI Contents 1 Squares and Roots 2 Straight Moves STUDENT'S BOOKLET 3 Game of Vectors
2 1 SQUARES AND ROOTS UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 2 1 SQUARES AND ROOTS When we multiply an integer by itself, we obtain a perfect square. Compute the first perfect squares 1x1=1, 2x2 = 4, 3x3=9 These are the areas of the squares with sides 1, 2, 3, 4, What is the pattern? How can you find the area of the next square from the previous one? Use the transparencies to answer this question
3 1 SQUARES AND ROOTS UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 3 A How does the area and side of a square change if you multiply or divide the square by 4? Area: Side: 2 4?_ Area: Side:?_ Area: Side: 36 :4?_ Area: Side:?_ :4 Area: 1?_ Area: Side:?_ Side:
4 1 SQUARES AND ROOTS UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 4 The areas of 7 squares are given below. Find their sides. You may use the x4 (times four) relations between the areas of some of the squares. Note: the squares are not drawn to scale in this page. 121 Area 1/ Side
5 1 SQUARES AND ROOTS UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 5 B The large square is made out of 4 equal squares. What is the side of the large square? C What is the side of each of the four small squares? What is the side of the large square? You can use the transparencies to answer these questions Can you share the method you used? Is there another way?
6 1 SQUARES AND ROOTS UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 6 Discuss: This is the graph of the function the square of a number How can I use it to find squares? What is, for example, the square of 4? And the square of 4.5? How can I use it to find square roots? What is the square root of 25? And the square root 20? The parabola squaring a number
7 1 SQUARES AND ROOTS UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 7 D Find the side of each square, using the parabola (previous page). Note: the squares are not proportional to one another in this page. 4?_ 13?_?_ 20?_?_ 5 Can you estimate your answer before using the parabola? 18
8 1 SQUARES AND ROOTS UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 8 1 E What is the square of 5/2 (or 2.5)? 5/2 Your estimation: By finding the area of a square (see picture) By looking at the parabola By squaring the numerator and the denominator
9 1 SQUARES AND ROOTS UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 9 1 F What is the square of 7/2 (or 3.5)? 7/2 Your estimation: By finding the area of a square By looking at the parabola By squaring the numerator and the denominator
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11 1 THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 11 1 STRAIGHT LINES A frog named Projectus, a hockey puck named Puckie and a robot named Ortho compete to move from one location to another one in the chess-style floor of a room. Whoever does it using the shortest path in the floor (or projected in the floor, in case of the frog) wins. The rules for each competitor are described in the right. In the next two challenges, find the winner and calculate with a ruler the distance that each competitor traveled. Can you summarize the different options for the competitors? Ortho can only move to the right/left/up/down, following the lines in the chess boards. He can go through obstacles (destroying them with a laser!) Projectus can jump, but only once. He can jump over any obstacle in the room and as far as he wants, and its path for the competition is the projection of its trajectory onto the floor O Puckie can freely move in any direction. However, he must be always on the floor. Puckie cannot get through obstacles. If your finger is the frog, can you mimic the projection of a leap?
12 1 STRAIGHT LINES UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 12 A ) FIND THE SHORTEST PATH: Winner
13 2 STRAIGHT LINES UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 13 B ) FIND THE SHORTEST PATH: Winner
14 2 STRAIGHT LINES UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 14 C Each vector (arrow) has a length. Can you guess which? Match arrows with lengths. 10 m Dux Blit Onix 14 m 32 m Ralt Trix Chuck 36 m 41 m Sheng 44 m 50 m
15 3 GAME OF VECTORS UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 15 Make 2 teams. Goal: Pass through all the cities in a board by traveling the least possible distance. Each team starts with two vector cards, randomly chosen. Place one on top of the other, team chooses. Put all other 4 cards on the table, face up. Each team selects its starting city, placing its token there. Each turn: 3 GAME OF VECTORS (1) Play your top card: - Move your token according to the vector card - Write the distance traveled - Discard the card - Draw a new card from the ones on the table (2) Draw a new card and place it below your other card. Blit Once a team completes the cities, that team stops playing. The game ends when both teams complete all cities, or after 20 rounds (in which case the team which did not complete the mission loses). Whoever traveled the least distance wins. 8 CARDS TOTAL EACH TEAM STARTS WITH 2 4 REMAIN FACE UP Orientation does not matter in a card. So there are four possibilities. The card in the example allows you to move right, up, left and down. Teams cannot move outside the board. In your turn, you HAVE to move. Exactly once in the game, each team has the power to play a card twice (the same card) in the turn.
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17 3 THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM UCI Math CEO Meeting 7 (MARCH ) 3 3 THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM Who wants to read out loud? The Pythagorean Theorem tells the relation between the areas of 3 squares built on the sides of a right triangle. 13 Let us call Alan and Bob the squares built on the legs of the right triangle, and let s Clara be the square build on the hypotenuse. Then the area of Clara is the sum of areas of Alan and Bob! Clara C B The picture shows such three squares, with areas 4, 9 and A Bob Can you guess what is the relation between these areas? 9 Allan A + B = C
18 1 P UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 3 A Alan and Bob are drawn. Draw the third square (Clara) and find its area B Draw an Allan, Bob & Carla configuration where Clara has an area of 20. Are the answers that you find reasonable? Do they agree with the picture?
19 2 THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 3 C If Carla has area 52 and Allan has area 36, what is the side of Bob? What relation do we find between the sides of Alan, Bob and Carla? Carla If Allan, Bob and Clara are squares with sides of length a, b and c respectively, what is the relation among a, b and c? c a b Bob Allan
20 1 P UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 3 D Find the side of Carla (the largest square), using the Pythagorean theorem E In this configuration, Alan and Bob are equal. The enclosed triangle is called right isosceles Where else do you see right triangles like the one between the three friends? Who has more area: Clara, or Alan and Bob combined? 4 Is the side of Clara more that 150% of the side of Alan? Why?
21 1 P UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 3 THE PYTHAGOREANT ANT Q F Now we apply our knowledge to a situation with distances:?_ 8mm An ant moves on a wall, 6 mm in a horizontal direction, then 8 mm in a vertical direction. Finally, it returns to its original position along a straight line. How long is that straight line? In other words, what distance does the ant travel from Q to P? Hint: draw Alan, Bob and Carla! P 6mm
22 1 P UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 3 THE PYTHAGOREAN PROCEDURE Q Suppose that you want to move from P to Q in a straight line drawn on a plane, and need to measure this distance, which we will call d. (1) Move horizontally starting from P, until you are right below Q. Let x be the distance that you moved. (2) Move vertically until your reach Q. Let y be the number of units that you moved. P d Horizontal distance: x = (3) Find x squared x², and also square y². Now add them. Call this value d². Vertical distance: y = (4) Now take the square root of d² to find d. G Find the distance d in the diagram: d² = x² + y² : d² = d = Can you explain this procedure?
23 1 P UCI Math CEO Meeting 6 (FEBRUARY ) 3 PROVING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM Your group will be given a sequence of pictures A through G. Put them in order and make sense of the situation. Keep track of the area in each picture. d b a
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