Permutations. Used when "ORDER MATTERS"

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1 Date: Permutations Used when "ORDER MATTERS" Objective: Evaluate expressions involving factorials. (AN6) Determine the number of possible arrangements (permutations) of a list of items. (AN8) 1) Mrs. Hendrix, a teacher, has announced that she will call on three students of her class, Al, Betty, and Chris, to give oral reports today. How many possible ways are there for Mrs. Hendrix to choose the order in which these students will give their reports? 1

2 Tree Diagram: Answer: ways. Each of these arrangements is called a permutations. A permutation is an arrangement of objects or things in some specific order. In discussing permutations, the words "objects" or "things" are used in a mathematical sense to include all elements in question, whether they are people, numbers, or inanimate objects. 2

3 We can also show the possible permutations as a set of ordered triples. Let A= Al, B = Betty, and C = Chris. We can also use the counting principle: 2) A chef is preparing a recipe with 10 ingredients. He puts all of one ingredient in a bowl, followed by all of another ingredient, and so on. How many possible orders are there for placing 10 ingredients in a bowl, using the counting principle? We can use the counting principle. 3

4 3) In how many ways can 300 people who want to buy tickets for a football game be arranged in a straight line? To deal with such a large number we use a factorial symbol (!). We represent the product of these 300 numbers by 300! Read as Three hundred factorial. In general for any natural number n, we define n factorial as n! = n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3) (3)(2)(1). On TI 83 Press 300 (the number), MATH key, <, PRB, 4:!, TR 4

5 Practice: 4) 4! 5) 5! 6)10! +2! 7) 8! / 2! Representing Permutations: Example: 4! Can be represented by 4 P 4 The symbol 4 P 4 is read as the permutation of 4 objects taken 4 at a time. 4P 4 The 4 to the lower left of P tells us that 4 objects are available to be used. The 4 to the lower right of P tells us how many of these objects are to be used. On TI 83 Press 4 (lower left number),matkey, <, PRB, 2:nPr, te, then 4 (lower right number) 5

6 Let any arrangement of letters be called a word even if it has no meaning. Consider the letters in {N,O,W}. How many 3 letter words can be formed if each letter is used only once in the word? At times we deal with situations involving permutations ( n P r ) in which we are given objects, but we use fewer than n objects (i.e. we have 10 objects but only use 3). Exercises: 8) There are eight basketball players on a team. In how many ways can 3 of them be seated on a bench? 6

7 9) There are 12 horses in a race. Winning horses are those that cross the finish line in 1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd, place. How many possible winning orders are there for a race with 12 horses? 10) How many 3 letter words can be formed from the letters L,O,G,I,C if each letter is used only once? 7

8 Mixed Exercises: 11) Using the letters E,M,I,T: How many words of four letters can be found if each letter is used only once in the word? 12) In a game of cards, Gary held exactly one club, one diamond, one heart, and one spade. In how many different ways can Gary arrange these four cards in his hand? 8

9 13) A class of 31 students elects 4 people to office, namely, a president, vice president, secretary, and treasurer. In how many possible ways can 4 people be elected from this class? Permutations with Repetition: 14) How many different arrangements of 5 letters can be formed from the letters of the word CALCULATOR? Total of 10 letters select 5 2 C, 2 A, 2 L, 10P 5 (2!2!2!) 9

10 15) How many different arrangements of 9 letters can be formed from the letters in the word SEVENTEEN? 16) How many different arrangements of 11 letters can be formed form the word MATHEMATICS? 10

11 HOMEWORK Page Multiples of 3 #

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