Supporting Information
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1 Supporting Information Tryjanowski et al. 2015, Plos One 10 (6): e Fig. S1. Correlation between the two methods for calculation of detectability. Whiskers are 95% confidence intervals calculated only for Royle s estimator [30]. Spearman correlation coefficient is presented.
2 Fig. S2. Correlation between bird body length and the estimator of detectability (Royle estimator[30]). Whiskers are 95% confidence intervals. Spearman correlation coefficient is presented.
3 Fig. S3. Correlation between the observed number of bird species and estimated number of species via bias-corrected Chao estimation [26, 27]for rural envi during December (a) and January (b), and for urban one (c, d). Spearman correlation coefficients are presented.
4 Fig. S4. Correlation between the observed abundance of birds and estimated abundance via Royle s correction [30] for rural envi during December (a) and January (b), and for urban envi (c, d). Spearman correlation coefficients are presented.
5 Fig. S5. Ordination envial variables describing cover of different habitat types along axes representing first two principal components (PCA).
6 S1 Table. Location and details of the 26 urban envis (towns and cities); data extracted from Cities are arranged due to human population size. ID City Total population Area (km 2 ) Latitude (N) Longitude (E) 1 Warszawa ' 21 0' 2 Kraków ' 19 56' 3 Łódź ' 19 27' 4 Wrocław ' 17 2' 5 Poznań ' 16 55' 6 Gdańsk ' 18 38' 7 Szczecin ' 14 33' 8 Bydgoszcz ' 17 54' 9 Lublin ' 22 34' 10 Białystok ' 23 10' 11 Gdynia ' 18 31' 12 Częstochowa ' 19 7' 13 Toruń ' 18 35' 14 Rzeszów ' 21 59' 15 Olsztyn ' 20 28' 16 Gorzów Wlkp ' 15 14' 17 Zielona Góra ' 15 30' 18 Słupsk ' 17 1' 19 Piotrków Tryb ' 19 42' 20 Siedlce ' 22 17' 21 Inowrocław ' 18 15' 22 Piła ' 16 44' 23 Ostrów Wlkp ' 17 48' 24 Przemyśl ' 22 46' 25 Świdnica ' 16 29' 26 Biała Podlaska ' 23 6'
7 S2 Table. Spearman correlation coefficients between envial variables. Significant correlations are emboldened (significance level is in brackets). Variables Trees Amenity grass Arable Fallow Meadow Buildings and roads Water Bird feeders Human Population Trees (-0.004) (0.471) (0.842) (0.904) (0.929) (0.942) (0.047) (0.250) Amenity grass (0.004) (0.557) (0.012) (0.474) (0.489) (<0.001) Arable (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (0.010) (0.004) Fallow (0.013) (<0.001) (0.002) (0.532) (0.899) Meadow (0.014) (0.007) (0.009) Buildings and roads (0.003) (0.065) (0.992) Water (0.703) (0.642) Bird feeders (0.897) Humam population S3 Table. Estimations for random effects in GLMMs Dependent variable Random effect Estimate SE Z P Corrected number of Observer species (Chao Plot identity estimator) Town identity Corrected number of Observer birds (Royle Plot identity <0.001 estimator) Town identity Diversity index Observer 0.000* (calculated on Plot identity <001 corrected numbers) Town identity * variable not contributing to variance
8 S4 Table. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) describing the species richness of birds in urban and rural areas during the winter. The Akaike information criterion score (AICc), the -2log, difference between the given model and the most parsimonious model (Δ) and the Akaike weight (w) are listed. Explanation of variable codes: Month month of survey (December vs. January), Envi type of the envi (urban vs. rural), Longitude geographical longitude, Latitude geographical latitude, PCA 1 a first principal component of envial variables describing the increasing cover of open agricultural habitats, PCA2 a second principal component of envial variables describing the gradient from natural grasslands (meadows) to the intensively managed amenity grassland, Feeders number of bird feeders in a square plot, CitySize human population size in the city. The best model is emboldened. Model AICc -2log Δ w Month Month+Longitude Month+Longitude+Latitude Envi+Month+Longitude+Latitude Intercept only a Envi PCA Envi+Month+Longitude+Latitude+PCA CitySize PCA Feeders Latitude Longitude Envi+Month+CitySize+Longitude+Latitude+PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi *PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi
9 *Latitude+Envi*PCA2 Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi *CitySize+Envi*Latitude+Envi*PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi *CitySize+Envi*Feeders+Envi*Latitude+Envi*PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi *CitySize+Envi*Feeders+Envi*Longitude+Envi*Latitude+Envi*PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi *CitySize+Envi*Feeders+Envi*Longitude+Envi*Latitude+Envi*PCA1 + Envi*PCA a - a null model with the intercept only
10 S5 Table. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) describing the abundance of birds in urban and rural areas during the winter. The Akaike information criterion score (AICc), the -2log, difference between the given model and the most parsimonious model (Δ) and the Akaike weight (w) are listed. Explanation of variable codes: Month month of survey (December vs. January), Envi type of the envi (urban vs. rural), Longitude geographical longitude, Latitude geographical latitude, PCA 1 a first principal component of envial variables describing the increasing cover of open agricultural habitats, PCA2 a second principal component of envial variables describing the gradient from natural grasslands (meadows) to the intensively managed amenity grassland, Feeders number of bird feeders in a square plot, CitySize human population size in the city. The best model is emboldened. Model AICc -2log Δ w Envi+Month Envi+Month+Latitude Envi+Month+Latitude+PCA Envi+Month+Longitude+Latitude+PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Longitude+Latitude+PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA Envi Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Longitude Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Feeders+En vi*longitude Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi *Feeders+Envi*Longitude Month Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi *Feeders+Envi*Longitude+Envi*PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi *Feeders+Envi*Longitude+Envi*Latitude+Envi*PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi
11 *Feeders+Envi*Longitude+Envi*Latitude+Envi*PCA1+Envi*PCA2 Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi *CitySize+Envi*Feeders+Envi*Longitude+Envi*Latitude+Envi*PCA1 +Envi*PCA Intercept only a CitySize Feeders PCA PCA Latitude Longitude a - a null model with the intercept only
12 S6 Table. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) describing the Gini-Simpson bird diversity index in urban and rural areas during the winter. The Akaike information criterion score (AICc), the -2log, difference between the given model and the most parsimonious model (Δ) and the Akaike weight (w) are listed. Explanation of variable codes: Month month of survey (December vs. January), Envi type of the envi (urban vs. rural), Longitude geographical longitude, Latitude geographical latitude, PCA 1 a first principal component of envial variables describing the increasing cover of open agricultural habitats, PCA2 a second principal component of envial variables describing the gradient from natural grasslands (meadows) to the intensively managed amenity grassland, Feeders number of bird feeders in a square plot, CitySize human population size in the city. The best models are emboldened. Model AICc -2log Δ w PCA Envi+PCA1+Envi*PCA Envi PCA Envi+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*PCA CitySize Month Feeders Latitude Longitude Envi+Feeders+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*PCA Envi+Feeders+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*PCA Envi+CitySize+Feeders+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*PCA1+Envi *PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Latitude +Envi*PCA1+Envi*PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Feeders+En vi*latitude+envi*pca1+envi*pca Intercept only
13 Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi *Feeders+Envi*Latitude+Envi*PCA1+Envi*PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi *CitySize+Envi*Feeders+Envi*Longitude+Envi*Latitude+Envi*PCA1 +Envi*PCA Envi+Month+CitySize+Feeders+Longitude+Latitude+PCA1+PCA2+Envi*Month+Envi *CitySize+Envi*Feeders+Envi*Latitude+Envi*PCA1+Envi*PCA a - a null model with the intercept only
14 S7 Table. Probability of detection for species in urban and rural landscapes derived from Kendall and Royle estimators (Royle 2004; Kendal et al. 2013). Royle estimator Kendall estimator Species rural urban total rural urban total Accipiter gentilis ( Accipiter nisus ( ) ( ) 0.668) ( ) Aegithalos caudatus ( Anas platyrhynchos ( ) ( ) ) ( ) Ardea cinerea ( ) Asio otus Bombycilla garrulus ( ( ) ) ( ) Buteo buteo Buteo lagopus Carduelis cannabina ( ) ( ) Carduelis carduelis ( ) ( ) ) Carduelis flammea Carduelis flavirostris Carduelis spinus ( ( ( ) 0.264) 0.168) Certhia brahydactyla Certia familaris Chloris chloris ( ( ( Chroicocephalus ridibundus Coccothraustes coccothraustes 0.227) Columba livia ( ) Columba palumbus ( ) Corvus corax ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.224) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
15 0.674) 0.665) Corvus cornix ( ) ( ) ( ) Corvus corone Corvus frugilegus ( ) Corvus monedula ( ) Cyanistes caeruleus ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Dendrocopos major ( ) Dendrocopos medius Dendrocopos minor Dendrocopos syriacus ( ) Dryocopus martius Emberiza calandra ( Emberiza citrinella ( Emberiza schoeniclus Erithacus rubecula ( ) 0.644) ( ( ) ) 0.229) ( ) Falco tinnunculus ( Fringilla coelebs ( Fringilla montifringilla 0.458) ( ) 0.769) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Galerida cristata ( ) Garrulus glandarius ( ) ( ) ( ) Haliaeetus albicilla Lanius excubitor Larus argentatus ( ) ( ) Larus canus ( ) ( )
16 Lophophanes cristatus ( ) ( ) ( ) Loxia curvirostra Poecile montanus ( ) ( ) Poecile palustris ( ) Parus major ( ) Passer domesticus ( ) Passer montanus ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Periparus ater ( ) ( ) ( ) Perdix perdix Phalacrocorax carbo Phasianus colchicus ( ( ) 0.522) Phoenicuros ochruros Pica pica ( ( ( ) 0.625) 0.577) Picus viridis Prunella modularis Pyrhulla pyrhulla ( ) ( ) ( ) Regulus regulus ( ) ( ) ( ) Serinus serinus Sitta europea ( Streptopelia decaocto 0.576) ( ) ( ) ( ) Sturnus vulgaris ( Troglodytes troglodytes 0.629) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Turdus iliacus Turdus merula ( ( (
17 0.477) 0.453) 0.445) Turdus philomelos Turdus pilaris ( ( ( Turdus viscivorus 0.440) 0.532) 0.441)
18
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