The Starling in a changing farmland
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1 The Starling in a changing farmland Danish experiences Henning Heldbjerg Aarhus University, Rønde, Denmark, DOF-Birdlife Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark, NABU conference, Hamburg 17. February
2 Background BirdLife Denmark (DOF) since 2001 Monitoring projects PhD-study Citizen Science based Bird Population Studies ( ) Aarhus University, Kalø Working with Starlings as part of PhD 2
3 Aim of the PhD The overall aim of the project was to improve the scientific use of data from Citizen Science based bird population studies in Denmark. Photo: Peter Nielsen 3
4 Why should we improve the scientific use? Citizen science provides access to more and different observations and data than traditional science research. Hundreds of thousands of people around the world contribute bird observations. Such information is essential to be able to provide the knowledge base for the optimal management and conservation of vulnerable or declining species. 4
5 Starling a specialised farmland bird Foto: Ulrik Bruun 5
6 16 farmland specialists Farmland habitat classification: Meadow (broad term: marsh, meadow etc.) Agriculture 6
7 Status in Denmark Mean annual change: -2.2 % Moshøj et al. (2017): Common Bird Census in Denmark
8 Starlings and farmland changes Aimed to understand the Starling decline in relation to changes in farmland practices Regional Starling trends, density counts Farmland statistics 8
9 Cattle Grass Starlings (Atlas III) Starlings Grass Cattle 9
10 Mean number of Starlings per point Density of cattle and density of Starlings (Atlas II ) in Danish counties Larger Copenhagen area Grass 2 1,5 1 Cattle 0, Number of cows (x 1000) per local count area 10 Starlings
11 Number of cattle (x 1000) Starling population index % grazing dairy cows Consequences of declines in grazing cattle The long-term decline in national Starling abundance was positively correlated with the long term numbers of dairy cattle grazing outdoors Dairy cattle Minus 40% Grazing % % Number of dairy cows (x 1000) 25% Grazing dairy cattle Minus 85%
12 45 years of Starling studies - No changes in nestling production 1st clutch 2nd clutch DOFT 111, 2017 Peder Thellesen DOFT 2017: Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris clutch size, brood size and timing of breeding during in Southwest Jutland, Denmark 12
13 Climate change April temperature in Denmark - annual changes from mean 13
14 Nine days earlier now than in st clutch 2nd clutch 14
15 Dato Date Starling studies in 45 years - 1st egg correlated to the temperature in April R² = 0, April temperatur ( C) 15
16 Starling Master Peder Thellesen 16
17 Starling decline in Europe Using monitoring data from PECBMS (Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme) Mean annual change: -2.5 ± 0.3 % - 65% The Starling is a widespread and common farmland species in Europe PECBMS data show that it is declining in large parts of its European range
18 Europe lost c. 100 million Starlings during Foto: John Larsen Large difference between West and East of Europe European 2012 population: million pairs (BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds) = 57,7-105 million Starlings : 60% decline Or million lost Starlings Foto: Jan Skriver Foto: Poul Reib
19 Studying Starlings with GPS loggers Hypothesis: Starlings prefer grazed areas Study: Use of different land cover types as a function of distance intervals from the nest and their relative availability Foto: Klaus Dichmann Nestboxes, nestling period Traditional dairy farm
20 20
21 Foraging behavior Aim to study the foraging behaviour on individual Starlings GPS loggers Building upon the Citizen Science based knowledge 21
22 Design Caught in or near nestboxes 17 GPS loggers (Gypsy-5), 2015 and 2016 Logger mounted on harness rucksack One position per minute (less at night) Battery capacity 1½ days Nestling time is c. 19 days Adults were caught in days
23 Studying individual Starlings GPS-logger on harness Colour-rings Video 23
24 Selection of crops, comparison of available habitat and used habitat Resource Selection Functions (RSFs) km Starlings foraged within 300 metres from the nest 81% of the time The longer they fly from the nest the more selective they are 24
25 We know the Starling s foraging range and its choice of crops plus the variation within a colony But we still need to know what they do at sub-optimal sites 25
26 This knowledge is useful for understanding why the Starling is absent from other areas 1000 m 26
27 Data fra Niels Andersen (2015) Crop height in breeding season (cm) 160 John Larsen Starling Grazed Spring barley Grass Festuca rubra Winter wheat 50 Grass Dactylis glomerata 60 Rape cm 5 10
28 Conclusions of logger studies Our results highlight the importance of Grazed foraging habitats close to the nest site of breeding Starlings The ecological capacity for the Starling is decreasing through conversion of the most strongly selected land cover type (Grazed) to other crop types The spatial segregation of foraging and breeding habitats may have contributed to the observed Starling population declines in Denmark and all across North and West Europe
29 29
30 Distance to nestbox AFstand til kassen i meter Reality-tv, one nestbox, 8. May Afstand Male til kassen, GPS-logger for hannen Hun Female set ved, video kassen Han Male set ved, video kassen :00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 Klokkeslet Time 30
31 Night roost 31
32 Starling Annual cycle Breeding April-June Autumn migration July- November Spring migration March Winter December- Februar 32
33 Migration
34 Wintering grounds for German Starlings Any differences within Germany? Trends Production Survival
35 Demography Basic understanding of the changes Survival Reproduction Population Population size size Immigration /Emigration Enable a better understanding of the demographic processes driving population changes More effective management and 35 conservation of key species in the future
36 Survival 36
37 Good luck I am looking forward to hear about the progress and the results in Der Star- project Thanks for the invitation 37
38 Thanks to Foto: Torben Andersen Thanks to: Photos: Torben Andersen, Erik Biering, Ulrik Bruun, Klaus Dichmann, Tony Fox, Helge Røjle Christansen, Henning Heldbjerg, John Larsen, dof.dk, Google etc. Funding: Aage V Jensen Naturfond, 15. Juni Fonden, Innovation Fund Denmark and Danish Nature Agency
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