Working Group of Experts on Measuring the Sustainability of Tourism Second meeting UNWTO Headquarters, Madrid, Spain October 2018

Transcription

1 Working Group of Experts on Measuring the Sustainability of Touris Second eeting UNWTO Headquarters, Madrid, Spain October 2018 Statistical Tools to Measure Touris fro a Social Focus - Argentine s experience - Lic. Rodrigo Oliver National Departent of Touris of Argentina AGENDA 1) What is the social diension of touris? 2) Purpose of Chapter 4 of the SF-MST 3) Main issues 4) Conceptual approaches to the social diension (Eanuela Recchini s contribution) 5) Different perspectives on the social diension 6) Aspects ostly associated with social diension and different population groups 9) Measuring tools and Argentine s Touris Household Survey (THS) 2 1

2 1) What is the social diension of touris? According to the Statistical Fraework for Measuring Sustainable Touris (SF-MST) the social diension covers a range of social aspects related to touris activity. It includes: local, traditional and indigenous cultural aspects that can support touris activity or ay be ipacted by touris. the outcoes of touris production processes in ters of the provision of decent work and occupational health and safety (and hence links to eployent); the contribution to individual and counity health and well-being; perforance in relation to gender equality, incoe equality and other aspects of equality; the developent of social capital reflected in the strength of counity networks and institutional arrangeents. 3 2) Purpose of Chapter 4 of the SF-MST To establish a relevant set of social indicators so This chapter proposes an organization and presentation of social aspects appropriate for the assessent of sustainable touris fro a social point of view 4 2

3 3) Main issues a) The standardization and co-ordination of data on social aspects is uch lower copared to the econoic and environental diensions. b) While there is a relatively coon set of thees that are easured concerning social aspects (poverty, education, health, crie, decent work, etc.) there is not an agreed overarching fraework that places all of these aspects of the social diension in a coon context. c) Copilers ust ake decisions about which data requires collection in order to provide users with the set of inforation of ost relevance. 5 4) Conceptual approaches to the social diension: DEFINITIONS 1) Social Inclusion 2) Social Capital 3) Social Equity 4) Individual and counity well-being Touris as a way of social inclusion of disadvantaged groups (disabled, low-incoe, woen, etc.) Touris as a generator of social relationships that strengthen counity identity and create networks and associations Touris as a way to gain skills, increase in understanding of different cultures and iprove standards of living of host counities: contributing to equity and social justice. Touris as a way to iprove quality of life through tourist infrastructure developent and to expand individuals opportunities/capabilities (eotional, psychological, cognitive, spiritual diensions). Eanuela Recchini s contribution (Italy) 6 3

4 4) Conceptual approaches to the social diension: STATISTICAL FRAMEWORKS 1) Social Inclusion 2) Social Capital Still at a developing stage. The focus is ainly on labor arket discriination. There are no international standards yet on the easureent of social capital. 3) Social Equity 4) Individual and counity well-being No inforation Significant initiatives to incorporate subjective reports of well being. The OECD fraework for easuring well-being, conceptually, reflects eleents of the capabilities approach, with any diensions addressing the factors that can expand people s choices and opportunities to live the lives that they value. Eanuela Recchini s contribution (Italy) 7 5) Different perspectives on the social diension Host counity The ipact of touris activity in the host counity: social networks, infrastructure, new skills, poverty alleviation, social equity and justice Touris businesses Particular analysis of the ipact of touris business in the host counities, ainly through creation of decent work (opportunities, adequate earnings, safety, etc.) Visitor/Individual The experiences at the place visited and the enhanceent of well being because of having access touris Touris is seen as a way to achieve counity developent. Touris is seen as a way to achieve counity developent via job creation. 6 8 Touris is seen as a way for people to gain capabilities/ opportunities 4

5 6) Aspects ostly associated with social diension and different population groups Aspects (areas, topics and thees ostly used for easureent in social diension) Incoe distribution Poverty Education, Skills Decent work (opportunities, decent hours, security, child labor, equity in reunerations) Well-being Cultural Heritage Social equity Safety, crie Social Capital (networks, tolerance, trust, institutions, corruption) Perceptions of destinations Health Accessibility (roads, transport systes, basic services, environental space) 9 Population groups (discussion is richer when each aspect is analyzed within its relevant population group) Woen, gender Children and Youth Indigenous groups Migrant workers 6 Elderly Persons with disabilities Ethnic and religious inorities LBGTQI Failies Capability Approach (Aartya Sen s approach) Touris Consuption is one of those rigths Ensure the whole population can achive their rights Econoic Social Political Cultural 10 5

6 How well has touris ebraced a capability approach? Statistical Fraework Measuring the Sustainability of Touris (SF- MST) Uses a focus on host counity (touris destinations perspective) Main way to extend the wealth generated by touris (spillovers). Mainly eployent creation Incoe earning opportunities Job possibility to the lowest portions of society (touris usually requires low skills). Infrastructure developent Touris-led econoic developent Social networking 11 an individuals approach (Capabilities approach) This is a perspective of Touris as a right and as a way to expand people s choices and opportunities to live the lives they value. Aspect Social equity Inequality Eployent Why Individuals who cannot travel (ainly for econoic reasons) have less access to fully develop their capacities. Concentration of tourist consuption constitutes inequality regarding tourist activity. Poor work conditions and low skilled jobs liits the possibilities of touris-led developent. Indicator Net Travel Propensity Kuznets index Gini index Inforal Eployent Rate 12 6

7 Statistical Fraework of Argentine s contribution There is a generally accepted set of indicators to easure thees like distribution, inequality, poverty. These are often calculated by the Statistical Institute of each country. 13 Statistical Fraework of Argentine s contribution INCOME DISTRIBUTION METRICS: 1) Gap index 2) Kuznets index (20:20 Ratio) 3) Mean absolute deviation 4) Coefficient of variation 5) Gini coeficient: R = 1 (Y Y1) μ K = M = 1 μη CV = 1 μn G = Y (20% ore poor) Y (20% ore rich) i=1 1 2n 2 μ n i Y i μ j=1 n j (Y j μ) 2 j=1 k=1 n j n k Y j Y k

8 Statistical Fraework of Argentine s contribution INCOME DISTRIBUTION METRICS: 1) Gap index 2) Kuznets index (20:20 Ratio) 3) Mean absolute deviation 4) Coefficient of variation 5) Gini coeficient: R = 1 (Y Y1) μ K = M = 1 μη CV = 1 μn G = Y (20% ore poor) Y (20% ore rich) i=1 1 2n 2 μ n i Y i μ j=1 n j (Y j μ) 2 j=1 k=1 n j n k Y j Y k The set of indicators proposed are fraed by the following aspects proposed in Chapter 4 of the SF-MST: Conceptual approaches Social inclusion Social capital Social equity Individual and counity well-being Perspectives Visitors Host counities Touris businesses Aspects Social equity Health Poverty Inequality Well-being etc Population groups Woen Hole population 6 etc 16 8

9 ACCESS TO TOURISM NET TRAVEL PROPENSITY plus other indicators Argentine Touris Household Survey Argentina, 2006, Growth of residents with at least one touris trip in a year Source: National Deparent of Touris of Argentina based on the Touris Household Survey (EVyTH) INEQUALITY KUZNETS INDEX Results fro Argentine Touris Household Survey Argentina, 2006, Coparing extree incoe quintiles, a sharp reduction in the inequality gap is observed between 2006 and Source: National Deparent of Touris of Argentina based on the Touris Household Survey (EVyTH)

10 Cuulative percentage of touristic variable (% ) Cuulative percentage of incoe (% ) INEQUALITY GINI INDEX 100% GINI COEFICIENT FOR INCOME DISTRIBUTION (reinder) GINI = A / (A+B) 0% 45 A B 100% 0 < GINI < 1 Cuulative percentages of the population (%) -Sort low to higher incoe INEQUALITY GINI INDEX GINI COEFICIENT ADAPTED TO MEASURE TOURISM INCLUSION 100% C D GINI tur A / (A+B) -D / (D+C) A -1 < GINI tur < 1 0% 45 B 100% Cuulative percentages of the population (%) -Sort low to higher incoe

11 INEQUALITY GINI INDEX RESULTS FOR DOMESTIC TOURISM OF ARGENTINA IN TERMS OF TOURISTS Argentina 2006, LORENZ CURVE GINI INDEX Source: National Deparent of Touris of Argentina based on the Touris Household Survey (EVyTH) INEQUALITY GINI INDEX RESULTS FOR DOMESTIC TOURISM OF ARGENTINA IN TERMS OF EXPENDITURE Argentina 2006, LORENZ CURVE GINI INDEX Source: National Deparent of Touris of Argentina based on the Touris Household Survey (EVyTH)

12 INEQUALITY GINI INDEX RESULTS FOR DOMESTIC TOURISM OF ARGENTINA IN TERMS OF TOURISTS (general purposes and leisure/recreation) AND EXPENDITURE. Argentina 2006, LORENZ CURVE GINI INDEX Source: National Deparent of Touris of Argentina based on the Touris Household Survey (EVyTH) ) Measuring tools and Argentine s Touris Household Survey To have robust indicators it is a ust to have a well-designed easuring tool. This tool should have the following criteria: Survey households, not visitors at touris destinations. The unit of analysis is people, not visitors Gather inforation about: quantity of travels, access to touris, expenditure while traveling, socio-econoic level, etc. 2 ways of achieveent General Household Surveys with a subset of touristic questions OR Touris Household Surveys: surveys to characterize touristic trips of households 24 12

13 9) Measuring tools and Argentine s Touris Household Survey ARGENTINE S TOURISM HOUSEHOLD SURVEY CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OBJECTIVE Measure and characterize the evolution of touris trips of argentine residents and their expenses associated, either within the country (doestic touris) or abroad (outbound touris). TEMPORALITY Continuous onthly surveys since 2012 TARGET POPULATION METHODOLOG Y Provinces capital cities and urban centers with ore than 100,000 inhabitants. A total of 32 clusters grouped into 7 touristic regions Telephone survey 25 Final Conclusions It is necesary to include a developent perspective fro a cappacity approach in touris. Subjects such as eployent quality, tourist revisar inclusion or tourist inequality cannot be solved with the ere econoic growth of the sector. With this goal, here are proposed different statistical tools to analyze touris fro a social focus: i) net travel propensity ii) inequality estiators adapted to touris (Gini Coefficient and Kusnetz Index) iii) inforal eployent in the touris sector. It is highlighted that specific data is needed in order to use the above statistical tools. Therefore it is andatory to identify the needed data, and construct and ipleent appropriate data scoping ethods to gather it

14 Thank you Lic. Rodrigo Oliver: