Formal Methods for Interactive Systems
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1 Formal Methods for Interactive Systems Part 1 Motivations and History Antonio Cerone United Nations University International Institute for Software Technology Macau SAR China antonio@iist.unu.edu web: A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.1/27
2 Motivation Example This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.2/27
3 Motivation Example This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. Our first attempt fell victim to a design quirk coupled with an innocent, though weary and less than attentive, user. [...] A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.2/27
4 Motivation Example This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. Our first attempt fell victim to a design quirk coupled with an innocent, though weary and less than attentive, user. [...] The save and delete options, both of which are correctly classified as file-level operations, are consequently adjacent items in the menu. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.2/27
5 Motivation Example This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. Our first attempt fell victim to a design quirk coupled with an innocent, though weary and less than attentive, user. [...] The save and delete options, both of which are correctly classified as file-level operations, are consequently adjacent items in the menu. [...] it is all too easy for the hand to slip, inadvertently selecting delete instead of save. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.2/27
6 Motivation Example This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. Our first attempt fell victim to a design quirk coupled with an innocent, though weary and less than attentive, user. [...] The save and delete options, both of which are correctly classified as file-level operations, are consequently adjacent items in the menu. [...] it is all too easy for the hand to slip, inadvertently selecting delete instead of save. Of course, the delete option, being well thought out, pops up a confirmation box allowing the user to cancel a mistaken command. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.2/27
7 Motivation Example This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. Our first attempt fell victim to a design quirk coupled with an innocent, though weary and less than attentive, user. [...] The save and delete options, both of which are correctly classified as file-level operations, are consequently adjacent items in the menu. [...] it is all too easy for the hand to slip, inadvertently selecting delete instead of save. Of course, the delete option, being well thought out, pops up a confirmation box allowing the user to cancel a mistaken command. Unfortunately, the save option produces a very similar confirmation box [...] A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.2/27
8 Example: good design? This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. Our first attempt fell victim to a design quirk coupled with an innocent, though weary and less than attentive, user. [...] The save and delete options, both of which are correctly classified as file-level operations, are consequently adjacent items in the menu. [...] it is all too easy for the hand to slip, inadvertently selecting delete instead of save. Of course, the delete option, being well thought out, pops up a confirmation box allowing the user to cancel a mistaken command. Unfortunately, the save option produces a very similar confirmation box [...] A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.3/27
9 Example: but... This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. Our first attempt fell victim to a design quirk coupled with an innocent, though weary and less than attentive, user. [...] The save and delete options, both of which are correctly classified as file-level operations, are consequently adjacent items in the menu. [...] it is all too easy for the hand to slip, inadvertently selecting delete instead of save. Of course, the delete option, being well thought out, pops up a confirmation box allowing the user to cancel a mistaken command. Unfortunately, the save option produces a very similar confirmation box [...] A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.4/27
10 Example: catastrophe! This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. Our first attempt fell victim to a design quirk coupled with an innocent, though weary and less than attentive, user. [...] The save and delete options, both of which are correctly classified as file-level operations, are consequently adjacent items in the menu. [...] it is all too easy for the hand to slip, inadvertently selecting delete instead of save. Of course, the delete option, being well thought out, pops up a confirmation box allowing the user to cancel a mistaken command. Unfortunately, the save option produces a very similar confirmation box it was only as we hit the Confirm button that we noticed the word delete at the top... A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.5/27
11 Example: catastrophe! This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. Our first attempt fell victim to a design quirk coupled with an innocent, though weary and less than attentive, user. [...] The save and delete options, both of which are correctly classified as file-level operations, are consequently adjacent items in the menu. [...] it is all too easy for the hand to slip, inadvertently selecting delete instead of save. Of course, the delete option, being well thought out, pops up a confirmation box allowing the user to cancel a mistaken command. Unfortunately, the save option produces a very similar confirmation box it was only as we hit the Confirm button that we noticed the word delete at the top... [Dix et al. 98] Alan Dix, Janet Finaly, Gregory Abowd, Russel Beale. Human-Computer Interaction. Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.5/27
12 Example: design problems? This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. Our first attempt fell victim to a design quirk coupled with an innocent, though weary and less than attentive, user. [...] The save and delete options, both of which are correctly classified as file-level operations, are consequently adjacent items in the menu. [...] it is all too easy for the hand to slip, inadvertently selecting delete instead of save. Of course, the delete option, being well thought out, pops up a confirmation box allowing the user to cancel a mistaken command. Unfortunately, the save option produces a very similar confirmation box it was only as we hit the Confirm button that we noticed the word delete at the top... A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.6/27
13 Example: design problems? This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. Our first attempt fell victim to a design quirk coupled with an innocent, though weary and less than attentive, user. [...] The save and delete options, both of which are correctly classified as file-level operations, are consequently adjacent items in the menu. [...] it is all too easy for the hand to slip, inadvertently selecting delete instead of save. Of course, the delete option, being well thought out, pops up a confirmation box allowing the user to cancel a mistaken command. Unfortunately, the save option produces a very similar confirmation box it was only as we hit the Confirm button that we noticed the word delete at the top... Design logic does not take the user into account! A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.6/27
14 Example: poor usability! This is the authors second attempt at writing this introduction. Our first attempt fell victim to a design quirk coupled with an innocent, though weary and less than attentive, user. [...] The save and delete options, both of which are correctly classified as file-level operations, are consequently adjacent items in the menu. [...] it is all too easy for the hand to slip, inadvertently selecting delete instead of save. Of course, the delete option, being well thought out, pops up a confirmation box allowing the user to cancel a mistaken command. Unfortunately, the save option produces a very similar confirmation box it was only as we hit the Confirm button that we noticed the word delete at the top... Design logic does not address user s capabilities and limitations A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.7/27
15 Why Poor Usability User friendly and easy to use A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.8/27
16 Why Poor Usability User friendly and easy to use from the point of view of the designer A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.8/27
17 Why Poor Usability User friendly and easy to use from the point of view of the designer the designer is potentially a user A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.8/27
18 Why Poor Usability User friendly and easy to use from the point of view of the designer the designer is potentially a user = implicit assumptions on the user s capabilities and behaviour A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.8/27
19 Why Poor Usability User friendly and easy to use from the point of view of the designer the designer is potentially a user = implicit assumptions on the user s capabilities and behaviour explicit assumptions on the user s knowledge of the system A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.8/27
20 Why Poor Usability User friendly and easy to use from the point of view of the designer the designer is potentially a user = implicit assumptions on the user s capabilities and behaviour explicit assumptions on the user s knowledge of the system the user has entirely read and understood the manual A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.8/27
21 Why Poor Usability User friendly and easy to use from the point of view of the designer the designer is potentially a user = implicit assumptions on the user s capabilities and behaviour explicit assumptions on the user s knowledge of the system the user has entirely read and understood the manual interface viewed as plug-in separate from the rest of the system A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.8/27
22 User neglected = User friendly and easy to use from the point of view of the designer the designer is potentially a user = implicit assumptions on the user s capabilities and behaviour explicit assumptions on the user s knowledge of the system the user has entirely read and understood the manual interface viewed as plug-in separate from the rest of the system A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.9/27
23 User-centered Design USER = first priority in the requirements of interactive systems (SE) the designer is potentially a user = implicit assumptions on the user s capabilities and behaviour explicit assumptions on the user s knowledge of the system the user has entirely read and understood the manual interface viewed as plug-in separate from the rest of the system A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.10/27
24 Implicit Assumptions = USER = first priority in the requirements of interactive systems (SE) the designer is potentially a user = implicit assumptions on the user s capabilities and behaviour explicit assumptions on the user s knowledge of the system the user has entirely read and understood the manual interface viewed as plug-in separate from the rest of the system A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.11/27
25 Study of Human Being USER = first priority in the requirements of interactive systems (SE) study of the mind (perception, thinking and learning) and behaviour of the human being (Psychology) and related experiments explicit assumptions on the user s knowledge of the system the user has entirely read and understood the manual interface viewed as plug-in separate from the rest of the system A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.12/27
26 Positive Assumptions = USER = first priority in the requirements of interactive systems (SE) study of the mind (perception, thinking and learning) and behaviour of the human being (Psychology) and related experiments explicit assumptions on the user s knowledge of the system the user has entirely read and understood the manual interface viewed as plug-in separate from the rest of the system A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.13/27
27 Negative Assumptions USER = first priority in the requirements of interactive systems (SE) study of the mind (perception, thinking and learning) and behaviour of the human being (Psychology) and related experiments explicit assumptions on user s physical and cognitive limitations and environmental and social constraints (Ergonomics, Cognitive Science and Sociology) interface viewed as plug-in separate from the rest of the system A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.14/27
28 Separate HCI Design = USER = first priority in the requirements of interactive systems (SE) study of the mind (perception, thinking and learning) and behaviour of the human being (Psychology) and related experiments explicit assumptions on user s physical and cognitive limitations and environmental and social constraints (Ergonomics, Cognitive Science and Sociology) interface viewed as plug-in separate from the rest of the system A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.15/27
29 Integrated HCI Design USER = first priority in the requirements of interactive systems (SE) study of the mind (perception, thinking and learning) and behaviour of the human being (Psychology) and related experiments explicit assumptions on user s physical and cognitive limitations and environmental and social constraints (Ergonomics, Cognitive Science and Sociology) interface developed integrally with the rest of the system (SE) to support tasks people want to do and forgive careless mistakes A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.16/27
30 Improving Usability USER = first priority in the requirements of interactive systems (SE) study of the mind (perception, thinking and learning) and behaviour of the human being (Psychology) and related experiments explicit assumptions on user s physical and cognitive limitations and environmental and social constraints (Ergonomics, Cognitive Science and Sociology) interface developed integrally with the rest of the system (SE) to support tasks people want to do and forgive careless mistakes A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.17/27
31 Multidisciplinary Approach Contribution from many disciplines: Software Engineering Psychology (Social, Cognitive, Personality, Industrial and Engineering Psychology) Ergonomics Cognitive Science Sociology A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.18/27
32 Wide Range of Expertise Psychology and Cognitive Science to give knowledge of the user s perceptual, cognitive and problem-solving skills Ergonomics for the user s physical capabilities Sociology to help understandig the wider context of the interaction Computer Science and Software Engineering to be able to build the necessary technology Business to be able to market the built technology Graphic Design to produce an effective interface presentation Technical Writing to produce the manuals A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.19/27
33 Wide Range of Expertise Psychology and Cognitive Science to give knowledge of the user s perceptual, cognitive and problem-solving skills Ergonomics for the user s physical capabilities Sociology to help understandig the wider context of the interaction Computer Science and Software Engineering to be able to build the necessary technology Business to be able to market the built technology Graphic Design to produce an effective interface presentation Technical Writing to produce the manuals Too much expertise to be included in a design team A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.19/27
34 Wide Range of Expertise Psychology and Cognitive Science to give knowledge of the user s perceptual, cognitive and problem-solving skills Ergonomics for the user s physical capabilities Sociology to help understandig the wider context of the interaction Computer Science and Software Engineering to be able to build the necessary technology Business to be able to market the built technology Graphic Design to produce an effective interface presentation Technical Writing to produce the manuals Too much expertise to be included in a design team In practice people tend to take a strong stance on one side or another A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.19/27
35 Interdisciplinary Research Multidisciplinary Research Centres: UCL Interaction Centre (University College London, London, UK) Key Centre for Human Factors and Applied Cognitive Psychology (University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia) NASA Human Systems Integration Division (NASA Ames Research Centre, USA) HCI Group: A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.20/27
36 History of HCI study of human performance early 20th century in factories emphasis on manual tasks A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.21/27
37 History of HCI study of human performance early 20th century in factories emphasis on manual tasks 2nd World War urged study of interaction human-machine goal: produce more powerful weapons A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.21/27
38 History of HCI study of human performance early 20th century in factories emphasis on manual tasks 2nd World War urged study of interaction human-machine goal: produce more powerful weapons 1949 Ergonomic Research Society A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.21/27
39 History of HCI study of human performance early 20th century in factories emphasis on manual tasks 2nd World War urged study of interaction human-machine goal: produce more powerful weapons 1949 Ergonomic Research Society 1982 Conference on Human Factors in Computing, Gaithersburg HCI as a professional community A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.21/27
40 Def of HCI (ACM) the discipline concerned with the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them [ACM special interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction Curriculum Development Group, 1992] A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.22/27
41 Def of HCI (Dix et al.) the study of people, computer technology and the ways these influence each other [Dix et al. 98] A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.23/27
42 Requirements and Goal of HCI the study of people, computer technology and the ways these influence each other [Dix et al. 98] A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.24/27
43 Requirements and Goal of HCI the study of people, computer technology and the ways these influence each other [Dix et al. 98] Requirements of HCI computer technology the people who interact with it A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.24/27
44 Requirements and Goal of HCI the study of people, computer technology and the ways these influence each other [Dix et al. 98] Requirements of HCI computer technology the people who interact with it Goal of HCI usability = to prevent user errors A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.24/27
45 Consequences of Human Errors may just be temporary inconvenience or annoyance in interactive systems such as word processors VCR, DVD radio, CD, AC A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.25/27
46 Consequences of Human Errors may just be temporary inconvenience or annoyance in interactive systems such as word processors VCR, DVD radio, CD, AC in cars? A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.25/27
47 Consequences of Human Errors may just be temporary inconvenience or annoyance in interactive systems such as word processors VCR, DVD radio, CD, AC in cars? distract the driver = may cause human errors in driving = it s unsafe!!! A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.25/27
48 Catastrophic Effects Human errors may cause safety violations in domains such as chemical and nuclear plants, air traffic control, trasporation systems, health systems security violations in domains such as e-commerce, e-voting, defence with catastrophic effects A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.26/27
49 Catastrophic Effects Human errors may cause safety violations in domains such as chemical and nuclear plants, air traffic control, trasporation systems, health systems security violations in domains such as e-commerce, e-voting, defence with catastrophic effects = need to use formal methods A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.26/27
50 National Standards used to deal with safety and security issues without mentioning HCI aspects A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.27/27
51 National Standards used to deal with safety and security issues without mentioning HCI aspects = human error appears in many accident reports as the main cause of the catastrophe A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.27/27
52 National Standards used to deal with safety and security issues without mentioning HCI aspects = human error appears in many accident reports as the main cause of the catastrophe Recently national health and safety standards are starting to explicitly include usability A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.27/27
53 National Standards used to deal with safety and security issues without mentioning HCI aspects = human error appears in many accident reports as the main cause of the catastrophe Recently national health and safety standards are starting to explicitly include usability Example EC directive 90/270/EEC A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.27/27
54 Appendix A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.28/27
55 Social Sciences Study of people. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.29/27
56 Social Sciences Study of people. Different kinds of Social Sciences are: A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.29/27
57 Social Sciences Study of people. Different kinds of Social Sciences are: Political Science; A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.29/27
58 Social Sciences Study of people. Different kinds of Social Sciences are: Political Science; Economy; A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.29/27
59 Social Sciences Study of people. Different kinds of Social Sciences are: Political Science; Economy; Sociology; A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.29/27
60 Social Sciences Study of people. Different kinds of Social Sciences are: Political Science; Economy; Sociology; Physical Anthropology; A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.29/27
61 Social Sciences Study of people. Different kinds of Social Sciences are: Political Science; Economy; Sociology; Physical Anthropology; Cultural Anthropology; A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.29/27
62 Social Sciences Study of people. Different kinds of Social Sciences are: Political Science; Economy; Sociology; Physical Anthropology; Cultural Anthropology; Psychology; A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.29/27
63 Social Sciences Study of people. Different kinds of Social Sciences are: Political Science; Economy; Sociology; Physical Anthropology; Cultural Anthropology; Psychology; have slightly different perspectives and emphases in their study of people. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.29/27
64 Psychology Psychology is a Social Science that aims at studying A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.30/27
65 Psychology Psychology is a Social Science that aims at studying mind the means by which people perceive, think, learn and feel; A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.30/27
66 Psychology Psychology is a Social Science that aims at studying mind the means by which people perceive, think, learn and feel; behaviour how people act, interact with others and understand themselves. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.30/27
67 Def. of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology is the field of Psychology that aims at studying how people perceive, learn, remember and think about information A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.31/27
68 Def. of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology is the field of Psychology that aims at studying how people perceive, learn, remember and think about information Examples Why do people remember some facts but forget others? How do people think when they play chess or solve everyday problems? A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.31/27
69 Def. of Sociology Sociology is a Social Science that aims at studying groups of individuals, such as groups of people in various kinds of works or having different incomes. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.32/27
70 Ergonomics Ergonomics is a Multidisciplinary Science that aims at studying how a workplace and the equipment used there can be best designed for confort, efficiency, safety and productivity. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.33/27
71 Ergonomics Ergonomics is a Multidisciplinary Science that aims at studying how a workplace and the equipment used there can be best designed for confort, efficiency, safety and productivity. We speak about Human Factors when we include cognitive issues. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.33/27
72 Def. of Social Psychology Social Psychology is the field of Psychology that aims at studying how people interact with each other, both as individuals and in groups. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.34/27
73 Def. of Social Psychology Social Psychology is the field of Psychology that aims at studying how people interact with each other, both as individuals and in groups. Examples Why are people attached to each other, and why do people like and even love one another? Why are people sometimes generous and helpful, and why are they sometimes not? A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.34/27
74 Def. of Personality Psychology Personality Psychology is the field of Psychology that aims at studying personal dispositions that lead people to behave as they do. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.35/27
75 Def. of Personality Psychology Personality Psychology is the field of Psychology that aims at studying personal dispositions that lead people to behave as they do. Examples Why are some people highly sociable, whereas others seem to prefer just the company of very few other people? What makes some people high conscientious and others less so? A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.35/27
76 Def. of Industrial Psychology Industrial Psychology is the field of Psychology applied to decision making, and hiring in institutional settings, such as workplaces, and businesses. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.36/27
77 Def. of Engineering Psychology Engineering Psychology is the field of Psychology that deals with human-machine interaction, and aim to make interactive systems more user-friendly. A. Cerone, UNU-IIST p.37/27
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