Strand 1: Inquiry Process

Transcription

1 Strand 1: Inquiry Process Science as inquiry is basic to science education and a controlling principle in the continuing organization and selection of students activities. Students at all grade levels and in every domain of science should have the opportunity to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry (NSES 1995). Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, and communicating results. Concept 1: Observations, Questions, and Hypotheses Formulate predictions, questions, or hypotheses based on observations. Locate appropriate resources. 2nd Grade 1 Observe common 1 Compare 1 Formulate 1 Formulate objects using multiple senses. common objects using multiple senses. relevant questions about the properties of objects, organisms, and events in the environment. (See M02-S2C1-01) relevant questions about the properties of objects, organisms, and events of the environment using observations and prior knowledge. 1 Differentiate inferences from observations. 1 Formulate a relevant question through observations that can be tested by an investigation. 2 Ask questions based on experiences with objects, organisms, and events in the environment. 2 Ask questions based on experiences with objects, organisms, and events in the environment. 2 Predict the results of an investigation (e.g., in animal life cycles, phases of matter, the water cycle). 2 Predict the results of an investigation based on observed patterns, not random guessing. 2 Formulate a relevant question through observations that can be tested by an investigation. 2 Formulate predictions in the realm of science based on observed cause and effect relationships. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 1 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

2 Strand 1: Inquiry Process Science as inquiry is basic to science education and a controlling principle in the continuing organization and selection of students activities. Students at all grade levels and in every domain of science should have the opportunity to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry (NSES 1995). Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, and communicating results. Concept 1: Observations, Questions, and Hypotheses Formulate predictions, questions, or hypotheses based on observations. Locate appropriate resources. 2nd Grade 3 Predict results of an investigation based on life, physical, and earth and space sciences (e.g., the five senses, changes in weather). 3 Predict results of an investigation based on life, physical, and earth and space sciences (e.g., animal life cycles, physical properties, earth materials). 3 Predict the results of an observable cause and effect relationship. 3 Formulate predictions in the realm of science based on observed cause and effect relationships. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 2 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

3 Strand 1: Inquiry Process Science as inquiry is basic to science education and a controlling principle in the continuing organization and selection of students activities. Students at all grade levels and in every domain of science should have the opportunity to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry (NSES 1995). Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, and communicating results. Concept 1: Observations, Questions, and Hypotheses Formulate predictions, questions, or hypotheses based on observations. Locate appropriate resources. 2nd Grade 4 Locate information (e.g., book, article, website) related to an investigation. (See W-E8-01) 3 Locate information (e.g., book, article, website) related to an investigation. (See W-E8-01) 5 Critically analyzes media (print and nonprint) communication for supporting data and information. 4 Critically analyzes media (print and nonprint) communication for supporting data and information. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 3 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

4 Strand 1: Inquiry Process Science as inquiry is basic to science education and a controlling principle in the continuing organization and selection of students activities. Students at all grade levels and in every domain of science should have the opportunity to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry (NSES 1995). Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, and communicating results. Concept 2: Scientific Testing (Investigating and Modeling) Participate in planning and conducting investigations, and recording data. 2nd Grade 1 Demonstrate safe behavior and appropriate procedures (e.g., use of instruments, materials, organisms) in all science inquiry. 1 Demonstrate safe behavior and appropriate procedures (e.g., use of instruments, materials, organisms) in all science inquiry. 1 Demonstrate safe behavior and appropriate procedures (e.g., use of instruments, materials, organisms) in all science inquiry. 1 Demonstrate safe behavior and appropriate procedures (e.g., use of instruments, materials, organisms) in all science inquiry. 1 Demonstrate safe behavior and appropriate procedures (e.g., use and care of technology, materials, organisms) in all science inquiry. 1 Demonstrate safe behavior and appropriate procedures (e.g., use and care of technology, materials, organisms) in all science inquiry. 2 Participate in guided investigations in life, physical, and earth and space sciences. 2 Participate in guided investigations in life, physical, and earth and space sciences. 2 Participate in guided investigations in life, physical, and earth and space sciences. 2 Plan a simple investigation (e.g., one plant receives adequate water, one receives too much water, and one receives too little water) based on the formulated questions. 2 Plan a simple investigation that identifies the variables to be controlled. 2 Plan a simple investigation that identifies the variables to be controlled. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 4 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

5 Strand 1: Inquiry Process Science as inquiry is basic to science education and a controlling principle in the continuing organization and selection of students activities. Students at all grade levels and in every domain of science should have the opportunity to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry (NSES 1995). Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, and communicating results. Concept 2: Scientific Testing (Investigating and Modeling) Participate in planning and conducting investigations, and recording data. 2nd Grade 3 Perform simple measurements using non-standard units of measure to collect data. 3 Use simple tools such as rulers, thermometers, magnifiers, and balances to collect data (U.S. customary units). (See M01-S4C4-07) 3 Use simple tools such as rulers, thermometers, magnifiers, and balances to collect data (U.S. customary units). (See M02- S4C4-06) 3 Conduct simple investigations (e.g., related to plant life cycles, changing the pitch of a sound, properties of rocks) in life, physical, and earth and space sciences. 3 Conduct controlled investigations (e.g., related to erosion, plant life cycles, weather, magnetism) in life, physical, and earth and space sciences. 3 Conduct simple investigations (e.g., related to forces and motion, earth processes) based on studentdeveloped questions in life, physical, and earth and space sciences. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 5 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

6 Strand 1: Inquiry Process Science as inquiry is basic to science education and a controlling principle in the continuing organization and selection of students activities. Students at all grade levels and in every domain of science should have the opportunity to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry (NSES 1995). Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, and communicating results. Concept 2: Scientific Testing (Investigating and Modeling) Participate in planning and conducting investigations, and recording data. 2nd Grade 4 Record data from guided investigations in an organized and appropriate format (e.g., lab book, log, notebook, chart paper). (See W- F4-01) 4 Record data from guided investigations in an organized and appropriate format (e.g., lab book, log, notebook, chart paper). (See W- F4-01) 4 Use metric and U.S. customary units to measure objects. (See M03-S4C4-04) 4 Measure using appropriate tools (e.g., ruler, scale, balance) and units of measure (i.e., metric, U.S. customary). (See M04-S4C4-03 and M04-S4C4-07) 4 Measure using appropriate tools (e.g., ruler, scale, balance) and units of measure (i.e., metric, U.S. customary). (See M05-S4C4-01) 5 Record data in an organized and appropriate format (e.g., t- chart, table, list, written log). (See W-F4-01) 5 Record data in an organized and appropriate format (e.g., t- chart, table, list, written log). 5 Record data in an organized and appropriate format (e.g., t- chart, table, list, written log). Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 6 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

7 Strand 1: Inquiry Process Science as inquiry is basic to science education and a controlling principle in the continuing organization and selection of students activities. Students at all grade levels and in every domain of science should have the opportunity to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry (NSES 1995). Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, and communicating results. Concept 3: Analysis and Conclusions Organize and analyze data; compare to predictions. 1 Organize (e.g., compare, classify, and sequence) objects, organisms, and events according to various characteristics. (See M00-S4C4-01 and M00-S4C4-03) 1 Organize (e.g., compare, classify, and sequence) objects, organisms, and events according to various characteristics. (See M01-S4C4-01) 2nd Grade 1 Organize data using graphs (i.e., pictograph, tally chart), tables, and journals. (See M02-S2C1-02) 1 Organize data using the following methods with appropriate labels: bar graphs pictographs tally charts (See M03-S2C1-02) 1 Analyze data obtained in a scientific investigation to identify trends. (See M04-S2C1-03) 1 Analyze data obtained in a scientific investigation to identify trends and form conclusions. (See M05-S2C1-03) 2 Compare objects according to their measurable characteristics (e.g., longer/shorter, lighter/heavier). 2 Compare the results of the investigation to predictions made prior to the investigation. 2 Construct reasonable explanations of observations on the basis of data obtained (e.g., Based on the data, does this make sense? Could this happen?). (See M02-S2C1-04) 2 Construct reasonable interpretations of the collected data based on formulated questions. (See M03-S2C1-03) 2 Formulate conclusions based upon identified trends in data. (See M04- S2C1-03) 2 Analyze whether the data is consistent with the proposed explanation that motivated the investigation. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 7 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

8 Strand 1: Inquiry Process Science as inquiry is basic to science education and a controlling principle in the continuing organization and selection of students activities. Students at all grade levels and in every domain of science should have the opportunity to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry (NSES 1995). Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, and communicating results. Concept 3: Analysis and Conclusions Organize and analyze data; compare to predictions. 2nd Grade 3 Compare the results of the investigation to predictions made prior to the investigation. (See M02-S2C2-05) 3 Compare the results of the investigation to predictions made prior to the investigation. (See M03-S2C2-05) 3 Determine that data collected is consistent with the formulated question. 3 Evaluate the reasonableness of the outcome of an investigation. 4 Generate questions for possible future investigations based on the conclusions of the investigation. 4 Generate questions for possible future investigations based on the conclusions of the investigation. 4 Determine whether the data supports the prediction for an investigation. (See M04-S2C2-05) 4 Develop new investigations and predictions based on questions that arise from the findings of an investigation. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 8 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

9 Strand 1: Inquiry Process Science as inquiry is basic to science education and a controlling principle in the continuing organization and selection of students activities. Students at all grade levels and in every domain of science should have the opportunity to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry (NSES 1995). Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, and communicating results. Concept 3: Analysis and Conclusions Organize and analyze data; compare to predictions. 2nd Grade 5 Record questions for further inquiry based on the conclusions of the investigation. 5 Develop new questions and predictions based upon the data collected in the investigation. 5 Identify possible relationships between variables in simple investigations (e.g., time and distance; incline and mass of object). Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 9 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

10 Strand 1: Inquiry Process Science as inquiry is basic to science education and a controlling principle in the continuing organization and selection of students activities. Students at all grade levels and in every domain of science should have the opportunity to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry (NSES 1995). Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, and communicating results. Concept 4: Communication Communicate results of investigations. 2nd Grade 1 Communicate observations with pictographs, pictures, models, and/or words. (See M00-S2C1-02) 1 Communicate the results of an investigation using pictures, graphs, models, and/or words. See M01-S2C1-02) 1 Communicate the results and conclusions of an investigation (e.g., verbal, drawn, or written). (See M02-S2C1-02 and W-F5-01) 1 Communicate investigations and explanations using evidence and appropriate terminology. (See W-F5-01) 1 Communicate verbally or in writing the results of an inquiry. (See W- E6-01) 1 Communicate verbally or in writing the results of an inquiry. (See W- E6-01) 2 Communicate with other groups to describe the results of an investigation. (See LS-R3 and LS-R5) 2 Communicate with other groups to describe the results of an investigation. (See LS-F1) 2 Communicate with other groups to describe the results of an investigation. (See LS-F1) 2 Describe an investigation in ways that enable others to repeat it. (See LS-F1) 2 Choose an appropriate graphic representation for collected data: bar graph line graph Venn diagram model (See M04-S2C1-02) 2 Choose an appropriate graphic representation for collected data: bar graph line graph Venn diagram model (See M05-S2C1-02) Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 10 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

11 Strand 1: Inquiry Process Science as inquiry is basic to science education and a controlling principle in the continuing organization and selection of students activities. Students at all grade levels and in every domain of science should have the opportunity to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry (NSES 1995). Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, and communicating results. Concept 4: Communication Communicate results of investigations. 2nd Grade 3 Communicate with other groups to describe the results of an investigation. (See LS-E1) 3 Communicate with other groups or individuals to compare the results of a common investigation. 3 Communicate with other groups or individuals to compare the results of a common investigation. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 11 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

12 1 Give examples of how diverse people (e.g., children, parents, weather reporters, cooks, healthcare workers, gardeners) use science in daily life. 1 Give examples of how diverse people (e.g., children, parents, weather reporters, cooks, healthcare workers, gardeners) use science in daily life. Strand 2: History and Nature of Science Knowledge of the nature of science is central to the understanding of the scientific enterprise. (NAEP 2000) Scientific investigation grows from the contributions of many people. History and Nature of Science emphasizes the importance of the inclusion of historical perspectives and the advances that each new development brings to technology and human knowledge. This strand focuses on the human aspects of science and the role that scientists play in the development of various cultures. Concept 1: History of Science as a Human Endeavor Identify individual and cultural contributions to scientific knowledge. 2nd Grade 1 Identify how diverse people and/or cultures, past and present, have made important contributions to scientific innovations (e.g., Daniel Hale Williams [physician], supports Strand 4; Charles Drew [physician], supports Strand 4; Elizabeth Blackwell [physician], supports Strand 4). 1 Identify how diverse people and/or cultures, past and present, have made important contributions to scientific innovations (e.g., John Muir [naturalist], supports Strand 4; Thomas Edison [inventor], supports Strand 5; Mae Jemison [engineer, physician, astronaut], supports Strand 6,; Edmund Halley [scientist], supports Strand 6). 1 Identify how diverse people and/or cultures, past and present, have made important contributions to scientific innovations (e.g., Margaret Mead [anthropologist], supports Strand 4; Nikola Tesla [engineer, inventor] supports Strand 5; Michael Faraday [scientist], supports Strand 5; Benjamin Franklin [scientist], supports Strand 5). 1 Identify how diverse people and/or cultures, past and present, have made important contributions to scientific innovations (e.g., Percy Lavon Julian [scientist], supports Strand 4; Niels Bohr [scientist], supports Strand 5; Edwin Hubble [scientist], supports Strand 6). Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 12 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

13 Strand 2: History and Nature of Science Knowledge of the nature of science is central to the understanding of the scientific enterprise. (NAEP 2000) Scientific investigation grows from the contributions of many people. History and Nature of Science emphasizes the importance of the inclusion of historical perspectives and the advances that each new development brings to technology and human knowledge. This strand focuses on the human aspects of science and the role that scientists play in the development of various cultures. Concept 1: History of Science as a Human Endeavor continued Identify individual and cultural contributions to scientific knowledge. 2nd Grade 2 Identify how diverse people and/or cultures, past and present, have made important contributions to scientific innovations (e.g., Jane Goodall [scientist], supports Strand 4; Louis Braille [inventor], supports Strand 4). 2 Identify how diverse people and/or cultures, past and present, have made important contributions to scientific innovations (e.g., Sally Ride [scientist], supports Strand 6; Neil Armstrong [astronaut, engineer], supports Strand 6). 2 Identify sciencerelated career opportunities. 2 Describe sciencerelated career opportunities. 2 Describe sciencerelated career opportunities. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 13 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

14 Strand 2: History and Nature of Science Knowledge of the nature of science is central to the understanding of the scientific enterprise. (NAEP 2000) Scientific investigation grows from the contributions of many people. History and Nature of Science emphasizes the importance of the inclusion of historical perspectives and the advances that each new development brings to technology and human knowledge. This strand focuses on the human aspects of science and the role that scientists play in the development of various cultures. Concept 2: Nature of Scientific Knowledge Understand how science is a process for generating knowledge. 2nd Grade 1 Identify components of familiar systems (e.g., organs of the digestive system, bicycle). 1 Describe how, in a system (e.g., terrarium, house) with many components, the components usually influence one another. 1 Explain the role of experimentation in scientific inquiry. 1 Provide examples that support the premise that science is an ongoing process that changes in response to new information and discoveries (e.g., space exploration, medical advances). 2 Identify the following characteristics of a system: consists of multiple parts or subsystems parts working interdependently 2 Explain why a system may not work if a component is defective or missing. 2 Describe the interaction of components in a system (e.g., flashlight, radio). 2 Explain the cycle by which new scientific knowledge generates new scientific inquiry. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 14 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

15 Strand 2: History and Nature of Science Knowledge of the nature of science is central to the understanding of the scientific enterprise. (NAEP 2000) Scientific investigation grows from the contributions of many people. History and Nature of Science emphasizes the importance of the inclusion of historical perspectives and the advances that each new development brings to technology and human knowledge. This strand focuses on the human aspects of science and the role that scientists play in the development of various cultures. Concept 2: Nature of Scientific Knowledge Understand how science is a process for generating knowledge. 2nd Grade 3 Identify parts of a system too small to be seen (e.g., plant and animal cells). 3 Explain various ways scientists generate ideas (e.g., observation, experiment, collaboration, theoretical and mathematical models). 3 Describe how scientific knowledge is subject to modification and/or change as new information/techn ology challenges prevailing theories. 4 Compare collaborative approaches that scientists use for investigations (e.g., teams, individual with peer review). Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 15 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

16 Strand 2: History and Nature of Science Knowledge of the nature of science is central to the understanding of the scientific enterprise. (NAEP 2000) Scientific investigation grows from the contributions of many people. History and Nature of Science emphasizes the importance of the inclusion of historical perspectives and the advances that each new development brings to technology and human knowledge. This strand focuses on the human aspects of science and the role that scientists play in the development of various cultures. Concept 2: Nature of Scientific Knowledge Understand how science is a process for generating knowledge. 2nd Grade 5 Describe qualities of the scientists habits of mind (e.g., openness, skepticism, integrity, tolerance). Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 16 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

17 Strand 3: Science in Personal and Social Perspectives Science in Personal and Social Perspectives emphasizes developing the ability to design a solution to a problem, to understand the relationship between science and technology, and the ways people are involved in both. Students understand the impact of science and technology on human activity and the environment. This strand affords students the opportunity to understand their place in the world as living creatures, consumers, decision makers, problem solvers, managers, and planners. Concept 1: Changes in Environments Describe the interactions between human populations, natural hazards, and the environment. 2nd Grade 1 Describe the major factors that could impact a human population (e.g., famine, drought, disease, improved transportation, medical breakthroughs). 1 Describe how natural events and human activities have positive and negative impacts on environments (e.g., fire, floods, pollution, dams). 1 Explain the impacts of natural hazards on habitats (e.g., global warming, floods, asteroid or large meteor impacts). Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 17 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

18 Strand 3: Science in Personal and Social Perspectives Science in Personal and Social Perspectives emphasizes developing the ability to design a solution to a problem, to understand the relationship between science and technology, and the ways people are involved in both. Students understand the impact of science and technology on human activity and the environment. This strand affords students the opportunity to understand their place in the world as living creatures, consumers, decision makers, problem solvers, managers, and planners. Concept 1: Changes in Environments Describe the interactions between human populations, natural hazards, and the environment. 2nd Grade 2 Describe the beneficial and harmful impacts of natural events and human activities on the environment (e.g., forest fires, flooding, pesticides). 2 Evaluate the consequences of environmental occurrences that happen either rapidly (e.g., fire, flood, tornado) or over a long period of time (e.g., drought, melting ice caps, the greenhouse effect, erosion). 2 Propose a solution, resource, or product that addresses a specific human, animal, or habitat need. 3 Evaluate the possible strengths and weaknesses of a proposed solution to a specific problem relevant to human, animal, or habitat needs. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 18 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

19 Strand 3: Science in Personal and Social Perspectives Science in Personal and Social Perspectives emphasizes developing the ability to design a solution to a problem, to understand the relationship between science and technology, and the ways people are involved in both. Students understand the impact of science and technology on human activity and the environment. This strand affords students the opportunity to understand their place in the world as living creatures, consumers, decision makers, problem solvers, managers, and planners. Concept 2: Science and Technology in Society Understand the impact of technology. 1 Describe how simple tools (e.g., scissors, pencils, paper clips, hammers) can make tasks easier. 1 Identify various technologies (e.g., automobiles, radios, refrigerators) that people use. 2nd Grade 1 Analyze how various technologies impact aspects of people s lives (e.g., entertainment, medicine, transportation, communication). 1 Identify ways that people use tools and techniques to solve problems. 1 Describe how science and technology (e.g., computers, air conditioning, medicine) have improved the lives of many people. 1 Describe the relationship between science and technology. 2 Describe how suitable tools (e.g., magnifiers, thermometers) help make better observations and measurements. 2 Describe important technological contributions made by people, past and present: automobile Henry Ford airplane Wilbur and Orville Wright telephone Alexander G. Bell 2 Describe the development of different technologies (e.g., communication, entertainment, transportation, medicine) in response to resources, needs, and values. 2 Describe benefits (e.g., easy communications, rapid transportation) and risks (e.g., pollution, destruction of natural resources) related to the use of technology. 2 Explain how scientific knowledge, skills, and technological capabilities are integral to a variety of careers. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 19 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

20 Strand 3: Science in Personal and Social Perspectives Science in Personal and Social Perspectives emphasizes developing the ability to design a solution to a problem, to understand the relationship between science and technology, and the ways people are involved in both. Students understand the impact of science and technology on human activity and the environment. This strand affords students the opportunity to understand their place in the world as living creatures, consumers, decision makers, problem solvers, managers, and planners. Concept 2: Science and Technology in Society Understand the impact of technology. 2nd Grade 3 Report on current events involving science and/or technology. 3 Report on current events involving science and/or technology. 3 Identify a simple problem that could be solved by using a suitable tool. 3 Design and construct a technological solution to a common problem or need using common materials. 4 Design and construct a technological solution to a common problem or need using common materials. 4 Design and construct a technological solution to a common problem or need using common materials. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 20 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

21 Strand 4: Life Science The fundamental goal of life sciences is to attempt to understand and explain the nature of life. (NAEP 2000) Life Science expands students biological understanding of life by focusing on the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how organisms and populations change over time in terms of biological adaptation and genetics. This understanding includes the relationship of structures to their functions and life cycles, interrelationships of matter and energy in living organisms, and the interactions of living organisms with their environment. 1 Distinguish between living things and nonliving things. 1 Identify the following as characteristics of living things: growth and development reproduction response to stimulus Concept 1: Characteristics of Organisms Understand that basic structures in plants and animals serve a function. 2nd Grade 1 Identify animal structures that serve different functions (e.g., sensory, defense, locomotion). 1 Describe the function of the following plant structures: roots absorb nutrients stems provide support leaves synthesize food flowers attract pollinators and produce seeds for reproduction 1 Compare structures in plants (e.g., roots, stems, leaves, flowers) and animals (e.g., muscles, bones, nerves) that serve different functions in growth and survival. Concept 1: Structure and Function in Living Systems Understand the relationships between structures and functions of organisms. 1 Identify the functions and parts of the skeletal system: protection rib cage, cranium support vertebrae movement pelvis, femur, hip 2 Describe the requirements for and the process of germination. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 21 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

22 Strand 4: Life Science The fundamental goal of life sciences is to attempt to understand and explain the nature of life. (NAEP 2000) Life Science expands students biological understanding of life by focusing on the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how organisms and populations change over time in terms of biological adaptation and genetics. This understanding includes the relationship of structures to their functions and life cycles, interrelationships of matter and energy in living organisms, and the interactions of living organisms with their environment. Concept 1: Characteristics of Organisms Understand that basic structures in plants and animals serve a function. Concept 1: Structure and Function in Living Systems Understand the relationships between structures and functions of organisms. 2nd Grade 2 Name the following human body parts: head shoulders arms elbows wrists hands fingers legs hips knees ankles feet heels toes (See 1CH-R3-01) 2 Compare the following observable features of living things: movement legs, wings protection skin, feathers, tree bark respiration lungs, gills support plant stems, tree trunks 2 Identify the following major parts of: the digestive system mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines respiratory system nose, trachea, lungs, diaphragm circulatory system heart, arteries, veins, blood (See 1CH-F3-01) 2 Classify animals by identifiable group characteristics: vertebrates mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians invertebrates insects, arachnids 2 Identify the following types of muscles: cardiac heart smooth stomach skeletal biceps Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 22 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

23 Strand 4: Life Science The fundamental goal of life sciences is to attempt to understand and explain the nature of life. (NAEP 2000) Life Science expands students biological understanding of life by focusing on the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how organisms and populations change over time in terms of biological adaptation and genetics. This understanding includes the relationship of structures to their functions and life cycles, interrelationships of matter and energy in living organisms, and the interactions of living organisms with their environment. 3 Identify the five senses and their related body parts: sight eyes hearing ears smell nose taste tongue touch skin Understand that basic structures in plants and animals serve a function. 3 Identify observable similarities and differences (e.g., number of legs, body coverings, size) between/among different groups of animals. Concept 1: Characteristics of Organisms 2nd Grade 3 Describe the basic functions of the following systems: digestive breakdown and absorption of food, disposal of waste respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide circulatory transportation of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body(see 1CH-F3-02) Concept 1: Structure and Function in Living Systems Understand the relationships between structures and functions of organisms. 3 Identify the functions and parts of the nervous system: control center brain relay mechanism spinal cord transport messages nerves 4 Distinguish between voluntary and involuntary responses. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 23 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

24 Strand 4: Life Science The fundamental goal of life sciences is to attempt to understand and explain the nature of life. (NAEP 2000) Life Science expands students biological understanding of life by focusing on the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how organisms and populations change over time in terms of biological adaptation and genetics. This understanding includes the relationship of structures to their functions and life cycles, interrelationships of matter and energy in living organisms, and the interactions of living organisms with their environment. 1 Describe that most plants and animals will grow to physically resemble their parents. 1 Identify stages of human life (e.g., infancy, adolescence, adulthood). Concept 2: Life Cycles Understand the life cycles of plants and animals. 2nd Grade 1 Describe the life cycles of various insects. 1 Compare life cycles of various plants (e.g., conifers, flowering plants, ferns). Concept 2: Reproduction and Heredity Understand the basic principles of heredity. 2 Identify similarities and differences between animals and their parents. (See 1CH-F4) 2 Describe the life cycles of various mammals. 3 Compare the life cycles of various organisms. 2 Explain how growth, death, and decay are part of the plant life cycle. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 24 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

25 Strand 4: Life Science The fundamental goal of life sciences is to attempt to understand and explain the nature of life. (NAEP 2000) Life Science expands students biological understanding of life by focusing on the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how organisms and populations change over time in terms of biological adaptation and genetics. This understanding includes the relationship of structures to their functions and life cycles, interrelationships of matter and energy in living organisms, and the interactions of living organisms with their environment. Concept 3: Organisms and Environments Understand the relationships among various organisms and their environment. Concept 3: Populations of Organisms in an Ecosystem Analyze the relationships among various organisms and their environment. 2nd Grade 1 Identify some plants and animals that exist in the local environment. 1 Identify some plants and animals that exist in the local environment. 1 Identify that insects and animals require specific habitats. 1 Identify the living and nonliving components of an ecosystem. 1 Describe ways various resources (e.g., air, water, plants, animals, soil) are utilized to meet the needs of a population. 1 Describe factors that determine the climate of a biome. 2 Identify that plants and animals need the following to grow and survive: food water air space. 2 Compare the habitats (e.g., desert, forest, prairie, water, underground) in which plants and animals live. 2 Describe how some living organisms interact with each other and their environment (s) i.e., herbivore carnivore; predator/prey 2 Examine an ecosystem to identify microscopic and macroscopic organisms. 2 Differentiate renewable resources from nonrenewable resources. 2 Explain the relationship between latitude, longitude, and biomes. 3 Explain the characteristics of living vs. nonliving things. 3 Describe the biomes in the U.S. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 25 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

26 Strand 4: Life Science The fundamental goal of life sciences is to attempt to understand and explain the nature of life. (NAEP 2000) Life Science expands students biological understanding of life by focusing on the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how organisms and populations change over time in terms of biological adaptation and genetics. This understanding includes the relationship of structures to their functions and life cycles, interrelationships of matter and energy in living organisms, and the interactions of living organisms with their environment. Concept 3: Organisms and Environments Concept 3: Populations of Organisms in an Ecosystem Understand the relationships among various organisms and their environment. Analyze the relationships among various organisms and their environment. 2nd Grade 4 Group plants into major categories based on their characteristics. 4 Identify, describe, and compare environmental issues affecting the different biomes. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 26 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

27 Strand 4: Life Science The fundamental goal of life sciences is to attempt to understand and explain the nature of life. (NAEP 2000) Life Science expands students biological understanding of life by focusing on the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how organisms and populations change over time in terms of biological adaptation and genetics. This understanding includes the relationship of structures to their functions and life cycles, interrelationships of matter and energy in living organisms, and the interactions of living organisms with their environment. Concept 3: Organisms and Environments Understand the relationships among various organisms and their environment. 2nd Grade 3 Describe changes observed in a small system (e.g., ant farm, plant terrarium, aquarium). 3 Describe how plants and animals within a habitat are dependent on each other. 5 Explain the interrelationships among plants and animals in different environments: producers plants consumers animals decomposers fungi, insects, bacteria 3 Analyze the effect that limited resources (e.g., natural gas, minerals) may have on an environment. Concept 3: Populations of Organisms in an Ecosystem Analyze the relationships among various organisms and their environment. 6 Describe how plants and animals cause change in their environment. 4 Describe ways in which resources can be conserved (e.g., by reducing, reusing, recycling, finding substitutes). Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 27 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

28 Strand 4: Life Science The fundamental goal of life sciences is to attempt to understand and explain the nature of life. (NAEP 2000) Life Science expands students biological understanding of life by focusing on the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how organisms and populations change over time in terms of biological adaptation and genetics. This understanding includes the relationship of structures to their functions and life cycles, interrelationships of matter and energy in living organisms, and the interactions of living organisms with their environment. Concept 3: Organisms and Environments Understand the relationships among various organisms and their environment. 2nd Grade 7 Describe how environmental factors (e.g., soil composition, range of temperature, quantity and quality of light or water) in the ecosystem may affect a member organism s ability to grow, reproduce, and thrive. Concept 3: Populations of Organisms in an Ecosystem Analyze the relationships among various organisms and their environment. 8 Differentiate between ecosystems, communities, and populations. 9 Distinguish between habitats and niches Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 28 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

29 Strand 4: Life Science The fundamental goal of life sciences is to attempt to understand and explain the nature of life. (NAEP 2000) Life Science expands students biological understanding of life by focusing on the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how organisms and populations change over time in terms of biological adaptation and genetics. This understanding includes the relationship of structures to their functions and life cycles, interrelationships of matter and energy in living organisms, and the interactions of living organisms with their environment. Concept 4: Diversity, Adaptation and Behavior Identify plant and animal adaptations. 2nd Grade 1 Identify adaptations of plants and animals that allow them to live in specific environments. 2 Describe ways that species adapt when introduced into new environments. 1 Recognize that successful characteristics of populations are inherited traits that are favorable in a particular environment. 2 Give examples of adaptations that allow plants and animals to survive. camouflage horned lizards, coyotes mimicry Monarch and Viceroy butterflies physical cactus spines mutualism species of acacia that harbor ants, which repel other harmful insects Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 29 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

30 Strand 4: Life Science The fundamental goal of life sciences is to attempt to understand and explain the nature of life. (NAEP 2000) Life Science expands students biological understanding of life by focusing on the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how organisms and populations change over time in terms of biological adaptation and genetics. This understanding includes the relationship of structures to their functions and life cycles, interrelationships of matter and energy in living organisms, and the interactions of living organisms with their environment. Concept 4: Diversity, Adaptation and Behavior Identify plant and animal adaptations. 2nd Grade 3 Cite examples of how a species inability to adapt to changing conditions in the ecosystem led to the extinction of that species. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 30 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.

31 Strand 5: Physical Science The physical science component should probe the following major topics: matter and its transformations, energy and its transformations, and the motion of things. (NAEP 2000) Physical Science affords students the opportunity to increase their understanding of the characteristics of objects and materials they encounter daily. Students gain an understanding of the nature of matter and energy, including their forms, the changes they undergo, and their interactions. By studying objects and the forces that act upon them, students develop an understanding of the fundamental laws of motion, knowledge of the various ways energy is stored in a system, and the processes by which energy is transferred between systems and surroundings. Concept 1: Properties of Objects and Materials Classify objects and materials by their observable properties. 2nd Grade 1 Identify the following observable properties of objects using the senses: shape texture size color (See M00-S4C1-02 and M00-S4C1-03) 1 Describe objects in terms of measurable properties (e.g., length, volume, weight, temperature) using scientific tools. (See M02-S4C4-01 and M02-S4C4-02) Concept 1: Properties and Changes of Properties in Matter Understand Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 1 Identify that matter is made of smaller units called: molecules (e.g., H2O, CO2) atoms (e.g., H, N, Na) Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade). 31 e.g. - means for example. This list is not exclusive. Other examples may apply.