Development Team. Physical/ Biological Anthropology. Anthropology. Principal Investigator. Paper Coordinator. Content Writer.

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1 Paper No. : 01 Physical/ Biological Module : 01 Meaning and Scope of Biological Development Team Principal Investigator Paper Coordinator Content Writer Prof. Anup Kumar Kapoor Department of, University of Delhi Prof. Subho Roy Department of, University of Calcutta Dr. Ajeet Jaiswal Department of, Pondicherry University Content Reviewer Prof. Barun Mukhopadhyay Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 1 Physical/ Biological Meaning and Scope of Biological

2 Description Of Module Subject Name Paper Name 01 Physical/Biological Module Name/Title Module Id 01 Meaning and Scope of Biological 2 Physical/ Biological Meaning and Scope of Biological

3 Interesting facts The term anthropology has been derived from two Greek words, anthropos and logos. studies the different aspects of the life of man has four separate branches The quaternary epoch of the Cenozoic is remarkable by the emergences and development of man, Physical anthropology should not be confused with human biology, anatomy and physiology The focus of attention of the physical anthropologist of today is being changed The methodology in physical anthropology has now been changed Physical anthropology covers a vast field of study which pledges to explore human mystery related to their origin, differentiation, diversities and distributions. Glossary : The term anthropology has been derived from two Greek words, anthropos and logos. The meaning of the former is man and the latter, science. Therefore, anthropology is the science of man. But its scope differs from that of the other sciences of man. studies the different aspects of the life of man, right from the date of his origin up to the present day. It therefore, embraces a vast field. Physical or Biological : The Physical or Biological branch deals with the physical aspect of man-his evolution, structural variations, racial composition, etc. during study the physical anthropologists take into consideration the facts, like the skin-colour of man in different countries, the character of hair, size and shape of nose, stature, etc., and then try to classify the people of the world in different groups based on the similarities of physical characteristic. In doing this, they also collect the bones of ancient men from the different layer of the earth and try to give comparative analysis between these and modern men Cultural anthropology: The subject matter of cultural anthropology is the life-activities of man. The cultural anthropologists study man as a cultural being. The different works, behaviour, and social patterns of man are the main points of study of this branch of science. In studying this, a cultural anthropologist collects the various social and cultural activities of man from the different societies of the world and analye these comparatively. He also gathers facts from the prehistoric periods which help him in studying the development of culture through the ages. On the whole, we see that the centre of focus of anthropological studies is Man-a unique creation of Nature. 3 Physical/ Biological Meaning and Scope of Biological

4 Prehistoric Archeology: Prehistoric Archeology, the study of cultural variation over time, focuses on artifacts, constructions, or other evidence of human activities. Its techniques are used to investigate prehistory, or to provide physical evidence of contemporary events such as locating historical structures. Archeological techniques of excavation and documentation are also sometimes used to recover evidence from a crime scene. The terms bioarchaeologist and zooarchaeologist identify specialists who deal with human or other animal bones from archaeological sites. Linguistic : Linguistic studies human communication systems. Its topics range from language to the dynamics of human interaction. Medical anthropology: Medical anthropologist learn about cultural differences in explaining what causes illness and what people from different cultures believe is acceptable as treatment. References Andrews, R, and Stringer C.1989, Human Evolution, An Illustrated Guide, London, British Museum. Andrews, P., Fossil evidence on human origins and dispersal. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia of quantitative Biology 51 : Ayala, Francisco I. and John A. Kigar, Jr Modern Genetics. The Banjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc. Bodmer, W.F., and Cavalli Sforza, L.L, Genetics, Evolution, and Man; San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, Birdsell, J.B. 1972, Human Evolution, Heinemann Educational Books, London. Beard, K.C., M.F. Teaford and A. Walker, New Wrist bones of Proconsul africanus and P. nyanzae from Rusinga Island, Kenya. Folia Primatol. 47: Bernard Wood, The oldest hominid yet. Nature 371 : Bilsborough, A. and B.A.Wood', The Nature, Origin and Fate of Homo erectus. In : Major Topics m Primate and Human Evolution. Eds. B. Wood, L. Martin and P. Andrew Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Brauer, G. and F.S. Smith, (eds) Continuity or Replacement: Controversies in Homosapiens Evolution. Balkema, Rotterdam. Buettner-Janusch, J.1969, Origins of Man : Physical. Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd., 4 Physical/ Biological Meaning and Scope of Biological

5 New Delhi. Campbell, B, 1964.Quantitative Taxonomy And Human Evolution. In : Classification and Human Evolution, S.L. Washburn (Ed.) Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. Clochon, R.L. and Corruccini, R.S. (ed.), New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry; New-York, Plenum. Fleagle, J.G Primate Adaptation and Evolution, San Diego; Academic Press. Kimura, M., The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Jaiswal, A, Human Genetics and Applied Biophysical : A Comprehensive Treatment of Biophysical, Heritage Publishers, New Delhi, India. Mellars, P., The Emergence of modern human. Cornel! University Press. Ithaca,N.Y. Mellars, P. and C.B. Stringer (eds.) The Human Revolutions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New. Young, J.Z., E.M. Jope and K.P. Oakley, The Emergence of Man. The Royal Society and British Academy, London. Suggested readings Andrews, P., On the characters that define Homo erectus. Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg 69 : Bruce, E.J. and F.J. Ayala, Humans and apes are genetically very similar. Nature, Lond. 276 : Craig Stanford, 2013, Biological, 3 rd Edition, Prentice Hall publication. Jaiswal, A, Glossary of Biophysical Terms: A Comprehensive Treatment of Biophysical, Heritage Publishers, New Delhi, India. Jaiswal, A, Human Origin and Variation: A Comprehensive Treatment of Biophysical, Heritage Publishers, New Delhi, India. Jurmain, R, et al, 2013, Introduction to Physical, Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning 5 Physical/ Biological Meaning and Scope of Biological