ctbuh.org/papers Journals and Patents for Measuring the Development of Technologies in the Area of Supertall Building Title:

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1 ctbuh.org/papers Title: Authors: Subject: Keyword: Journals and Patents for Measuring the Development of Technologies in the Area of Supertall Building Giu Lee, Researcher, Korea Institute of Construction Technology Kyong-Ho Chin, Senior Researcher, Korea Institute of Construction Technology Young-Ho Lee, Senior Researcher, Korea Institute of Construction Technology Eun-Ho Oh, Researcher, Korea Institute of Construction Technology Kyo-Sun Lee, Research Fellow, Korea Institute of Construction Technology Architectural/Design Technology Publication Date: 2011 Original Publication: Paper Type: CTBUH 2011 Seoul Conference 1. Book chapter/part chapter 2. Journal paper 3. Conference proceeding 4. Unpublished conference paper 5. Magazine article 6. Unpublished Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Giu Lee; Kyong-Ho Chin; Young-Ho Lee; Eun-Ho Oh; Kyo- Sun Lee

2 MS03-05 Investigation and Analysis of Journals and Patents for Measuring the Development Level of Technologies in the Area of Super Tall Building in Korea Giu Lee 1, Kyong-Ho Chin 2, Young-Ho Lee 2, Eun-Ho Oh 1, Kyo-Sun Lee 3 1 Researcher (PhD), Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Goyang, Korea, giu@kict.re.kr 2 Senior Researcher (PhD), Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Goyang, Korea, khchin@kict.re.kr 3 Research Fellow (PhD), Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Goyang, Korea Giu Lee Biography Giu Lee is currently a researcher in the Construction Management & Economy Research Division, Korea Institute of Construction Technology. He received his PhD. degree in Architectural Engineering from Chungnam National University, in He is currently a researcher in Korea Institute of Construction Technology. His research interests are in the areas of structural engineering, construction management. Abstract This paper aims to provide quantitative and qualitative data for assessing the level of technologies in the area of super tall buildings in Korea. Thus, the authors investigated and analyzed the trend and the stateof-the-art of current technology development with domestic and international journals and patents. The technology areas for the research survey was consisted of currently activated research projects of Super Tall Building R&BD Center in Korea and were categorized into four research areas: design and engineering, materials and construction, disaster prevention and maintenance, and project management. The countries that this research targeted as the scope of investigation include the United States, Europe, Japan, and Korea for recent ten years from 2001 to The technologies were reinterpreted by considering the life cycle of each technology for statistical analysis. The survey result was analyzed using indices of the frequency of usage and the technological level for each country. The frequency of usage is a quantitative index measuring the portion of a specific technology in a specific country, and the technological level index is a qualitative one that can measure the technological superiority of a specific technology of a country by counting its citation. Keywords: level of technology, frequency of usage, technology level index 678

3 Introduction KICTEP(Korea Institute of Construction and Transportation Technology Evaluation and Planning) has been working on a project to create sustainable and vertical urban space by developing super tall building technologies for 6 years since The project defines Globalization, Integrity, Passion, Specialization, and Innovation as its core values. It aims to ensure technological independence of super tall building and secure first-mover advantages by launching R&D efforts with focus on commercialization of super tall building and develop pioneering technologies to make further inroad into global market. However, it was found in the project planning stage that there was further room for improvement in terms of qualitative assessment of technology level in comparison with leading countries or local and global technology trend and environment analysis to suggest strategic vision of R&D investment. As super tall building technologies develop rapidly in the global arena, it is necessary to review technology and market trends and redefine R&D investment strategy to upgrade technology development level and make inroads into overseas market. To determine technology development level necessary for overseas market entry and technological independence in reference to R&D outcomes in Korea, it is necessary to analyze applicable environment from multiple dimensions such as the volume of super tall building market, relevant research paper publication trends and intellectual properties such as patents, and perception of experts, etc. This research limits the scope of investigation and analysis to research papers and patents as a basic study to assess technology level in the area of super tall building and redefine applicable strategy. This paper intends to analyze relevant research papers and patents to understand global technology development trends as well as strengths and weaknesses and suggest basis for redefinition of R&D vision and goal. Furthermore, this paper aims to provide input for quantitative assessment to analyze technology development level in Korea and other leading countries in support of subsequent technology level assessment along with the findings from the expert perception level survey. Search Scope & Method Scope of relevant research paper/patent is limited to technologies being developed by Research Group 1 and 2 of the Super Tall Building R&D Program implemented by KICTEP. Therefore, technology classification pool in place by the research group is used as it is. Table 1 shows a technology classification pool used herein. Research papers/patents pertaining to Level 1 technologies were investigated and analyzed, including specific research technologies at Level 2. Table 1. Technology Pool for Super Tall Building Level 1 Level 2 Project Management Technology Project Management Technology for Super Tall Building Integrated Design for Freeform Structural System Energy Saving and Eco-friendly Technology Core Engineering Technology Structural System for Performance Improvement Planning Technology for Vertical Urban Space High-performance Materials for Co2 Reduction Materials and Construction Technology for Stabilization of Construction Technology Technology for High Speed Construction Maintenance and Disaster Risk Reduction Technology Technology for Building Automation and Management Technology of Power Grid for Super Tall Building Technology of Disaster Risk Reduction for Super Tall Building Both research papers and patents published in the past 10 years when demands for super tall building technologies increased rapidly were searched. Research papers published in SCI-E and patents applied to or registered with patent offices in the U.S., Japan, Europe and PCT were also included in the scope. 679

4 Table 2. Research Paper/Patent Search Method Classification Research Paper Patent Searched Domain Articles published in SCI-Expanded Patents applied to, registered with and disclosed by patent offices in the U.S., Japan, Europe and PCT Searched DB Web of Science of Thompson Scientific WIPS Term of Search Jan. 1 ~ May 31, 2001 Jan. 1 ~ May 31, 2001 Scope of Search Titles and abstracts Keywords Super tall building research papers/patents search results are utilized as basic inputs for KICTEP to redefine its R&D goals along with technology level investigation and analysis in comparative terms with technologyleading nations. Research paper/patent search results were analyzed by quantitative method based on the number of publication (or registration) entries and qualitative method based on the number of citations. Both quantitative/qualitative methods were used. Research Paper/Patent Trend Analysis Research paper publication trend in the recent 10 years is as shown in Figure 1. Research papers began to increase rapidly from the mid 2000s when technology demands soared, as super tall building market picked up steam, especially in Asia, Middle East and emerging economies. (b) Patent Publication Trend (a) Paper Publication Trend Figure 1. Research Paper/Patent Publication Trend in Past 10 Years Worldwide, 1,165 research papers on super tall building were published. In terms of individual country, China claimed the top spot as shown in Table 3, publishing 272 more papers (23.19%) than the U.S. and Korea took the 3 rd spot, with 95 papers (8.1%), as demands for super tall building technologies rose rapidly in the wake of market revitalization in Asia, mostly China. Patents began to decrease from the peak in the early 2000s and emerging countries such as Asian countries in super tall building sector were not as active in intellectual property domain as in research paper domain. 578 patents pertaining to super tall building were published and, in terms of individual country, as shown in Table 3, the U.S. topped the rank, accounting for 71 patents (12.28%), which was followed by Japan with 27 patents (4.67%) and Korea 16 patents (2.77%). 680

5 Table 3. Distribution of Research Papers & Patents in Past 10 Years by Country Research Paper Patent Rank Ave. Rank Ave. Country Count Share(%) Country Count Share(%) Citations Citations 1 China USA % USA Japan % South South Korea Korea % Australia Israel % Canada Canada % Japan Russia % England Switzerland % Singapore Finland % Taiwan Germany % Italy Italy % Netherlands Singapore % Scotland Australia % India France % Belgium England % 2.00 Others Others Total 1, Total Figure 2. Average Citations of Research Papers/Patents by Country Average citation count per research paper, an indicator of quality of research paper following publication, is Belgium published 9 research papers on super tall building in the recent decade, taking the 22 nd spot (0.77%) in quantitative terms, yet, the country s average citation per research paper was 10.44, higher than any other country, which indicates that Belgium s technology development level is high in Maintenance and Disaster Risk Reduction Technology, Materials and Construction Technology domains, publishing research papers of excellent quality. Similarly, the Netherlands, Scotland and India enjoy high average citation counts, as they have superb technologies in specific domains. However, they are relatively poor in terms of technology level in other domains. The Netherlands, Singapore, Australia, Canada and China are working actively, beyond average level, on development of super tall building technologies in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Korea is most active in Core Engineering Technology sector, with 59 papers in quantitative terms, 25 papers in Maintenance and Disaster Risk Reduction Technology and 21 papers in Materials and Construction Technology, which puts the total at 95 papers far above the world average. However, Korea still ranks below global average, with average citation count of In terms of patent, average citation per patent is 2.93 and the U.S. and Japan have patents of great quality in large quantity, surpassing the global average citation count, which indicates that both countries still lead, n 681

6 terms of core engineering technologies and maintenance technologies utilizing state-of-the-art IT technologies. Conclusion As the super tall building market picks up steam, demands for relevant core technologies are rising at increasing pace. This paper has investigated and analyzed super tall building research papers/patents to provide inputs for ongoing initiatives for redefining applicable R&D goals and supporting global market entry. Traditional leaders on the sector such as the U.S. are still active across the entire spectrum of super tall building technology and EU is holding strengths in disaster risk management technology sector involving energy, environment and fire control. Asian countries including China, Japan and Korea are riding on the wave of super tall building market expansion recently, trying to catch up with leading economies and growing rapidly in construction and material technology and convergence technology using cutting-edge IT solutions. Korea is active in terms of R&D on material and construction as well as maintenance using advanced sensor technology. However, Korea still has a long way to go before it can stand shoulder to shoulder with the U.S. in core engineering technology, EU in energy and disaster risk management technology and Japan in cutting-edge maintenance technology, in the research area of super tall building. Outcomes from this research will make contribution to technology development level in Korea in combination with the expert perception level survey findings. Acknowledgement This paper is based upon work supported by the Korea Institute of Construction & Transportation Technology Evaluation and Planning (KICTEP) under Project Identification: 09 High-Tech-City A01. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the KICTEP. References Thomson Scientific, Web of Science Lee J. H. (2005) To Find powerful Patent Method or Patent Information Analysis System Using Patent Citation Analysis, Korea Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers, Vol. 32, No. 2(II), pp