Social Ethical and privacy Needs in ICT for Older People: a dialogue Roadmap Grant agreement no.:

Transcription

1 SENIOR Social Ethical and privacy Needs in ICT for Older People: a dialogue Roadmap Grant agreement no.: Support action (SA) Challenge 7: ICT for independent living and inclusion Objective 7.1: ICT and Ageing Target outcome: c) RTD roadmaps and socio-economic research including recommendations on how to best address ethical and privacy questions associated to ICT and ageing Total project costs Euro Total human resources allocated: 99,8 person months EMILIO MORDINI, M.D. DIRECTOR OF THE CENTRE FOR SCIENCE, SOCIETY AND CITIZENSHIP- ROME (IT)

2 Fugue 2 2 A musical piece where each voice or part enters in succession with a theme The first section of a fugue is called the exposition. This is where the composer exposes the listener to the main musical ideas The first idea is called the subject or fugue subject: it is simply the main theme. VIENNA CONFERENCE

3 Falstaff Fugue 3 3 The subject is first sung by the character Falstaff. He sings the lines Everything in the world is a joke. Man is born a jester. VIENNA CONFERENCE

4 A FUGUE or a REQUIEM? 4 4 SENIOR VIENNA CONFERENCE

5 DEFINITION SENIOR is a 24 month support action which aims to provide a systematic assessment of the social, ethical, and privacy issues involved in ICT and Ageing, g, to understand what lessons should be learned from current technological trends, and to plan strategies for governing future trends. CENTRE FOR SCIENCE, SOCIETY AND CITIZENSHIP

6 CONCEPTS CENTRE FOR SCIENCE, SOCIETY AND CITIZENSHIP

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9 SENIOR Consortium 9 9

10 A 5.3 Launching Workshop Within the first three month of the project, SENIOR held a Launching Workshop (hosted by the Commission in the Borschette Centre), which drew a wide range of people (around 70 persons) from different backgrounds including: industries, social activists, academics and policy-makers. CENTRE FOR SCIENCE, SOCIETY AND CITIZENSHIP

11 A 5.2 Brochure BROCHURE helps in the disseminations activity, support congress and conferences participation, etc SENIOR 1st Review Brussels

12 A 5.4 WEB SITE SENIOR 1st Review Brussels

13 WEBSITE ACCESSIBILITY SENIOR website is fully accessible in according with WAI-AA standard of W3C. Checkpoint definitions: - Full keyboard access: the website is usable just with keyboard - Activate event handlers: links among pages are usable with the keyboard arrows - Provide text t messages: alternative ti text t to the images is inserted in the code - Provide text view: alternative text to the images is provided for users SENIOR 1st Review Brussels

14 A 5.9 Press Office SENIOR enlarged network (people involved in meetings, newsletter, website, interviews): 321 Countries represented in the SENIOR network: 26 Press Coverage: more than 70 articles in the general press (online and printed)

15 A 5.8 Publications 15 15

16 A 5.8 Publications 16 16

17 What is Ageing? We have not yet understood whether ageing per se is a physiological process. Some scholars have tried to identify ageing as a process which is universal, progressive, intrinsic and deleterious. Yet more recent studies have tended to cast doubt on the view that physiological deterioration is a characteristic of normal ageing. Some have argued that the lifespan, old age and death of an individual id can never be physiologically i ll normal and that senescence should be always viewed as a disease VIENNA CONFERENCE

18 Two Principles of Justice (Rawls) Each person has the same idf indefeasibel iblclaim to fully adequate scheme of equal basic liberties, which schenme is compatible with the same schem of liberties for all Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: 1) fair equality of opportunities; 2) They are to be to the greatest benefit of teh least advantaged

19 The least advantaged (Rawls) The least advantaged d are those who (partially) lack primary goods Primary goods are: 1) Basic rights and liberties 2) Freedom of movement 3) Authority and responsibility 4) Income and wealth 5) Social basis for self-respect

20 SENIOR : 2009: some figures Meetings held: 7 Experts involved in expert meetings: 76 experts, from 65 different institutions, from 16 different countries The SENIOR enlarged network (people involved in meetings, newsletter, website, interviews): 321 Countries C t i represented in the SENIOR network: 26 Web site contacts: more than 8000, more than 150 people registered Newsletter issued: 4 Book published in the scope of the project: 1 published and 1 in preparation Policy Document Issued: 2 (Bled and Vienna) Reports on ethics and technology trends: 5 Press Coverage: 72 articles in the general press (online and printed) Brochure disseminated: 3000 Oct 27 February

21 SENIOR : 2009: some figures Main International conferences where SENIOR has been presented: 7 Portoroz, Slovenia 6 May 2008 ehealth without frontiers Bled, d Slovenia 12 May 2008 Ethics and e-inclusion Workshop Pisa, Italy 4-6 June 2008 ISG08 The 6th International Conference of the International Society for Gerontechnology Rijeka, j, Croatia 5-9 Sept, p, 2008 IX World Congress of Bioethics Milan, Italy September 2008 AAATE International Workshop Vienna, Austria, 30 Nov-2 Dec, 2008, Interministerial conference on einclusion Bilbao, Spain Dec 2008 Abletech08 Brussels, Belgium, li March Article in academic journals: 2 published Wright D, Structuring stakeholder e-inclusion needs J. Information, Communications and Ethics in Society (JICES) Mordini E, Wright D, Vater I, Wadhwa K, D Amico A, Thestrup J, Van Steendam G, de Hert P, Mantovani E, Senior citizens and the ethics of e-inclusion, Ethics and Information Technology

22 WP1 - Definition Summary of work done and results of year 1 DIALOGUE IS THE INSTRUMENT Jesper Thestrup In-JeT ApS

23 WP1 Objectives The objective of WP1 is to understand how information technology is changing people s perspective on ageing and older people, how people s standards and value judgements about ageing have been influenced by ICT advance.

24 WP1 Conclusions and achievements A wide range of ethical and privacy issues have been analysed based in interaction with more than 50 experts across Europe: What Do We Mean When We Say Elderly? Accessibility and Assistive Technology Design The Economics of ICT and the Elderly ICT and Carers Monitoring, E-health and Telemedicine Technology or the Human Touch? Rights and Policy Age has less to do with how old one is and more to do with the physical and mental state of the individual Senior citizens are fully capable of learning how to use computers, the Internet and other ICT devices. They need ICTs that are adapted to their specific needs in terms of design and interfaces.

25 Environmental Scanning Report David Wright Trilateral Research & Consulting

26 The objective Report, which describes analytically existing resources in the field of ethics and privacy of ICT for ageing, paying a special attention to all relevant EC policy documents and EC funded projects in FP5 and 6. The report will include a short glossary and a contact list of key people.

27 Methodology Identification and review of e-inclusion projects, with especial attention to identifying which ones deal with ethical issues Identification and review of policy documents relevant to e- inclusion, privacy and ethics Identification and review of relevant studies and reports Identification of stakeholders Identifying and analysing key themes, issues, gaps

28 Results ,000 words long Nti Notice (press release) ed to 593 contacts t Review and summary of 16 FP5 projects, 36 FP6 projects, 9 FP7 projects and 6 others Summarises 26 policy docs dealing with e-inclusion, 15 dealing with privacy, 15 with ethics Refers to 81 other studies, docs, reports, dealing with senior citizens, new technologies, privacy & ethics

29 Themes, clusters, junctures, gaps The digital divide is a state of mind (awareness, apprehension...) a geographic and cost barrier a gap in accessibility & interoperability a linguistic & content barrier

30 Key findings Some new mechanism appears needed to address the gap in co-ordination & collaboration among stakeholders Identifying good, ethical practices in the development and use of ICT by and for senior citizens There are many different groups of stakeholders. Engaging them is a huge (magnificent!) challenge.

31 WP1 - Definition A1.2 Text Analysis (IFB) Guido Van Steendam IFB

32 Text analysis. Objectives The popular media about Background: old caricature The elderly Support or lead: new caricatures Citi Critic s choice: real life Technology & the elderly Technology: Relationship: caricature not developed Ethical issues involved Ethics: caricature Some relevant examples Ethics of technology: not helpful

33 Elderly Technology Ehi Ethics Thematic Top Novels Elderly The Brothers Karamazov (1880) Not reduced to frailty & disengagement But rich, well-developed multidimensional life

34 Elderly Technology Ehi Ethics Thematic Top Novels Elderly Not reduced to frailty & disengagement But rich, well-developed multidimensional life No specific link with technology

35 Elderly Technology Ehi Ethics Thematic Top Films Elderly Not reduced to frailty & disengagement But rich, well-developed multidimensional life No specific link with technology

36 Elderly Technology Ehi Ethics Thematic Top Films Elderly The Godfather (1972) Not reduced to frailty & disengagement But rich, well-developed multidimensional life Technology Challenging. Prophetic No specific link with elderly

37 Elderly Technology Ehi Ethics Blockbuster Elderly Indiana Jones IV (2008) Not reduced to frailty & disengagement But rich, well-developed multidimensional life Technology Challenging. Prophetic No link with elderly

38 Elderly Technology Ehi Ethics Blockbuster Elderly Titanic (1997) Not reduced to frailty & disengagement But rich, well-developed multidimensional life Technology Challenging. Prophetic No link with elderly

39 Elderly Technology Ehi Ethics Blockbuster Elderly The Lord of the Rings III (2003) Not reduced to frailty & disengagement But rich, well-developed multidimensional life Technology Challenging. Prophetic No link with elderly

40 Elderly Technology Ehi Ethics Blockbuster Elderly The Incredibles (2004) Not reduced to frailty & disengagement But Mere rich, caricature well-developed multidimensional life Technology Challenging. Prophetic No link with elderly

41 Elderly Technology Ehi Ethics Elderly in popular media When Elderly are in background Caricature Frailty Disengagement (Have no project) When Elderly have support role (Frailty) Have project(s) When Elderly have lead role in Blockbusters (Frailty) Have project(s)multidimensional life When Elderly have lead role Real life (Frailty) in Thematic Top Have project(s)rich Well-developed Multidimensional life

42 Text analysis. Objectives The popular media about Background: old caricature The elderly Support or lead: new caricatures Citi Critic s choice: real life Technology & the elderly Technology: Relationship: caricature not developed Ethical issues involved Ethics: caricature Some relevant examples Ethics of technology: not helpful

43 Text analysis. General Conclusion The popular media about Blockbusters The elderly Background: old caricature Support or Lead: new caricatures Technology & the elderly Technology: Relationship: caricature not developed Ethical issues involved Ethics: caricature Ethics of technology: caricature Thematic top more real life

44 A1.3 Interviews (CSSC) Interviews (was focus groups)

45 Interviews with leaders SENIOR conducted 28 world leading expert interviews and published them in book format with a foreword written by Commissioner Viviane Reding. Experts were from the fields of e-health, gerontology, technology, sociology, biomedical ethics, robotics, care giving, g, governance and the arts, coming from a multitude of countries, disciplines, and cultural backgrounds; from prominent futurists like Mr Alan Greenfield, to leading ethicists, such as Prof. Rafael Capurro; to users representatives, like Ms Renée Coen; to international experts of ehealth, such as Mr. Hiroshi Shimada. They spoke about aging, accessibility, design, ICT in the workplace, caring for the elderly, e-health, telemedicine, robotics, privacy, universal rights and policy.

46 Interviews (1) FOREWORD BY VIVIANNE REDING Stephen Sapp: The Baby Boomers and the Transformation of Our Later Years Susan Orpett : Long Aging in Japan Neena Gill: ICT, the Elderly, and Emerging Global Markets Rafael Capurro: The Elderly, l ICT and an Ethical Society Adrie C.M. Dumay: Robotics, e-health and the Future of ICT Augusto Vitale: Aging in Monkeys: How Primates View Their Elders Lucy Suchman: Robotics, Not Robots: Aiding the Elderly, Not Replacing Care Jean Claude Burgelman: Economics and the Elderly: How ICT Can Help People Remain at Work Vincent Rialle: The Benefits and Concerns of Smart Homes for the Aging Marion Hersh: Assistive Technology, Education, and the Elderly Yolande Berbers: Privacy, Ethics, Assistive Technology and Keeping People Included Roberto Tavano: Privacy, ICT, and the Elderly

47 Interviews (2) Paul Schotsmans: ICT in the Medical Field, Finitude, and the Key to Happiness Adam Greenfield: Assistive Technology, Privacy, Design and the Elderly Robert Sinclair: Assistive Technology and Senior Friendly Computing Paul Timmers: Including Elders in the Information Age Hiroshi Shimada: ICT, e-health, and the Aging Crisis in Japan Sergio Bll Bellucci: Privacy, Affordability and Anti-Aging: A i Studies in ICT for the Elderly l Ase Keri Haugeto: The Tsunami of Elderly: How Aging Citizens Will Change Our Societies Anne-Sophie Parent: The Elderly, ICT, and the Need to Close the Digital Divide Pēteris Zilgalvis: Ethics, ICT, and the Elderly Gulacsi Gologan: The Need for Standards in Elder Care Michael Takemura: Universal Accessibility, Design and the Elderly at Work Dennis McCullough: Slow Medicine: Getting to Know Our Elders Erik Passoja: The Elderly in TV and Film: How an Actor Plays Old Madeleine Starr: The Needs of Carers: Caring for Our Aging Loved Ones Renée Coen: Contributing Seniors: The Contributions the Elderly Make to Society

48 A1.4 - Socio-Anthropological Ath i l Workshop p(n (IN-JeT) Jesper Thestrup In-JeT ApS

49 Socio-Anthropological Workshop The workshop was aimed at investigating socio-anthropological themes related to ICT and ageing. g The focus was on understanding the social and cultural factors of ICT for ageing. The strength of social sciences, notably sociology and anthropology, is that they enable us to go beyond merely looking at which technologies are adopted and rejected by seniors, and instead understand why this is and how these choices are embedded in social structures. In total, there were 29 workshop participants, including consortium members, the EC project officer and external participants.

50 Conclusions from the workshop (1) Disengagement theory argues that, as a natural consequence of ageing, senior citizens wish to withdraw from society and thus become disengaged. Understanding the meaning of age and ageing g requires awareness of the social and cultural context in which people age. While senior citizens are not necessarily technophobic, they are critical and selective in their use of computers and the Internet. Access to appropriate training and support is also a prerequisite for successful use.

51 Conclusions from the workshop (2) Monitoring technologies in particular raise ethical questions concerning privacy and consent. It is important to reach a balance between the pros and the cons of ICTs for ageing, g, and this is perhaps p best achieved by accommodating the technology to individual needs. Technology alone will not produce truly innovative or desirable services for senior citizens, nor will it ensure that senior citizens have equal access to those services. We need better codes of ethics, standardisation and policies to promote ICT for inclusion.

52 WP2 DIRECTION DIALOGUE IS THE INSTRUMENT Paul de Hert VUB Kush Wadhwa - GSI

53 WP Methodology and Approach Technical Focus Key Activities iti Cross-Cutting Themes Definition Environmental Scanning Report Socio Anthropological Direction Ubiquitous Computing Ethical Issues Workshop Ubiquitous Legal Issues Communication Social Inclusion Roadmap Intelligent User Interfaces Assistive Technologies and Robotics Adaptive Software Series of technologythemed Workshops, resulting in a comprehensive report Roadmap Consultation Document and Wiki Action Plan Roadmap

54 Methodology & Approach Series of technology-focused expert groups, promoting dialogue in the following areas: Ubiquitous Computing Ubiquitous Communication Intelligent User Interfaces Assistive Technologies & Robotics Artificial Intelligence & Adaptive Software Issues considered and evaluated, included State-of-the-technology Emerging and future trends Impact on ethical and social inclusion issues Key activities per technology area: Develop document/discussion paper Distribute to internal and internal experts for discussion/comment Convene workshop expert presentations Finalise discussion paper and disseminate

55 Technical Focus: Organised by GSI Limited (UK) Ubiquitous Computing Workshop convened on 8 September 2008 Technical Focus: Ubiquitous Computing utilises networks of computers, sensors, communications technologies, and interfaces integrated seamlessly and unobtrusively into the environment, performing tasks for the users with a minimum of interaction. For the elderly, the focus of such technologies is upon providing support for daily tasks and communications to create an environment where independent living is enhanced. External Participants: Yolande Berbers, Department of Computer Science, K.U. Leuven Misha Pavel, Oregon Health & Science University Lara Srivastava, University of Aalborg Stephen Wey, Centre for Enabling Environments and Assistive Technology b Andreea Gulacsi, European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Harald Reiter, Philips Research Aachen

56 Key Conclusions: Ubiquitous Computing Ubiquitous Computing technologies are beginning to become more mainstream, but much of the technology is still in the laboratory or pilot stage While Ubiquitous Computing technologies can be highly effectively in addressing some key issues for the elderly, their use can raise a number of ethical concerns, including: The hidden nature of ubiquitous computing solutions can help in overcoming stigmatisation that is often experienced with assistive devices and technologies However, this same quality can tend to raise issues with informed consent, for example, when visitors enter an environment where ubiquitous computing technology is used As technology evolves and becomes more broadly available to assist in monitoring the elderly person, there may be a tendency to implement the technology solution, rather than thoroughly understanding the needs of the individual As ubiquitous technologies collect data through sensors, the individual may be subject to a loss of privacy, and systems need to be designed to ensure an appropriate level of privacy (i.e., that data is shared only with authorised individuals, and data is not stored for use beyond purposes agreed to during informed consent discussions). Effective opt-out capabilities need to be built into systems

57 Technical Focus: Ubiquitous Communication Organised by In-JeT ApS (DK) Workshop convened on 22 September 2008 Ubiquitous Communications an integral element of ubiquitous computing focuses upon the ability of objects and devices embedded in the everyday environment to communicate seamlessly with each other and with other structures, such as humans, external data repositories and other electronic resources, thus supporting a wide range of applications and services. External Participants: Bart Walhout, Rathenau Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Ulrike Bechtold, Institute of Technology Assessment of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Birgit Jæger, Roskilde University, Department of Social Sciences Anthony Mark Cutter, International School of Communities, Rights and Inclusion, University of Central Lancashire

58 Key Conclusions: Ubiquitous Communication The nature of ubiquitous communication systems seriously effects notions of autonomy, privacy, informed consent, and opting-out. If the user has difficultly in understanding the technology, whether because of unfamiliarity with technical issues, or because of cognitive impairment, there is risk to loss of autonomy and agency. Key issues in assessing the potential threats to these areas are based largely in understanding who has access to control the system/devices, who has access to the personal data, how is data retrieved, interpreted and processed, how is data transmitted and to whom, how and where data is stored (both on a temporary and permanent basis), how is authority to access granted, and how informed consent is obtained. The existence of a ubiquitous communication system does not guarantee connection or inclusion.

59 Technical Focus: Intelligent User Interfaces Organised by Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE) Workshop convened on 6 October 2008 Intelligent User Interfaces (IUIs) are technologies which enable inhabitants of assisted environments to control and interact with the environment in a natural and personalised way. External Participants: André Krom, Ethics Institute, Universiteit Utrecht Antoinette Rouvroy, CRID, Université de Namur Ferial Moelaert El-Hadidy, Telematica Instituut Massimo Busuoli, OLDES platform Elisabeth Hildt, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen

60 Key Conclusions: Intelligent User Interfaces Technical devices need to make life easier, rather than to be experienced as a technological burden Benefits of the use of technology vary considerably depending upon the individual s ability and attitude towards human computer interaction If an individual does not benefit from the technical, non-technical solutions or other types of support should be readily available Safeguards are needed to ensure that the technical device does not become a substitute for personal contacts Where older persons, especially those with hearing or vision impairments or reduced mobility, may be more dependent on systems than other user groups, and for this group, having effective and available service/support organisations is critical

61 Technical Focus: Assistive Technologies & Robotics Organised by IAE (RO) Workshop convened on 20 October 2008 Assistive Technologies (AT) is any tool or technical system that facilitates mobility, manipulation, communication, environment control, and simple or complex activities of daily life, education, professional, or societal life. Typically, AT refers to devices that are designed with electronics, microprocessors, and high performance materials to allow powered mobility, augmentative communication, environmental control, and most recent developments in this area are focused upon the use of robotics. External Participants: José Maria Galvan, Pontifical University of Santa Croce Mark Coeckelbergh, University of Twente Mihail Kritikos, DG Research, Directorate for Science, Economy and Society, Unit for Ethics and Governance Sergio Damiani, Centro Ricerche Fiat

62 Key Conclusions: Assistive Technologies & Robotics Key advances in the arena of assistive technologies are primarily being seen in the form of robotics, which raise concerns about the following areas: Autonomous decision making by robots, Systems for human augmentation The impact of humanoid appearance of robotic devices Technologies requiring special attention as they are developed include brainmachine interfaces (BMIs) Also of concern are the consequences of replacing carers with robots and the distress that could be caused by the attachment of the older people to humanoid or pet robots

63 63 63 Technical Focus: Artificial Intelligence & Adaptive Software Organised by GSI Limited (UK) Workshop convened on 8 December 2008 Artificial Intelligence, technology with the ability to replicate rational and logical thought, coupled with Adaptive Software, technology with the ability to gather information from its environment and organize it into themes, forms the basis of discussion in this workshop. External Participants: Dag S. Syrdal, University of Hertfordshire Alexandros Mourouzis, Hellenic Institute of Transport (CERTH-HIT) Gary Moulton, Microsoft Corporation Maggie Mort, Lancaster University Peter Lutz, IT University of Copenhagen

64 Key Conclusions: Artificial Intelligence & Adaptive Software There are a wide range of risks that are inherent in Artificial Intelligence and Adaptive Software, including: The potential for adaptive software solutions to be unpredictable and thus unsafe There is a risk that technology that is adaptive may be difficult to effectively and thoroughly test With systems that do advanced decisions making, it is difficult to protect an individual s autonomy and sense of control It is difficult to provide informed consent for technologies whose behaviours may not be fully predicted Dependence upon supportive, intelligent systems may give rise to isolation from human carers and result in isolation that is, technology development could become focused upon replacing humans in the care environment, rather than upon addressing human needs

65 WP3 4 ROADMAP AND ACTION PLAN VUB

66 Roadmap and Action Plan VIENNA CONFERENCE

67 67 67 ICT-developments impacting on dignity and non-discrimination of older citizens Nothing so clearly violates the dignity of persons as social exclusion that demeans or humiliates them. Put in positive terms, respect for the intrinsic worth of a person requires a recognition that the person is always entitled to participate in social and community life notwithstanding her age, disability, and health conditions. Article 25 of the EU Charter recognizing fundamental rights for the elderly puts forward the central idea that the elderly have a right to lead a life of dignity and independence and to participate in social and cultural life. Dignity offers clear guidance about the goals that EU policymaking need to pursue.

68 68 68 ICT-developments impacting on dignity and non-discrimination of older citizens Older senior citizens are facing the last years of their lives. New technologies may offer a way to extend their lives in a more comfortable, more dignified condition. Yet it should be clear that there are some questions concerning life and death that do not allow for a technical fix. The right to life should never be conceptualised in terms of an obligation to submit to any anti-ageing technology.

69 69 69 ICT-developments impacting on dignity and non-discrimination of older citizens In Europe, the digital divide is mostly age-related, which h is in open contradiction ti with the principles i of equality and non-discrimination that are well established in EU law. According to a consolidated d jurisprudence, a difference in treatment constitutes discrimination either when it lacks objective e and reasonable justification, or when there is no reasonable proportionality between the means employed and the legitimate aim sought to be realised.

70 70 70 ICT-developments impacting on dignity and non-discrimination of older citizens Fair distribution and inclusiveness in the digital environment are crucial because they are basic good. Universal access to communication and information services must be recognised as a fundamental right of senior citizens. We need to understand how ICT may be developed eloped and evaluated ated by older people in different cultural contexts and how they can inform technology designers of their needs and preferences.

71 71 71 ICT-developments impacting on freedom and autonomy of older citizens Society exerts its control over individuals not only through h conscience or ideology, but also in and with the body (M.Foucault) The bodies of senior citizens are increasingly invaded by micro-technologies, reconstructed as nodes in vast information networks, and controlled through automated responses or network commands.

72 72 72 ICT-developments impacting on freedom and autonomy of older citizens Privacy is at the core of the trade-offs we have to weigh when evaluating the feasibility of deploying ICT for ageing. In a world where the ability to handle data is rapidly outpacing agreement about how that ability should be used, the standard approach to privacy is difficult to be applied. For instance, the EU principles demand that private information may not be required in return for essential services unless the information is essential for the proper execution of those services, but would it be possible to make such an evaluation in the field of ICT for Ageing?

73 73 73 ICT-developments impacting on freedom and autonomy of older citizens Still, how can one implement the Individual participation principle - which states that information may not be collected without the explicit informed consent of the individual in smart environments? Connectivity and data collection is increasingly default and this poses serious ethical and privacy problems to ICT for Ageing because older people may be less technologically skilled and consequently unable to disconnect themselves.

74 Policy Support to the EC Bled (May 08)- Vienna (Dic 08) Brussels (March, April, October tb 09)

75 1 OCT 2009 SENIOR VIENNA

76 1 OCT 2009 SENIOR VIENNA

77 Thank you for your attention See you in Brussels on Nov 27, 2009 CENTRE FOR SCIENCE, SOCIETY AND CITIZENSHIP