Darija Brinc Terminologist at the Terminology Coordination Unit, Directorate-General for Translation, European Parliament, Luxembourg

Transcription

1 Conference on Military Terminology School of Foreign Languages Ministry of Defence Ljubliana, 5-6 November 2018 Darija Brinc Terminologist at the Terminology Coordination Unit, Directorate-General for Translation, European Parliament, Luxembourg

2 Objectives Explain the basic principles of terminology Provide examples and practical guidelines

3 Why terminology? (3) play an important role in the ongoing _of _. Those instruments allow credit institutions to achieve a diversified capital structure and to access a wide range of _. On 28 October 1998, _ adopted an agreement on both the and limits to inclusion of certain types of _ in of. (21) While it is desirable to base the calculation of the _on that provided for the purposes of _, it is appropriate to adopt rules for the monitoring of _without applying _ or _. Moreover, the _ applied in the _ were designed with the assumption of a well-diversified _. In the case of dealing with, _is not well-diversified. The effects of those techniques should therefore be subject to _. Directive 2009/111/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 amending Directives 2006/48/EC, 2006/49/EC and 2007/64/EC as regards banks affiliated to central institutions, certain items,,, and _ Text with relevance

4 Why terminology? Hybrid capital instruments capital management credit institutions financial investors Basel Committee on Banking Supervision eligibility criteria hybrid capital instruments original own funds credit institutions exposure value minimum own funds requirements large exposure risk weightings degrees of risk credit risk mitigation techniques solvency regime credit risk large exposures single name concentration risk credit risk prudential safeguards Directive 2009/111/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 amending Directives 2006/48/EC, 2006/49/EC and 2007/64/EC as regards banks affiliated to central institutions, certain own funds items, large exposures, supervisory arrangements, and crisis management Text with EEA relevance

5 Why terminology? The use of terminology is of critical importance in shaping our perceptions, attitudes and behaviours. migrants or refugees? html

6 What is terminology? set of designations belonging to one special language (ISO 1087) set of concepts and terms in a subject field (DIN 2342) Human Rights human trafficker child abuse domestic slavery

7 Terminology Science science studying the structure, formation, development, usage and management of terminologies in various subject fields

8 Terminology Work work concerned with the systematic collection, description, processing and presentation of concepts and their designations

9 The purpose of terminology It is essential for: Clarity Consistency Equivalence (uniform legal effects) Translatability through additional information for the translators (domain, definition, image, context, etc.) Avoiding repeated research

10 Inventory management system

11 Consistency. At this stage it is very difficult to define the potential impact of a new coherent strategy on the level of reduction of the fiscal fraud. The intention of the Commission is to launch an in-depth debate at political level with Member States and stakeholders, in which all possible alternatives would be discussed with an open mind in order to find the most efficient and pragmatic way to fight tax fraud at European level.

12 Consistency. The terminology used in a given act shall be consistent both internally and with acts already in force, especially in the same field. Joint Practical Guide 2003: Guideline 6

13 . Consistency

14 Equivalence (24 languages) Translations authentic, equal originals Legal certainty for the EU citizens Inaccurate terminology can trigger legal consequences

15 Translatability detergent

16 Translatability Marmelade?

17 Translatability English French German Domain storage storage mise en mémoire /mémorisation archivage Speicherung Archivieren Information technology Documentation storage dépôt Lager Distributives trades storage entreposage Lagerung Nuclear energy Source: IATE

18 What lies behind

19 Object, concept, term concept our minds communication term verbal designation of a general concept in a specific subject field object reality anything perceivable or conceivable

20 What is a concept? ISO : Unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics DIN Unit of thinking made up of characteristics derived by categorizing objects having a number of identical properties

21 Concepts Concepts are not bound to particular languages. They are, however, influenced by their social and cultural background, which often leads to different categorisation.

22 Culture-bound concepts

23 Culture-bound concepts

24 Concepts General concepts more objects (common properties) terms (word, expression, phrase), symbols Individual concepts one object appellations, symbols

25 Designations (term) ISO : Verbal designation of a general concept in a specific subject field A term may contain symbols and can have variants, e.g. different forms of spelling. ISO standards for terminology

26 Designations (symbols)

27 Designations (appelation) Appelation is a verbal designation of an individual concept, e.g. Eifel Tower

28 Term identification Terminological units: simple terms: deforestation, multilingualism complex terms: credit rating agency, human trafficking Terms: most often nouns or noun phrases, but also some verbs, adjectives, adverbs terminological collocations: on the air, automate office procedures

29 Term identification

30 Concept orientation A terminology entry starts from the concept In a dictionary, the starting point is the word

31 Concept orientation recruitment recruitment In OED: 7 meanings listed - general domains - Ecology - Medicine - Biology - Physiology In IATE: different concepts in different domains presented in separate entries - Migration - Medical science - Fisheries - Employment - Agriculture, forestry and fisheries

32 Concept-orientation

33 Designation/concept imbalance Synonymy Homonymy Polysemy

34 Synonymy term 2 term 3 USB key USB stick flash drive pendrive USB memory key etc.

35 Polysemy Relation between designation and concepts in a given language in which one designation represents two or more concepts sharing certain characteristics

36 Polysemy

37 Homonymy Relation between designation and concepts in a given language in which one designation represents two or more unrelated concepts

38 Homonymy

39 Definition ISO : Representation of a concept by a descriptive statement which serves to differentiate it from related concepts Why do we need a definition? to describe concepts to distinguish the concept from similar/related ones to help establish synonyms

40 Definitions Should be: precise clear and concise from a reliable source

41 Definition fiscal fraud: deliberate evasion of payment of tax due or claiming of benefits not due which is punishable under criminal law IATE

42 Substitution principle Fiscal fraud causes significant economic harm to the UK, which is felt locally, regionally and nationally. Deliberate evasion of payment of tax due or claiming of benefits not due which is punishable under criminal law causes significant economic harm to the UK, which is felt locally, regionally and nationally. IATE

43 Definitions Should NOT: be circular term being defined is used in the definition be negative describe what the concept is rather than what it is NOT be too wide or too narrow then it would not include all, or not enough, representative features of the concept

44 fixed phone line a line that is not a mobile phone line Wikipedia This doesn t mean that the definition cannot contain negation in general non-financial corporation = corporation or quasi-corporation that is not engaged in financial intermediation but is active primarily in the production of market goods and non-financial services

45 table 1. piece of furniture with one or more legs, providing space where objects may be placed 2. piece of furniture with a flat top and four legs, providing a level surface on which objects may be placed 3. piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface on which objects may be placed

46 cell phone a phone that is cellular a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area Wikipedia

47 Context text chunk, which includes the term in question shows how the term is really used (linguistic and situational environment) Domain

48 Context If no definition, add a context which. could serve as an explanation.

49 References Information about sources (e.g. reference documents, websites, consulted experts) Indicators of the quality of the terms

50 European Institutions Legislation NGOs Personal websites Reliable Use with Caution! Non-Reliable Universities Scientific journals Ministries, public authorities Specialised dictionaries Blogs Newspapers Private companies Discussion forums Political organisations

51 Referencing rules IATE Handbook pp Language-specific guidelines as Annexes to the Handbook: DA, EN, ET, FI, FR, GA, HU, SK, SL Consult your unit s terminologists

52 Referencing rules Minimum information: title author/corporate author (organisation, company etc.) date (of publication/consultation)

53 Referencing rules Internal documents Commission document SANCO Eur-Lex Documents Decision No 633/2009/EC granting a Community guarantee to the European Investment Bank against losses under loans and loan guarantees for projects outside the Community, CELEX:32009D0633/EN Treaties, Conventions, Agreements Treaty on European Union, Article 3 Websites ESA: Missions, Earth Observation: ENVISAT, European Space Agency, [ ]

54 Referencing Reference is needed for everything: term, definition, context (same or different) Source should come from authority in the field Use original documents (but sometimes translations are considered as authentic) Definition source

55 Any Questions?