3D Bio printing. Nazrawit Mekonnen IT /29/15. "By placing this statement on my webpage, I certify that I have read and understand the GMU

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1 3-D Bio printing 1 3D Bio printing Nazrawit Mekonnen IT Professor Jayasree Jayaram 9/29/15 "By placing this statement on my webpage, I certify that I have read and understand the GMU Honor Code on and as stated, I as student member of the George Mason University community pledge not to cheat, plagiarize, steal, or lie in matters related to academic work. In addition, I have received permission from the copyright holder for any copyrighted material that is displayed on my site. This includes quoting extensive amounts of text, any material copied directly from a web page and graphics/pictures that are copyrighted. This project or subject material has not been used in another class by me or any other student. Finally, I certify that this site is not for commercial purposes, which is a violation of the George Mason Responsible Use of Computing (RUC) Policy posted on web site."

2 3-D Bio printing 2 Introduction Do you know that 3-D Printing is being used to save many lives? There are many Kinds of 3-D printing, and one of them is bio printing. Event thought most people believe this technology is useful and it has proven the helpfulness of the technology, there have been an ethical issues that are being raised. People are concern about the cost and safety of 3D bio printing. This paper will discuss the current use of this technology, potential benefits, legal and ethical issues, security concerns, social problems of 3-D bio printing. At the end it will conclude by elaborating how this technology will be used in the future. Background 3D Bio printing is an advance technology which uses specialized 3D printer to create human tissue (Gilpin, 2015).Printed tissue will help doctors help patients by allowing them to use artificial organs that is been made by this 3D technology. In recent times there is a shortage of human organs around the world and people are seeking other ways to get the human organs. This problem is causing human organ trafficking which is affecting many families who are being forced to sale or give away their organs for traffickers. A bio printer can solve the shortage of human organs by reducing the amount of time one patient have to wait for an organ donor and by boosting supply s for patients to stop organ trafficking. In 1999 scientists at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine used a 3-D printer to build a synthetic scaffold of a human bladder. The building of a synthetic scaffold of a human bladder set the stage for bio printing. Also this success gave hope to scientists that the 3d bio printer will be a life saver for many patients around the world. In 2002, scientists printed a miniature functional kidney capable of filtering blood and producing urine in an animal model. Kidney is one of the most wanted organ for transplant

3 3-D Bio printing 3 because not many people will donate kidney even though it is a known fact that a person will able to live with just one kidney so the creation of a functional kidney will provide patients in time for their implant. In 2010, a bio printing company headquartered in San Diego, printed the first blood vessel (Harris, 2015). The blood vessel is a key tissue in our body and it is used to transport blood between heart and the rest of our body. A person cannot live longer without a fully function blood vessel. Therefore Instead of waiting for longer time doctors can use printed blood vessel to transplant on patient whenever they think is a better time to implanted on a patient. This were some early successes of the 3d bio printing technology. Nowadays cancer researchers are testing that technological truth in the laboratory, using a new 3-D bio printing system to print living human cells and tissues for drug research (MacRa e,2013). Getting Human cells and tissues in short time and cells that are effective for scientist to do drug research as well as help them to discover a cure for a diseases. Potential benefits Currently companies and researchers are using 3d printing to create functional organs, blood vessels and replacement parts for damaged organ for patients. Recently there has been some success that happened using the 3d bio printing. In 2012, physicians at the University of Michigan successfully applied 3D printing to construct a synthetic trachea for three-month year old Kaiba Gionfriddo, who suffered from recurrent airway collapses (3D, 2015).This successes showed that the 3D printing can save people with health problems that cannot be fixed without getting transplant. It can be seen that the 3d bio printed tube can be used on young kids just like kaiba.other successes include printing bone to replace, patient jaw and skull. This success will help patients who got in accident and suffered broken jaw and skull will be able to get replacement In

4 3-D Bio printing 4 clinical use, bio printing technology could allow doctors to use a patient s own cancer cells in a laboratory setting to zero in on and test the best possible combination of drugs for a particular tumor in vitro in time to stop cancer at an earlier, more treatable stage ( MacRae,2013). The drug will be more effective than drugs that are been tested on someone else s tissue because the test has been done on patients its own cell and it will be a perfect match when the drug is given to the patient. Security aspects When it comes to new technology not everyone will be using bio printer for good. If the bio printer gets in wrong hands it might cause some security issues. Some people might want to improvement themselves with 3D printing and create stronger, unbreakable body parts for themselves. Which might help them to do things that are illegal in the country. They might also use the bio printer to create unhuman creatures like Frankenstein or creatures that cannot be defeated by human power. When the technology start being developed widely and start being sold to people who have power and money but who want to use it to create creatures that can help them to be more powerful than a government that have a responsibility to protect its own people safety will be in danger. Therefore the government will have to make sure and be ready for the new developed technology security treat that will have on people who live in its country. So this issue will cause the government to spend money to protect its security. Another security issue can be that terrorist can use the 3d bio printing to print organ or body parts that contains explosive or harmful stuffs. Those things can be a real threat for the national security Ethical and Legal

5 3-D Bio printing 5 Even though many people believe that 3D bio printing can be a useful technology, there are some ethical issues are being raised. One of the ethical issues is cost of the treatment. The cost of the treatment is expensive. Not all people can afford to pay for it. Some questions are being raised if this treatment will only be available for people who have the ability to pay for their own treatment or will poor people can also get access to the treatment. Another ethical issue is safety and whether these technologies should be used to enhance the capacity of individuals beyond what is 'normal' for humans (Dodds, 2015). People might use bio printing to create strong muscle and enhances their performance in many type completions, which will be unfair to other competitors. One of the legal concern in the 3d printing technology is some people might use the black market to sale and buy 3D bio printers, which is not legal in the United State law. Social problems When it comes to a new technology the society will have a negative and positive opinion. The society will or might not accept the 3D printer being used to create organs. Not everyone will be open-minded about accepting a new technology for many personal or religious reasons. For example people with some religions might believe that constricting the organ using 3d printer is not natural process. Some might also think that Instead of taking away from one body and giving it to another like organ transplants do, bio printing new organs could change how society thinks about implants (dddraeger, 2012). This shows that a different opinions the society have on the 3d bio printing. Further required research In the future, 3D bioprinting technologies may be used together with advances in stem cell research to print living bone cells from patients' own cells or functioning organs for

6 3-D Bio printing 6 transplant (such as kidneys or hearts) (3-D History,2015). Since getting organs like kidney and heart is very rare and it takes a long time to get a donor in the list that can give a fully functioning organ when the patient needs it shorter time so printing will reduce a waiting time for patients and it will save someone s life that could be lost by not getting the organ implanted on the body. Also using 3D printing scientists are trying to make synthesized nerve tissue to help regenerate damaged nerves for patients with spinal cord injuries. Scientists are Developing methods to vascularize and innervate printed engineered tissue and new biocompatible materials with sufficient mechanical strength to maintain their shape and withstand external stress after implantation (Atala, 2015). Even though this method is still in developing stage it gives a big hope for people who have a neurological issues. Conclusion In conclusion, 3D printing is very important and useful technology. There are some issues that are associated with this technology such as legal issues, security issue, and ethical issues. On the other hand, the use of this technology improves the current and the future life of people. In the future there is a hope that the 3d technology will develop and be used in many ways that will benefit and save many lives. Areas for future focus include: Developing new biocompatible materials with sufficient mechanical strength to maintain their shape and withstand external stress after implantation. Improving printer resolution. Complex organs such as kidney and liver have a detailed inner architecture that must be duplicated. (Atala, 2015).

7 3-D Bio printing 7 Reference Page Atala, A., & Yoo, J. (2015). Bioprinting: 3D printing comes to life. Manufacturing Engineering,, Retrieved from This paper talks about how 3-D printer helped scientists and researchers to engineer human organs quicker and more effective way than creating them by hand. It mentions the 3D printer is being used to implant jawbone for small number of patients. It talks about the different type of printer s function. It describes how the 3D bio printing will be used in the future. It concludes by focusing on what type of organs can be printed using this technology. Bioprinting in 3D: Looks like candy, could regenerate nerve cells. (2015, May 08). Targeted News Service Retrieved from This Newspaper starts talking about how the shape of the 3D printer look likes. It says that it looks like the toaster with the side and back removed. It states that Researchers at Michigan Technological University are hope that the new technology will help them to regenerate a nerve tissue. It concludes by elaborating about how the researches in the university already

8 3-D Bio printing 8 started working on the creating the nerve issue. At the end is explains what methods scientists are using for this experiment. Developing human organs: 3D bioprinting presents the healthcare sector with revolutionary opportunities. (2015, Jun 10). Targeted News Service Retrieved from This website talks about how the tissue engineering and biomaterials will be able to allow and expand the development of human organs. It also talks about the 3D printing being in beginning stage. It explains how building the technology will be expensive to produce it. It also mentions that how important it is to the organ to be created accurately. It concludes by explaining that how this technology will advance the healthcare sector. Dodds, S. (2015, February 11). 3D printing raises ethical issues in medicine. Retrieved September 27, 2015, from This article talks about what ethical issues are being raised in the medicine world. One of the ethical issue that are mentioned in the article is cost. Another ethical that was pointed out was who will be able to use it. Another issue was the safety of this new technology. In cost section, it talks about if people will be able to afford the payment to get the 3d implant. When it comes to safety it talks about if the implant will be safe to produce it and implant it in person. It concludes by stating that the technology have a promising future. Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved September 22, 2015

9 3-D Bio printing 9 Gilpin, L. (n.d.). New 3D bioprinter to reproduce human organs, change the face of healthcare: The inside story. Retrieved September 27, 2015, from Bioprinting Definition from PC Magazine This article talks about how the 3d printing of organs is changing the healthcare. Also mention how early successes in the experiment are giving hope for researchers to develop a larger organs for patients who are in need. And it also talks about how researchers are working on printing a heart using the technology. It mentions about Bat s being used in the experiment. At the end it mostly talks about how bio printing is the new robot. Harris, W. (2013, September 17). How 3-D Bioprinting Works. Retrieved September 28, 2015, from This website talks about how 3d bio printing is being used in the medial field. Also it talks about the process of using the 3d printing to create tissues and organs. It gives steps by step explanation how it is functioning. It also shows how the 3D printed organs can be used for. It also mentions that one day we will be able to print a fully functioned human. MacRae, M. (2, April 13). 3-D Printers That Really Cell. Retrieved September 30, 2015, from

10 3-D Bio printing 10 This article talks about how real cells are being printed using the 3d technology. It mentions that being able to create a real cell is very important because it can be used for patients. Also it says that this technology is being used for cancer research, which is a great step for medical advance in healthcare. It also talks about who created the bio printer software. It explains the clinical impact of the 3d bio printing technology. The Medical Bioprinting (2014, June 1). Retrieved September 22, D Printing: The Good, the Bad, and the Grotesque. (2012, May 10). Retrieved October 6, 2015, from This website talks about the good outcome of bio printing in medical world. It indicates that some of the good outcomes of 3d bio printing 3d organ.it elaborated what effect the printed organs can cause on patient. The bad outcome is that there is downside for every technology even though it is good.