Carbon microphone. Roman Doronin Vitaliy Matiunin Aleksandr Severinov Vladislav Tumanov Maksim Tumakov. Russia IYPT
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1 Carbon microphone Roman Doronin Vitaliy Matiunin Aleksandr Severinov Vladislav Tumanov Maksim Tumakov Russia IYPT
2 The problem 2 For many years, a design of microphone has involved the use of carbon granules. Varying pressure on the granules produced by incident sound waves produces an electrical output signal. Investigate the components of such a device and determine its characteristics.
3 3 The principle of a carbon microphone
4 Design of a carbon microphone 4 Front plate = diaphragm Carbon granules Back plate Battery Output voltage Transformer
5 Edison s microphones 5
6 Concept of a loose contact 6 The electrical resistance of a carbon powder changes under strain due to: a change in the number of microscopic hills which are in contact with each other; a change in the area of their junctions.
7 7 Pressure experiment
8 Carbon microphone MK-16 8
9 Scheme of experimental setup 9 Buttery and ammeter Pressure recorder Microphone Pressure sensor
10 Pressure & current vs. time 10 Pressure (kpa) Current (A) Time (s) Time (s)
11 11 Frequency response
12 Frequency response graph 12 Frequency Ratio of output/input intensities
13 Measuring the frequency response 13 There are some ways to measure the frequency response of a microphone. The first way is to sweep a constant-amplitude pure tone through the operating range. The second way is to apply a signal with a constant power spectrum density and to observe the spectral response.
14 White noise 14 White noise is a random signal with a flat power spectrum density.
15 Experimental procedure 15 Spectrum analyzer White noise generator Microphone
16 MK-16 frequency response db +5 db 0 db 5 db 10 db 100 Hz 1000 Hz Hz
17 Frequency response of audio path 17 Sound card Loudspeaker Microphone Sound card
18 Test procedure 18 Sound card Loudspeakers Microphone 1 Microphone 2 Sound card
19 Electret microphone MIC db +5 db 0 db 5 db 10 db 100 Hz 1000 Hz Hz
20 20 Hand-made construction
21 Design of our microphone 21
22 Frequency response db +5 db 0 db 5 db 10 db 100 Hz 1000 Hz Hz
23 23 High-frequency response
24 Forced oscillations 24 Equation of motion Steady oscillations mx = F e i ω t x() t = 0 0 i t x e ω x F ( ω ) = m ω Amplitude decreases as the square of frequency
25 Resistance current power 25 The variable component of the resistance is proportional to the amplitude of oscillations: a R= R0 + e ω ω 2 i t The variable component of the current is proportional to the amplitude of oscillations: U a I = I0 1 e 2 R R0ω iωt The power of oscillated signal is proportional to the square of the amplitude: 2 N a 4 ω
26 High-frequency response 26 0 db 10 db 10 4 times 20 db 30 db 10 times 40 db 100 Hz 1000 Hz Hz
27 27 Resonant frequencies
28 Frequency response db +5 db 0 db 5 db 10 db 100 Hz 1000 Hz Hz
29 Oscillations of the diaphragm 29 Video 1000 fps oscillation frequency = 95 Hz
30 Natural tones of the box cm Sound wave length 4 0,1 m = 0,4 m Oscillation frequency 340 m/s : 0,4 m 850 Hz
31 Frequency response 31? 800 Гц = air oscillations in the enclosure +10 db +5 db 0 db 5 db 10 db 0 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz
32 Filling the box with foam rubber 32? Decreasing of the resonance +10 db +5 db 0 db 5 db 10 db 0 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz
33 33 Quality of carbon
34 Coking anthracite db +5 db 0 db 5 db 10 db 100 Hz 1000 Hz Hz
35 Pounded charcoal db +5 db 0 db 5 db 10 db 100 Hz 1000 Hz Hz
36 36 Microphone with charcoal tablets
37 Design of the microphone 37 Charcoal tablets, R Om
38 The surface of a charcoal tablet μm
39 Frequency response db +5 db 0 db 5 db 10 db 100 Hz 1000 Hz Hz
40 40 Response linearity
41 Scheme of experimental setup 41 Voltage Loudspeaker Sound level meter Microphone Current
42 Resistance vs. time 42 Nonlinearity 145 R (Om) 85 Frequency = 1000 Hz, volume of sound = 113 db
43 Excitation of high harmonics Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 3000 Hz 4000 Hz
44 Response to 1000 Hz db 26 db 33 db 31 db 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 3000 Hz 4000 Hz 5000 Hz
45 45 Summary
46 Conclusions 46 The carbon microphone operates on the principle of varying the resistance of loosely packed carbon granules as they change their contact area under the varying pressure of sound waves. To study the frequency response of an acoustic path a white noise can be used. Response of a carbon microphone decreases sharply at frequencies > 3000 Hz. This decreasing is explained by the inertia of the mechanical parts of the system.
47 References 47 Goucher F. S. (1934) The carbon microphone: An account of some researches bearing on its action. J. Franklin Inst. 217, Calvert J. B. (2003) Microphones.
48 48 Thank you for your attention!
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