Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9885

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1 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9885 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Gerhard Weikum Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany

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3 Jeff Z. Pan Diego Calvanese Thomas Eiter Ian Horrocks Michael Kifer Fangzhen Lin Yuting Zhao (Eds.) Reasoning Web Logical Foundation of Knowledge Graph Construction and Query Answering 12th International Summer School 2016 Aberdeen, UK, September 5 9, 2016 Tutorial Lectures 123

4 Editors Jeff Z. Pan University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK Diego Calvanese Free University of Bozen-Bolzano Bolzano Italy Thomas Eiter University of Technology Vienna Vienna Austria Ian Horrocks University of Oxford Oxford UK Michael Kifer Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY USA Fangzhen Lin University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China Yuting Zhao University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK ISSN ISSN (electronic) Lecture Notes in Computer Science ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: LNCS Sublibrary: SL3 Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 Preface This volume collects some lecture notes from the 12th Reasoning Web Summer School (RW 2016), which was held during September 5 9, 2016, in Aberdeen, UK. The Reasoning Web series of annual summer schools has become the prime educational event in the field of reasoning techniques on the Web, attracting both young and established researchers, since its first initiation in 2005 by the European Network of Excellence REWERSE. As with previous editions, this year s summer school was co-located with the 10th International Conference on Web Reasoning and Rule Systems (RR 2016). For many years, the lecture notes of the Reasoning Web Summer School have been the top choices for new PhD students working on Semantic Web and KR to understand the state of the art in the field. Some even regard the RW lecture notes as a yearly updated version of handbooks for description logics (and related work). The 2016 edition of the school was organized by the University of Aberdeen, with support from the TeamAberdeen. In 2016, the theme of the school was Logical Foundation of Knowledge Graph Construction and Query Answering. The notion of knowledge graph has become popular since Google started to use it to improve its search engine in The idea of knowledge graph comes from an early knowledge representation mechanism called semantic networks. RDF (resource description framework) is a modern version of semantic networks standardized by W3C, adding many of the limitations of classic semantic networks. OWL (Web Ontology Language) is a W3C standard for defining ontologies as rich schema of RDF graphs. OWL chooses description logics as underpinnings, and provides two levels of implementability: OWL 2 DL is the most expressive yet decidable language in the OWL (version 2) family. The three profile languages OWL2-QL, OWL2-EL, and OWL2-RL are tractable sub-languages of OWL2-DL. One key feature of OWL is that it allows for faithful approximate reasoning services, by approximate OWL2-DL ontologies to those in its tractable sub-languages. This opens new doors for the possibility of handling large ontologies efficiently. A well-known example of such faithful approximate reasoners is the TrOWL reasoner, which even outperforms some well-known sound-and-complete reasoners in time-constrained competitions designed for sound-and-complete ontology reasoners. The aim of the lecture notes is to provide a logical foundation for constructing and querying knowledge graphs. Our journey starts from the introduction of knowledge graph as well as its history, and the construction of knowledge graphs by considering both explicit and implicit author intentions (Chapter 1), where explicit intentions can be useful to generate reasoning-based authoring tests, so as to control the quality and costs of knowledge graph construction, while implicit intentions can help indicate, e.g., how reasoners can be optimized so as to better support knowledge graph authors. We

6 VI Preface continue to discuss an important notion of inseparability, in Chapter 2, for constructing, revising, and reusing ontologies in a safe manner. Some of the notions of inseparability are also useful for ontology testing. Now, given good-quality knowledge graphs, what the key aspects do we need to consider for querying them? We first explain, in Chapter 3, how to combine navigational queries, which are popular among graph databases, with basic pattern-matching queries, for SPARQL and beyond. Secondly, in Chapter 4, we introduce an infrastructure for allowing researchers to run experiments with linked data sets by querying, accessing, analyzing, and manipulating hundreds of thousands of linked data sets available online, so that researchers can worry less about some engineering issues related to data collection, quality, accessibility, scalability, availability, and findability. However, it is not always possible to clean up your knowledge graphs before querying them. Thus, in Chapter 5, we look into the problem of inconsistency-tolerant query answering over DL knowledge bases, explaining computational properties and reasoning techniques for various options of inconsistency-tolerant semantics. In addition, in Chapter 6, we provide a comprehensive survey on representation and reasoning with fuzzy RDF and OWL knowledge bases. In Chapter 7, we look into the knowledge graph construction and querying aspects together, by combining machine learning and reasoning in deployed applications, including some smart city applications. These chapters have been written as accompanying material for the students of the summer school. We hope they will be useful for readers who want to know more about the logical foundations of constructing and querying knowledge graphs. Presentation slides of all the chapters of this book can be found at ac.uk/events/rr-2016/rw-summer-school-2016/programme/. We thank everyone who made Aberdeen s summer school and these lecture notes possible. First and foremost, we thank the presenters of these lectures and their co-authors. We would like to thank our sponsors: Accenture Centre for Innovation, National Science Foundation (NSF), and EU FP7/Marie Curie IAPP project K-Drive. Furthermore, we would like to thank the local organization team at the University of Aberdeen: Martin Kollingbaum, Wamberto Vasconcelos, Diana Zee, and Nicola Pearce. Last but not least, we would like to thank the team of RR 2016, Umberto Straccia, Magdalena Ortiz, Stefan Schlobach, Rafael Peñaloza, Adila Krisnadhi, and Giorgos Stamou, for the great collaboration in putting together all the details of the two events. September 2016 Jeff Z. Pan Diego Calvanese Thomas Eiter Ian Horrocks Michael Kifer Fangzhen Lin Yuting Zhao

7 About the Editors Jeff Z. Pan is a Reader (Professor) at University of Aberdeen. He is the Chief Scientist of the EC Marie Curie K-Drive project and the Chief Editor of the book of Exploiting Linked Data and Knowledge Graphs in Large Organisations. He is known for his work on knowledge construction, reasoning and exploitation. Diego Calvanese is a Full Professor at Free University of Bozen-Bolzano. He is one of the editors of the Description Logic Handbook and a member of the Editorial Board of JAIR and Big Data Research. He has been nominated EurAI Fellow in Thomas Eiter is a Full Professor at TU Wien. He is an expert on Knowledge Representation and Non-monotonic Logic Programming. He is a EurAI Fellow, a Corresponding Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) and a Member of the Academia Europea. Ian Horrocks is a Full Professor at Oxford. He chaired the W3C OWL WG and is an Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Web Semantics. He won the BCS Roger Needham award and is a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of EurAI and a Fellow of the Academia Europea. He is the Scientific Coordinator of SIRIUS. Michael Kifer is a Full Professor at Stony Brook University. He won the ACM SIGMOD Test of Time Award twice for the work on object-oriented query languages and the work on F-Logic. He won 20-year Test of Time Award from the Association for Logic Programming for the work on Transaction Logic. Fangzhen Lin is a Full Professor at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He was awarded the Croucher Senior Research Fellowship (2006) and won many best paper awards in top Knowledge Representation and Artificial Intelligence conferences including KR06, KR08, IJCAI97, and AIPS2000. He was an Associate Editor of AI Journal and JAIR. Yuting Zhao is a Senior Researcher at the Center for Advanced Studies at IBM Italy. Before that, he was a Research Fellow in Professor Jeff Z. Pan s group at University of Aberdeen. He co-edited two books with Professor Pan on Semantic Web and Software Engineering, including Ontology Driven Software Development.

8 Organization Organizing Chair Jeff Z. Pan University of Aberdeen, UK Scientific Advisory Committee Diego Calvanese Thomas Eiter Ian Horrocks Michael Kifer Fangzhen Lin Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy Vienna University of Technology, Austria Oxford University, UK Stony Brook University, USA Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR China Local Organizing Committee Wamberto Vasconcelos Martin Kollingbaum Diana Zee Nicola Pearce University of Aberdeen, UK University of Aberdeen, UK University of Aberdeen, UK University of Aberdeen, UK Additional Reviewer Mantas, Simkus Collaborative Organizations University of Aberdeen TeamAberdeen Visit Scotland Visit Aberdeenshire ORACLE Expert System IBM Free University of Bozen-Bolzano Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI) Wright State University National Technical University of Athens

9 X Organization TU Wien VU University Amsterdam Rule ML Sponsors Accenture Centre for Innovation National Science Foundation (NSF) EU FP7/Marie Curie IAPP project K-Drive

10 Contents Understanding Author Intentions: Test Driven Knowledge Graph Construction Jeff Z. Pan, Nico Matentzoglu, Caroline Jay, Markel Vigo, and Yuting Zhao Inseparability and Conservative Extensions of Description Logic Ontologies: A Survey Elena Botoeva, Boris Konev, Carsten Lutz, Vladislav Ryzhikov, Frank Wolter, and Michael Zakharyaschev Navigational and Rule-Based Languages for Graph Databases Juan L. Reutter and Domagoj Vrgoč LOD Lab: Scalable Linked Data Processing Wouter Beek, Laurens Rietveld, Filip Ilievski, and Stefan Schlobach Inconsistency-Tolerant Querying of Description Logic Knowledge Bases Meghyn Bienvenu and Camille Bourgaux From Fuzzy to Annotated Semantic Web Languages Umberto Straccia and Fernando Bobillo Applying Machine Reasoning and Learning in Real World Applications Freddy Lecue Author Index

11 List of Contributors Wouter Beek Department of Computer Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Meghyn Bienvenu LIRMM - CNRS, Inria, and Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France Fernando Bobillo Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Elena Botoeva Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy Camille Bourgaux LRI - CNRS and Université Paris-Sud, Orsay Cedex, France Filip Ilievski Department of Computer Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Caroline Jay School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Boris Konev Department of Computer Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Freddy Lecue Accenture Technology Labs, Dublin, Ireland; Inria, Rocquencourt, France Carsten Lutz Faculty of Informatics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Nico Matentzoglu School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Jeff Z. Pan Department of Computing Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK Juan L. Reutter Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Semantic Web Research, Santiago, Chile Laurens Rietveld Department of Computer Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Vladislav Ryzhikov Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy Stefan Schlobach Department of Computer Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Umberto Straccia ISTI - CNR, Area Della Ricerca di Pisa, Pisa, Italy

12 XIV List of Contributors Markel Vigo School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Domagoj Vrgoč Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Semantic Web Research, Santiago, Chile Frank Wolter Department of Computer Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Michael Zakharyaschev Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK Yuting Zhao Department of Computing Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK