Session 8: Load Transfer Restoration. (Dowel Bar Retrofit, Cross-Stitching, and Slot Stitching)
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1 Session 8: Load Transfer Restoration (Dowel Bar Retrofit, Cross-Stitching, and Slot Stitching)
2 Learning Outcomes 1. List benefits and applications of dowel bar retrofit (DBR), cross stitching, and slot stitching 2. Describe recommended materials and mixtures used for DBR 3. Describe recommended construction procedures for DBR 4. Identify typical construction problems and remedies for DBR 8 2
3 Load Transfer Ability of a joint or crack to transfer a wheel load from one side to the other Accomplished through: Mechanical devices (dowel bars) Aggregate interlock Foundation support Expressed in terms of load transfer efficiency (LTE) 8 3
4 Load Transfer Efficiency 0% Load Transfer 100% Load Transfer Wheel Load Approach Slab Wheel Load Direction of Traffic Leave Slab Unloaded LT = Loaded Direction of Traffic Approach Slab Leave Slab Fig. 8.1 on p
5 Typical Causes of Poor Load Transfer Absence of load transfer devices Failed load transfer devices Poor aggregate interlock Poor pavement drainage Erodible base 8 5
6 Results of Poor Load Transfer 8 6
7 Results of Poor Load Transfer 8 7
8 Dowel Bar Retrofit Definition Installation of dowel bars at existing transverse joints or cracks in order to effectively transfer wheel loads across slabs and reduce deflections Effective in preventing faulting 8 8
9 Schematic of Dowel Bar Retrofit Installation END VIEW SIDE VIEW As required Varies Compressible insert Mid-depth of slab Chair Joint or crack Endcap See Fig. 8.5 on p
10 Good Candidate Projects Relatively good structural condition but: Poor load transfer (< 50 60%) Differential deflections > 0.25 mm (0.01 in) Faulting: 3 to 13 mm (0.12 to 0.5 in) <10% slabs with multiple cracks Medium to heavy truck traffic 8 10
11 Patching Material Common patching materials: Portland cement concrete (PCC) Fast-setting proprietary materials Recommended characteristics Little or no shrinkage Thermal compatibility Good bond strength Rapid strength gain 8 11
12 Dowel Bar Design Round, smooth steel bars with corrosion resistance Recommended dowel bar dimension and spacing Pavement Thickness, mm (in) Diameter, mm (in) Minimum Length, mm (in) Spacing, mm (in) < 200 (8) 25 (1.0) 350 (14) 300 (12) 200 to 240 (8 to 9.5) 32 (1.25) 350 (14) 300 (12) > 250 (10) 38 (1.5) 350 (14) 300 (12) Table. 8.2 on p
13 Dowel Bar Assembly Fig. 8.3 on p
14 Dowel Layout Centerline Direction of Travel 12 to 18 in (300 to 450 mm) 24 in (600 mm) 2 groups of 3 bars on 12-in (300-mm) centers Fig. 8.4 on p
15 Slot Creation Slot Sawcuts 8 15
16 Slot Preparation Material Removal 8 16
17 Slot Preparation Material Removal 8 17
18 Slot Preparation Sandblasting Slots 8 18
19 Slot Preparation Cleaning Slots after Sandblasting Cleaned Slot Airblasting 8 19
20 Slot Preparation Caulking of the Joint or Crack 8 20
21 Dowel Bar Placement Apply bondbreaker to dowels Slip filler board onto dowel bar Attach non-metallic expansion caps to both dowel ends Place dowel on non-metallic chairs Place dowel bar assembly into the dowel bar slot Adjust filler board to align with joint/crack 8 21
22 Dowel Bar Placement 8 22
23 Patching Material Placement Mix material in small quantities Generally 10-mm (3/8-in) top size aggregate Do not retemper mix Totally encase dowel bar with material Provide effective consolidation Small 25-mm (1-in) spud vibrator Do not contact dowel bar assembly 8 23
24 Patching Material Placement Consolidation and Finishing 8 24
25 Patching Material Placement Curing 8 25
26 Re-Establish Joint/Crack 8 26
27 Final Steps Diamond grinding Joint sealing 8 27
28 Key Factors For Success Selection of proper candidates Proper dowel bar design and layout Cutting of dowel bar slots Proper preparation of dowel bar slots Proper placement of dowel bar assembly Selection of appropriate material Careful material placement and curing 8 28
29 Troubleshooting What is wrong here? Misaligned Joint Forming Material 8 29
30 Troubleshooting What is wrong here? Jackhammer Angle Too Great <
31 Troubleshooting What is wrong here? Sawcuts Not Parallel to Centerline 8 31
32 Troubleshooting What is wrong here? Nonuniform Sawcuts 8 32
33 Troubleshooting What is wrong here? Poor Consolidation 8 33
34 Cross Stitching Definition Grouting of tiebars in holes drilled across nonworking longitudinal joints and cracks at an angle to the pavement surface Used to strengthen nonworking longitudinal joints and nonworking longitudinal cracks (in relatively good condition) 8 34
35 Cross Stitching Applications and Benefits Prevent slab migration and to maintain aggregate interlock Mitigate the effects of tie bars omitted during construction Tying roadway lanes or shoulders that are separating Tying centerline longitudinal joints that are starting to fault 8 35
36 Cross Stitching Schematic Fig on p
37 Cross Stitching Bar Dimensions, Angles, and Locations Angle 35 o 145 (5.75) Slab Thickness, mm (in) 200 (8) 225 (9) 250 (10) 275 (11) 300 (12) 325 (13) 350 (14) 380 (15) 165 (6.50) Distance from Crack to Hole, mm (in) 180 (7.25) 195 (7.75) 40 o 165 (6.50) 210 (8.50) 180 (7.25) 45 o 150 (6.00) Length of Bar, mm (in) 35 o 240 (9.50) 275 (11.00) 315 (12.50) 365 (14.50) 40 o 315 (12.50) 400 (16.00) 350 (14.00) 45 o 300 (12.00) Diameter of Bar, mm (in) 19 (0.75) 19 (0.75) 19 (0.75) 19 (0.75) 19 (0.75) 195 (7.75) 165 (6.50) 205 (8.25) 175 (7.00) 190 (7.50) 400 (16.00) 350 (14.00) 25 (1.0) 465 (18.50) 415 (16.50) 25 (1.0) 450 (18.00) 25 (1.0) Table 8.5 on p
38 Cross Stitching Drilling Holes 8 38
39 Cross Stitching Inserting Epoxy 8 39
40 Cross Stitching Bar Insertion 8 40
41 Cross Stitching Completed Project 8 41
42 Slot Stitching Definition Repair technique for longitudinal cracks and joints that grew out of the dowel bar retrofit technique Utilize deformed tie bars at longitudinal joints and cracks 8 42
43 Slot Stitching Applications and Benefits Hold together adjoining concrete slabs Maintain aggregate interlock Provide reinforcement/strength to the longitudinal joint or crack 8 43
44 Slot Stitching Schematic Fig on p
45 Slot Stitching Finished Crack 8 45
46 Review: Learning Outcomes 1. List benefits and applications of dowel bar retrofit (DBR), cross stitching, and slot stitching 2. Describe recommended materials and mixtures used for DBR 3. Describe recommended construction procedures for DBR 4. Identify typical construction problems and remedies for DBR 8 46
47 Questions?
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