MFG 316 Chapter 4 //Workholding Principles

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1 Workholding Principles All devices that grip, hold, chuck, or retain a workpiece in order to perform a manufacturing operation. Force=hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, mechanical Force multiplication by levers- H=a/bxF Chuck-used during turning, boring, drilling, grinding... Vise-simplest workholder, with special jaws, special capabilities, varied methods of actuation Purpose and function of workholders Position or locate-definite relationship to the cutting tool Must withstand cutting forces and maintain location Workholder elements Locating element-position workpiece Structure/tool body-withstands forces brackets-attach workholder to machine Clamps, screws, jaws-apply holding force to workpiece All functions must have Required firmness of holding Accuracy of positioning Safety for operator and equipment General Considerations Physical characteristics Support against cutting force Location of workpiece Strength of workholder Production requirements Safety Requirements Foolproofing Standard parts Locating Principles Repeatable location of workpiece Required strength Workpiece Surfaces Flat-flange, step, face Cylindrical-holes, curved Irregular-all else Types of Location Plane-wrt a particular plane Concentric-wrt internal or external diameter Radial-supplemental to concentric Combined Degrees of Freedom Movement in plane, along major axes with the addition of roll, pitch, yaw (12deg) 1

2 3-2-1 Method Base plane (3 points) Secondary plane (2 points) Tertiary plane (1 point) 3 degrees remain-for loading and unloading Concentric and Radial Simplest fixture restrains 9 degrees added radial restrains 11 degrees Basic Locating Rules Position and number of Locators Redundant Locators Locational Tolerances Foolproofing Basic Types of Locators External Locators Integral Locators Assembled Locators V Locators Adjustable Supports Locators Commercial Pin Locators Relieved Locators Conical, self adjusting Spring Locators, stop buttons Locating Pins Locating Nests Adjustable Locators 2

3 Chip and Burr Problems Cause wear and disturb proper location Make locators easy to clean raised above surface Make locators self-cleaning edges or projections to wipe part Protect locators entirely covered by workpiece Air blast, suction, gravity slides used to remove chips Burrs can cause jamming in the fixture Minor burr at entry to part Major burr at exit from part Clamping Principles Clamps matched to the operation-simple best Purpose to exert force to hold part against locators and resist machining forces Simple clamps preferred Proper clamp for job Rough parts may require longer travel or digging in of clamp Clamp type determined by operation performed Clamps should not obstruct load and unload or cause problems Clamps that move or slip should not be used in production Clamps should be selected by frequency of setup Tool Forces Clamping and location for drilling Must resist torque and pull-out force Clamping and location for tapping Must resist torque and pull-out forces 3

4 Clamping and location for broaching Cutting tool works with cutting force Clamping and location for milling Use of fixed jaw to resist cutting force Use of friction to resist cutting force Clamping Forces Clamps hold against a locator Mechanical methods to multiply force Must counteract tool force Must be consistent with material Must be appropriate to operation Directed parallel to the operation Positioning clamps Must not distort part Contact part at most rigid point Clamp over a locator Use secondary supports when required Types of Clamps Rigid vs. Elastic Strap Clamps Screw Clamps Cam Clamps Toggle Clamps Wedge Action Clamps Specialty Clamps MFG 316 Chapter 4 // Workholding Principles Chucks and Vises Chucking Operations External/External Endwise/Centers Combination 4

5 Chucks and Vises Chucking Nomenclature Arbor and Mandrel Lathe Chucks Solid Arbor and Mandrel Straight Mandrel Collets Vises Special Vise Jaws Independent Jaws Nonmechanical Clamping Magnetic Chucks Vacuum Chucks Electrostatic Chucks Power Clamping Multiple Part Clamping Tool Bodies Cast Tool Bodies Welded Tool Bodies Built-up Tool Bodies Tooling Materials Precision Ground Material Aluminum Tooling Plate Precast Brackets/Shapes Structural Sections C-channel best Screws and Bolts Nuts, Washers, Inserts Dowels and Pins 5

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