Strength Grading of Hardwoods
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1 Strength Grading of Hardwoods Katja FRÜHWALD R&D Assistant UIZ Judenburg c/o. Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 24 A-8010 Graz, Austria tugraz.at 1999 Diploma Degree in Wood Science and Technology, Hamburg / Germany; Joanneum Research, Graz / Austria; since 2002 UIZ, Zeltweg / Austria, since 2000 PhD student at the TU Graz (Timber Engineering and Wood Technology) Gerhard SCHICKHOFER Associate Professor Graz University of Technology, Austria gerhard.schickhofer@ lignum.tugraz.at Summary Grading parameters for strength grading of hardwood enable the use in the construction sector. In this investigation, all visual determinable criteria were reduced to the most relevant grading characteristics concerning MOE and MOR. Beech and ash show very high MOR and MOE values, those of oak are much lower. Slope of grain, knots and ultrasonic speed are the most significant characteristics. But the three-dimensional grain angle is difficult to quantify. Keywords: Strength grading, hardwood, beech, oak, ash, MOR, MOE, ultrasonic speed, knots, slope of grain 1. Introduction Due to the introduction of new forest management concepts in Central Europe spruce and pine forests are converted into mixed forests with a high share of hardwoods, in particular beech. Consequently, an increasing amount of hardwoods, mainly beech, will be available in future. High quality hardwood lumber finds good markets; products manufactured from medium and low quality lumber, especially with coloured heartwood, are actually sold into markets for pallets, packaging and firewood only. The technical and economic feasibility of different types of bar shape and/or plate-like timber products from hardwoods for construction are to be considered. Finger-jointed solid structural timber, duos, trios and glue-laminated timber made of hardwoods appear to be suitable. To secure quality and to meet expectations of product quality an applicable grading system using several strength classes is a prerequisite for market development. 2. Goals of the project Different grading parameters for strength grading of beech, oak and ash are to be developed to enable the use as bar shape and/or plate-like wood construction products. In the investigation, all optical determinable criteria for grading of beech, oak and ash were reduced to the most relevant grading characteristics focusing on MOE and MOR. Their influence on MOE and MOR was determined. These preliminary investigations are the basis for the development of a strength grading system for hardwoods.
2 3. Materials and methods 115 dry (m. c. 12%) gluelam lamellas from beech and 45 from each oak and ash respectively (from medium quality roundwood) were planed on four sides to 30 mm x 150 mm x mm. A variety of optical recognizable potential grading criteria were recorded such as - knots and bark inclusions, - pith, - coloured heartwood (for beech and ash) resp. sapwood (for oak), - damage by fungi or insects resp. rotten spots, - warp, - mean annual-ring width, - distance of the centroid of the lamella from the pith, - angle of the annual ring in the centroid of the lamella and resultant the position to the pith (pith, side boards, half standing annual rings and standing annual rings). As the visual recognition of the slope of grain of hardwood is extremely difficult and unreliable, different observation techniques were used and compared (e. g. using drying cracks, annual-ring curve, scribing measurement and fracture pattern after the tension test). The density was calculated from mass and volume of the entire board and the moisture content was estimated by electrical moisture meter of the resistance type. The ultrasonic speed was measured with the Sylvatest measuring device and serves to determine the dynamic MOE. The tensile MOE and MOR of the gluelam lamellas were determined according EN 408 and the fracture morphology was recorded. 4. Results of the tension test An overview of the achievable elastomechanical wood characteristics is provided in table 1. Tab. 1 Characteristic values of the tension test beech oak ash MOR n f t,0,min [N/mm 2 ] f t,0,max [N/mm 2 ] f t,0,05 (counting procedure) [N/mm 2 ] f t,0,50 (Gaussian distribution curve) [N/mm 2 ] s (Gaussian distribution curve) [N/mm 2 ] V MOE n E 0,min [N/mm 2 ] 8,670 7,420 12,680 E 0,max [N/mm 2 ] 19,000 15,180 16,880 E 0,05 (Gaussian distribution curve) [N/mm 2 ] 10,665 8,327 12,449 E 0,50 (Gaussian distribution curve) [N/mm 2 ] 13,930 11,806 14,322 s (Gaussian distribution curve) [N/mm 2 ] 1,985 2,115 1,138 V density n ,min [kg/m 3 ] ,max [kg/m 3 ] ,05 (Gaussian distribution curve) [kg/m 3 ] ,50 (Gaussian distribution curve) [kg/m 3 ] s (Gaussian distribution curve) [kg/m 3 ] V Beech and ash show very high MOR: The average MOR for beech is 62.3 N/mm 2 and for ash 66.0
3 N/mm 2 (f t,0,50 ), similar investigations for softwoods lead to an average MOR of approx. 30 N/mm 2. According to the counting procedure required in EN 384 the 5-percentile of the MOR (f t,0,05 ) amounts to 21.8 N/mm 2 for beech and 26.8 N/mm 2 for ash. Oak has a much lower MOR: The average MOR is 36.9 N/mm 2 and the counted 5-percentile 9.0 N/mm 2. Noticeable are the very high variation coefficients of 0.3 in this analysis (with a relatively low number of test specimens) which have to be reduced using strength grading. ft,0 [N/mm 2 ] 120 R = beech 60 oak 40 ash E 0 [N/mm 2 ] Fig. 1 Relationship between tensile MOE and tensile MOR Similar to the tensile strength beech and ash show also high tensile stiffness. The average MOE for beech is 13,930 N/mm 2 and for ash 14,322 N/mm 2. 1 / 3 of the oak lamellas showing the lowest MOR are not included in the MOE value, because preliminary tension tests showed that the MOE of these lamellas could not be measured without failure. Because of the correlation between MOE and MOR the MOE-values for oak exceed a realistic figure. Nevertheless these high values for oak are much lower as for beech and ash: The average MOE for oak is only 11,806 N/mm 2. But the average m. c. of oak was approx. 26% during testing. A moisture-correction to 12% would yield to a higher MOE. ft,0 [N/mm 2 ] 120 R = beech 60 oak ash r 12 [kg/m 3 ] Fig. 2 Relationship between density and tensile MOR Compared to softwoods all three hardwood species show a relatively high density. Problematically most strength grading standards in Europe indicate a strong correlation between density and elastomechanical properties, but in this investigation this strong correlation was not found (e. g. cf. fig. 2 density vs. MOR: R=0.16). The very high densities which are required for example in EN 338 in the higher strength classes (e. g. 5-percentile of the density = 900 kg/m 3 for the highest hardwood strength class D70) can not be achieved with European hardwoods although the required MOR and MOE are reached. Therefore the density should not be a obligatory strength grading criteria but rather become a indicative value (like in EN 1194). 5. Results of the grading characteristics An overview of correlation coefficients between selected grading characteristics and the MOR resp. MOE is provided in table 2.
4 Tab. 2 Correlation coefficients between selected grading characteristics and the MOR resp. MOE grading characteristic MOR MOE ultrasonic speed v R=0.51 R=0.71 dynamic MOE (E dyn = * v 2 ) R=0.51 R=0.81 density R=0.16 R=0.40 biggest single knot parameter R=-0.58 R=-0.36 knot cluster parameter R=-0.60 R=-0.37 slope of grain see paragraph 5.1 slope of grain ring width: Ring-porous hardwoods (oak, ash) R=0.47 R=0.60 ring width: Diffuse-porous hardwoods (beech) R=0.18 R=-0.22 distance of the centroid of the lamella from the pith R=0.48 R=0.50 position to the pith: Angle of the annual ring in the centroid of the R=0.15 R=0.13 coloured heartwood (beech, ash) R=0.00 R=0.08 Apart from the ultrasonic speed resp. dynamic MOE the two most significant growth characteristics affecting lumber strength are variations in grain orientation and knots. 5.1 Slope of grain Apart from the two-dimensional assumption of the (actually three-dimensional) slope of grain in the standards, the standards for strength grading only consider the general (global) grain angle (average grain angle over some length of the lumber (e. g. 1,000 mm) without knots or other local grain angle perturbations). In sawn hardwood products the visual recognition of the general slope of grain is extremely difficult and unreliable. Therefore different observation techniques were used and compared in this study: - Fracture pattern after the strength test: In this investigation the slope of grain could only reliable be recorded by studying the fracture pattern after the destructive tensile test. Irrespective of the fracture morphology the general grain angle was measured. A moderate correlation was found between the two-dimensional slope of grain on the face side from the fracture pattern and the MOR resp. MOE (R=-0.44 for MOR and R=-0.39 for MOE). But only 15 % of the lamellas showed general slope of grain without knots or other local grain angle perturbations as failure mode. Taking only lamellas with the fracture morphology general and local slope of grain into consideration a slightly better correlation was found for MOR (R=- 0.51) but not for MOE (R=+0.14). - Alignment of drying checks on the flatsawn face: Drying checks are not always present, only 7% of the lamellas in this study showed drying checks enabeling the measurement of the slope of grain. So a statistical evaluation was not possible. - Annual-ring curve from the alignment of the pores in vertical-grained lamellas: Only few lamellas are exactly radially sawn (and vertical-grained). To get a sufficient number of pieces the slope of grain from the alignment of the pores at 67% of the lamellas was determined although only 24% of the lamellas were vertical grained (i. e. angle of the annual ring in the centroid of the lamella 60 ). But no correlation was found to MOR and MOE. - Scribing method (scribing of the surface with a swivel handled scribe): If the general slope of grain was scribed subsequently next to the tension fracture on the face side with general slope of grain as fracture mode, in most cases the slope of grain from the fracture pattern corresponded with that from the scribing method. The face ( f ) and the edge ( e ) of the lumber were scribed. But the correlation between scribed general slope of grain and MOR ( f : R=- 0.18; e : R=-0.24) was very low, no correlation was found to MOE. Calculating the threedimensional grain angle according Pythagoras theorem showed no improvement (R=-0.22 with the MOR).
5 5.2 Knots For each lamella the size of the biggest knot (the biggest single knot parameter ) was determined according to the German and Austrian softwood strength grading standard DIN The biggest single knot parameter influences fairly high the MOR (R=-0.58); like for softwoods the correlation between the biggest single knot parameter and MOE is lower (R=-0.36). The knot cluster parameter was also determined according to DIN Like the biggest single knot parameter the knot cluster parameter influences fairly high the MOR (R=-0.60) and the influence on the MOE is much lower (R=-0.37). 5.3 Ring width In theory for ring-porous hardwoods (here oak, ash) density rises with increasing ring width. This could be approved in this study with R=0.47 between ring width and MOR and R=0.60 between ring width and MOE. Diffuse-porous hardwoods (here beech) show in theory no influence of the ring width on the density. This could be approved with the 115 beech gluelam lamellas: No significant correlation was found between ring width and MOR (R=0.18) and between ring width and MOE (R=-0.22). 6. Discussion These trials with ungraded hardwood lamellas (beech, oak and ash) show clearly the high potential of beech and ash for construction purposes. Strength classes of glue-laminated timber with properties far exceeding those defined in the current standards can be achieved. Problematically many strength grading standards indicate a strong correlation between density and elastomechanical properties, but this strong correlation could not be approved in this investigation. The very high densities which are required for hardwoods in the higher strength classes can not be achieved with European hardwoods although the required MOR and MOE are reached. In general the ultrasonic speed resp. dynamic MOE, the biggest single knot parameter and the knot cluster parameter, the annual ring width (only for ring-porous hardwoods) and the distance of the lamella from the centre of the trunk were found to be strong strength relevant grading criteria. Probably the slope of grain (general and/or local) is a strong strength relevant grading criteria as well. But the three-dimensional grain angle is difficult to quantify. 7. Acknowledgments The financial resources for this project were kindly made available by Austrian Industrial Research Promotion Fund (FFF), the Holzcluster Styria and Lignum Research Graz. The Chair for Timber Engineering and the Graz University of Technology supported the experimental part of the project.
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