Heavy-Duty Steel Bar Grating

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1 Heavy-Duty Steel Bar Grating

2 Laurel Steel Division Company Profile Laurel Steel, a division of Steel, has been manufacturing heavy-duty steel bar grating since 1983, and is a member in good standing of the Metal Bar Grating Division of the National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers. Over the past 18 years, Laurel Steel has grown into a major producer in the heavy-duty grating market, with a reputation for quality products, on-time deliveries and competitive prices. Located in rural Everson, PA, but convenient to interstates for ready access to major transportation routes, Laurel Steel is well positioned to expand its current 30,000 square foot manufacturing facility as growth in all market segments continues. Laurel Steel has continually modernized its equipment and significantly increased fabrication capacity. Large capacity hydraulic presses with automated feed lines, an extensive and ever-widening range of standard fixtures and high-production robotics are all utilized to supply all of your heavy-duty grating needs efficiently and economically. In addition to its core heavy-duty grating product line, Laurel Steel has become one of the largest suppliers of roadway/ commercial inlet frames and grates to the local construction industry. And throughout its history, Laurel Steel has never been afraid to tackle the out-of-the-ordinary specials that other manufacturers avoid. Hopper covers, heavy material-handling screens, high impact-resistant grates from special alloys even complex radio frequency screens for national security installations have been and continue to be successfully manufactured at Laurel Steel. Recently, Laurel Steel has satisfied the needs of contractors who are required to provide gratings heavy enough to withstand vehicle loads, yet still comply with the federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Laurel Steel also services its growing customer base with a large inventory of standard walkway grating and expanded metal products, available in either stock panels or completely fabricated projects. Heavy-Duty Grating... Inlets... Special Fabrications... Walkway Grating... Expanded Metal... Call Laurel Steel for any of these items, and let us put our experience and efficiency to work for you. 2

3 Table of Contents Company Profile...Inside Front Cover Heavy-Duty Welded Steel Grating...4 Product Introduction...4 Standard Grating Designation...4 Product Options Bearing Bar Spacing...5 Bearing Bar Material...5 Crossbar Options...5 Surface Options...5 Banding...5 Design Criteria...6 Uniform and Concentrated Loads...6 Vehicle Loads...7 Heavy-Duty Grating Load Tables Standard Panel Width Charts Miscellaneous Fabrication and Installation Tolerances Anchoring Details...18 Banding...19 Ordering a Laurel Steel Heavy-Duty Steel Grating...20 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and Close Mesh Grating...21 Special Fabrications Egg Crates/Grizzlies/Supplementary Bar Grating...22 Roadway Inlets and Frames Walkway Grating Product Description...25 Design Tables Standard Panel Widths, Weights/SF...26 Carbon Steel...27 Stainless Steel...28 Aluminum...29 Miscellaneous Fabrication Tolerances...30 Installation Tolerances...31 Anchoring Details...32 Welding Standards...33 Stair Treads Expanded Metal Product Description...36 Design Tables Stainless Steel: Standard/Flattened...37 Aluminum: Standard/Flattened...37 Carbon Steel: Standard/Flattened Expanded Metal Grating Design Tables...40 Selection Chart...40 Glossary...41 Code of Standard Practice

4 Heavy-Duty Welded Steel Grating Laurel Steel built its business and its reputation manufacturing heavy-duty steel bar grating, which remains its core product line. Laurel Steel manufactures handwelded heavy-duty grating, which is by far the most efficient process, as it provides job-shop versatility without sacrificing economy. This versatile product can safely support heavy traffic vehicles, while satisfying drainage and airflow requirements in countless applications. From trench grating designed to carry everything from heavy forklift traffic to military aircraft, to loading docks, mezzanine floors, vault covers, material screens and wash racks, heavyduty grating is used to permit immediate drainage from rain or other sources, or simplify ventilation and heating in buildings. Many designers have discovered countless economical solutions through the use of heavy-duty steel grating. A complete description of standard nomenclature for heavy-duty grating follows, as well as what rules govern its design. Laurel Steel can supply all of the standard products covered by NAAMM, and adheres to the standards of voluntary compliance established by them. (ANSI/NAAMM MBG ) Standard Grating Designation Laurel Steel complies with industry conventions in naming the various grating products. All Laurel Steel gratings are welded and, therefore, all carry a W designation in standard NAAMM nomenclature. The primary load-carrying component of grating is called a bearing bar. A grating bearing bar is a flat bar of virtually any height, thickness or steel grade. Bearing bars are positioned at a constant spacing, depending on the strength and open-air requirements of the application. Bearing bars are connected by cross bars welded to the bearing bars. The center-to-center dimension of the bearing bars is described as the number of sixteenths of an inch; the center-to-center dimension of the cross bars is a whole number expressed in inches. A grating designated as 22-W-4 has steel flat bars spaced twenty-two sixteenths of an inch (1-3/8") center-to-center, and the cross bars are spaced 4" center-to-center. The bearing bar/cross bar joint is welded. 4

5 Product Options This section describes the options available to a designer or user of heavy-duty steel grating. The accompanying sketch illustrates those options. Bearing Bar Spacings Theoretically, any bearing bar spacing can be provided; however, the array of standard industry spacings are adequate to cover the overwhelming majority of heavy-duty grating applications. Pages 8 through 13 contain design tables for those spacings that are most common for heavy-duty steel bar grating. In addition to those designs, Laurel Steel has assembly fixtures for many other spacings which are less commonly specified. Those spacings are shown below: 7W 8W 9W 12W 13W 16W Having all of these spacing options means that Laurel Steel can satisfy practically any clear opening requirement. By varying the bearing bar size to accommodate a particular strength criteria, design choices are nearly limitless. Grating designs with openings from 3/16" to 2" and beyond, capable of supporting the heaviest loads, are possible. Bearing Bar Material While the bearing bar material of most Laurel Steel heavy-duty grating is supplied in conventional carbon steel grades such as ASTM A709, Grade 36 grating can be fabricated in just about any material, as long as it can be practically obtained from a mill, warehouse or processor. High strength carbon steel and weathering steel grades, as well as common grades of stainless steel, can be used to fabricate heavy-duty welded steel bar grating. Laurel Steel is a major supplier of grating fabricated from abrasion-resistant steels for that demanding application. Please inquire about the availability of special grades. Cross Bar Options The cross bar of a heavy-duty grating rigidly holds the bearing bars at the specified spacing. The standard cross bar used in Laurel Steel heavy-duty grating is a smooth round cross bar, the size of which complies with NAAMM cross sectional area requirements. On some applications, where traffic is primarily in the direction of the grating cross bars, or where wheels turn directly on the grating, a rectangular cross bar provides additional lateral stiffness and load distribution, ensuring serviceability. Bottom cross bars, round or rectangular, are also available for additional load distribution. Round cross bars are plug welded to bearing bars. Rectangular cross bars are welded to bearing bars using various methods depending on material, bearing bar spacing, and other factors. Surface Options For most applications a smooth bearing bar is adequate. Where additional traction or skid resistance is required, a serrated surface can be applied to grating bearing bars. For maximum skid resistance, grating can be supplied with serrated bearing bars and rectangular, serrated cross bars. Banding A flat bar can be welded to the ends of the grating panel for cosmetic reasons, or to provide additional distribution of grating bars to supports. Unless otherwise directed, the band bar is of the same depth and thickness as the bearing bar. The standard weld pattern for banding is described by NAAMM and is shown on page 19. SERRATED RECTANGULAR CROSS BAR SERRATED BEARING BAR SPAN CROSS BAR SPACING SMOOTH BEARING BAR BEARING BAR SPACING SPECIFY BEARING BAR HEIGHT & THICKNESS SPECIFY HEIGHT & THICKNESS OF RECTANGULAR CROSS BAR SMOOTH RECTANGULAR CROSS BAR WIDTH SPECIFY Ø OF ROUND CROSS BAR BAND BAR (OPTIONAL) 5

6 Design Criteria for Heavy-Duty Grating For the design of heavy-duty bar grating, load bearing capabilities and deflections are based on the structural properties of the bearing bars and the number of bearing bars supporting the load. Grating is designed so that the allowable stresses of the metals used are not exceeded when design loads are applied, or if deflection governs, specified allowances for deflection are not exceeded. Grating Design Based on Concentrated and Uniform Loads Static concentrated and uniform loads are handled using simple moment formulas, assuming simply supported beams, with maximum moments and deflections occurring at midspan. Complete load tables which provide uniform and concentrated loads for most common heavy-duty grating spacings and bearing bar sizes are given in the NAAMM Heavy-Duty Bar Grating Manual MBG 532. Those tables can be viewed and downloaded from the NAAMM website The method by which those values are calculated is illustrated in a design example. Calculate the concentrated midspan and uniform load bearing capabilities, and resultant deflections, of a 38-W-4 (3 x 3/8) heavy-duty welded steel bar grating on a 48" span: b = bearing bar thickness = 0.375" d = bearing bar height = 3" Allowable stress, F = 20,000 psi A-36 steel Modulus of Elasticity, E = 29,000,000 psi A-36 steel Span, L = 48" Bearing bar spacing, AW = 2.375" Number of bearing bars/ft width, K = 12/2.375 = Section Modulus/ft width, S g S g = Kbd 2 /6 = x x (3) 2 /6 = in 3 Moment of Inertia/ft width, I g I g = Kbd 3 /12 = x x (3) 3 /12 = in 4 Maximum bending moment/ft width, M g = FS g M g = 20,000 x = 56,840 lb-in Uniform Load Concentrated Load U = 98M g /L 2 D = 5UL 4 /4608EI g = 96 x 56,840/(48) 2 = 2368 lbs/sq. ft. = 5 x 2368 x (48) 4 /4608 x 29,000,000 x = inches C = 4M g /L = 4 x 56,840/48 = 4737 pounds/foot width D C = 3 /48EI g = 4737 (48) 3 /48 x 29,000,000 x = inches NOTE: For each load case, deflection is <0.12" (L/400), so design is satisfactory. 6

7 Vehicular Load Design Design of heavy-duty steel bar grating for vehicular loads is based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. Whereas the Concentrated and Uniform Loads as discussed previously are based on one foot of grating width, AASHTO rules allow for the distribution of loads over a specified area. According to AASHTO Article A wheel load shall be distributed, normal to the main elements, over a width equal to 1-1/4" per ton of axle load plus twice the distance center-to-center of main elements. The portion of the load assigned to each main element shall be applied uniformly over a length equal to the rear tire width (22.4 inches for H-25, 20 inches for H-20, 15" for H-15). How these formulas impact design is illustrated in the accompanying chart. For the chart, the following nomenclature is used: a = Partial Load Contact Area Parallel to the Span (in inches) b = Partial Load Contact Area Normal to Span, = a + (2s), where s = c/c of bearing bars In addition to the H-25 (22.4"), H-20 (20") and H-15 (15") classifications as discussed in the AASHTO Article, a is further defined for the following cases: 5-Ton Capacity Lift Truck, a = 11" 3-Ton Capacity Lift Truck, a = 7" 1-Ton Capacity Lift Truck, a = 4" Example: In designing a 19W4 heavy-duty steel bar grating (which has bearing bars spaced at 1-3/16" center-to-center) to support an H-20 load, the specified 20,800# wheel load is distributed over 20" in the direction of the bearing bar, and 22-3/8" normal to the bearing bar (20" + 2s). Therefore, 18.8 bearing bars (24-3/4" / 1-3/16") participate in resisting the load. The following chart illustrates how various loads are distributed on a 19W4 Steel Grating. Design Loads Distributed on a 19W4 Steel Grating Design Load Wheel Load (includes 30% impact) The AASHTO load distribution formulas can result in grating designs requiring larger Section Moduli for lighter loads on shorter spans. For example, the maximum safe clear span for a Type 19W4 grating with a 1-1/2 x 1/4" bearing bar, when designing for an AASHTO H-20 wheel load (20,800#) is 16". That same grating design has a smaller safe span (13") when the design criteria is just a 1 Ton capacity forklift (3425# wheel load) because of the difference in how loads are distributed. Care should be taken to apply the most severe potential loading to which the grating may be subjected. Note also that NAAMM publishes a comprehensive ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL (MBG 534) which is an excellent a Load Distribution b no. Bearing Bars under load (b/bearing bar centers) H-25 26,000# 22.4" 25" + 2(1-3/16) 23.0 or " H-20 20,800# 20" 20" + 2(1-3/16") 18.8 or " H-15 15,600# 15" 15"+ 2(1-3/16") 14.6 or " 5 - Ton 13,480# 11" 11"+ 2(1-3/16") 11.3 or " 3 - Ton 8,730# 7" 7" + 2(1-3/16") 7.9 or 9.375" 1 - Ton 3,425# 4" 4" + 2(1-3/16") 5.4 or 6.375" resource for the design of heavy-duty steel bar grating. As a service to our customers, Laurel Steel has software programs developed for all loading conditions and can provide design information specific to your requirement. Please do not hesitate to contact us, via phone, fax or . The load tables shown on the following pages provide common grating designs and bar sizes, along with the maximum recommended span for the six load categories shown in the above chart. The information contained herein has been prepared in accordance with generally accepted engineering principles. However, Laurel Steel disclaims any responsibility for any errors that may be contained herein. The user of the information contained herein should check the information supplied, and make an independent determination as to its applicability to any particular project or application. 7

8 Load Table for Heavy-Duty Bar Grating Type 11W4 Simple Spans 11/16" 11/16" 4" 2" 11W4 11W2 NOTE: The design capacity of any product shown is the same regardless of cross bar spacing. Bar Size Weight #/SF Section Modulus per foot width Standard Cross Bar Maximum Safe Clear Span 1 Ton 3 Ton 5 Ton H-15 H-20 H-25 1 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-9" 0'-8" 0'-9" 1'-0" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1 x 5/16" /8" dia 0'-11" 0'-9" 0'-11" 1'-1" 1'-3" 1'-4" 1 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-1" 0'-10" 1'-0" 1'-3" 1'-5" 1'-6"* 1-1/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-1" 0'-10" 1'-0" 1'-3" 1'-5" 1'-6" 1-1/4 x 5/16" /8" dia 1'-4" 1'-0" 1'-2" 1'-5" 1'-7" 1'-8" 1-1/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-7" 1'-2" 1'-4" 1'-7" 1'-9" 1'-10"* 1-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-7" 1'-2" 1'-3" 1'-7" 1'-9" 1'-10" 1-1/2 x 5/16" /8" dia 1'-11" 1'-4" 1'-6" 1'-9" 2'-0" 2'-0" 1-1/2 x 3/8" /8" dia 2'-3" 1'-7" 1'-8" 2'-0" 2'-2"* 2'-3"* 1-3/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 2'-1" 1'-5" 1'-7" 1'-11" 2'-1" 2'-2" 1-3/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 3'-0"* 2'-0" 2'-1" 2'-6" 2'-8"* 2'-8"* 2 x 1/4" /8" dia 2'-8" 1'-10" 1'-11" 2'-3" 2'-5" 2'-6" 2 x 5/16" /8" dia 3'-4" 2'-2" 2'-3" 2'-9" 2'-10" 2'-11" 2 x 3/8" /8" dia 3'-8"* 2'-7" 2'-8" 3'-1"* 3'-2"* 3'-2"* 2-1/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 3'-4" 2'-3" 2'-4" 2'-9" 2'-11" 3'-0" 2-1/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 4'-5"* 3'-2" 3'-3" 3'-8"* 3'-9"* 3'-9"* 2-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 4'-1" 2'-8" 2'-9" 3'-3" 3'-5" 3'-5" 2-1/2 x 5/16" /8" dia 4'-8"* 3'-3" 3'-4" 3'-11" 3'-11"* 4'-0"* 2-1/2 x 3/8" /8" dia 5'-2"* 3'-11" 3'-11" 4'-3"* 4'-4" 4'-4"* 3 x 1/4" /2" dia 5'-6"* 3'-9" 3'-9" 4'-5" 4'-6" 4'-7" 3 x 5/16" /2" dia 6'-2"* 4'-7" 4'-7" 5'-2"* 5'-1"* 5'-1"* 3 x 3/8" /2" dia 6'-9"* 5'-4"* 5'-3"* 5'-7"* 5'-7"* 5'-7"* 3-1/2 x 1/4" /2" dia 7'-0"* 5'-0" 5'-0" 5'-9"* 5'-9"* 5'-9"* 3-1/2 x 3/8" /2" dia 8'-4"* 6'-8"* 6'-7"* 7'-1"* 7'-0"* 7'-0"* 4 x 1/4" /2" dia 8'-4"* 6'-7" 6'-4" 7'-0"* 7'-0"* 7'-0"* 4 x 5/16" /2" dia 9'-2"* 7'-6"* 7'-4"* 7'-10"* 7'-10"* 7'-9"* 4 x 3/8" /2" dia 10'-2"* 8'-2"* 8'-0"* 8'-7"* 8'-6"* 9'-10"* Weights are approximate, and can vary depending on panel width, type of cross bar, and mill and fabrication tolerances. Weights shown are based on 4" cross bar centers. Section Modulus based on Bars/Foot Width. *Span limited by deflection (L/400 maximum). For serrated grating design, increase bearing bar depth to next deeper size shown in chart. 8

9 Load Table for Heavy-Duty Bar Grating Type 15W4 Simple Spans 15/16" 15/16" 4" 2" 15W4 15W2 NOTE: The design capacity of any product shown is the same regardless of cross bar spacing. Bar Size Weight #/SF Section Modulus per foot width Standard Cross Bar Maximum Safe Clear Span 1 Ton 3 Ton 5 Ton H-15 H-20 H-25 1 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-8" 0'-7" 0'-8" 0'-10" 1'-0" 1'-0" 1 x 5/16" /8" dia 0'-9" 0'-8" 0'-9" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1'-2" 1 x 3/8" /8" dia 0'-11" 0'-9" 0'-10" 1'-1" 1'-3" 1'-3" 1-1/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-11" 0'-9" 0'-10" 1'-1" 1'-3" 1'-4" 1-1/4 x 5/16" /8" dia 1'-1" 0'-10" 1'-0" 1'-3" 1'-5" 1'-5" 1-1/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-4" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1'-4" 1'-6" 1'-7" 1-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-3" 0'-11" 1'-1" 1'-4" 1'-6" 1'-7" 1-1/2 x 5/16" /8" dia 1'-7" 1'-1" 1'-3" 1'-6" 1'-8" 1'-9" 1-1/2 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-10" 1'-3" 1'-5" 1'-8" 1'-10" 1'-11" 1-1/2 x 1/2" /8" dia 2'-5" 1'-7" 1'-8" 2'-0" 2'-2"* 2'-3"* 1-3/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-8" 1'-2" 1'-3" 1'-7" 1'-9" 1'-10" 1-3/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 2'-6" 1'-8" 1'-9" 2'-1" 2'-3" 2'-4" 2 x 1/4" /8" dia 2'-2" 1'-6" 1'-7" 1'-10" 2'-0" 2'-1" 2 x 5/16" /8" dia 2'-8" 1'-9" 1'-10" 2'-2" 2'-4" 2'-5" 2 x 3/8" /8" dia 3'-2" 2'-1" 2'-1" 2'-6" 2'-8" 2'-9" 2 x 1/2" /8" dia 3'-10"* 2'-8" 2'-8" 3'-1"* 3'-2"* 3'-2"* 2-1/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 2'-8" 1'-9" 1'-10" 2'-3" 2'-4" 2'-5" 2-1/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 3'-11"* 2'-7" 2'-7" 3'-0" 3'-2" 3'-3" 2-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 3'-4" 2'-2" 2'-2" 2'-7" 2'-9" 2'-10" 2-1/2 x 5/16" /8" dia 4'-1" 2'-7" 2'-10" 3'-1" 3'-3" 3'-3" 2-1/2 x 3/8" /8" dia 4'-7"* 3'-1" 3'-1" 3'-7" 3'-9" 3'-9" 2-1/2 x 1/2" /8" dia 5'-4"* 4'-0" 3'-11" 4'-4"* 4'-4"* 4'-4"* 3 x 1/4" /8" dia 4'-8" 3'-0" 3'-0" 3'-6" 3'-7" 3'-8" 3 x 5/16" /2" dia 5'-6"* 3'-8" 3'-7" 4'-2" 4'-4" 4'-4" 3 x 3/8" /2" dia 6'-1"* 4'-2" 4'-3"* 4'-11"* 4'-10"* 4'-10'* 3 x 1/2" /2" dia 7'-0"* 5'-5"* 5'-3"* 5'-7"* 5'-7"* 5'-7"* 3-1/2 x 1/4" /2" dia 6'-2" 3'-11" 3'-11" 4'-6" 4'7" 4'-8" 3-1/2 x 3/8" /2" dia 7'-6"* 5'-9" 5'-7" 6'-1" 6'-1"* 6'0"* 3-1/2 x 1/2" /2" dia 8'-7"* 6'-7"* 6'-7"* 7'-0"* 7'-0"* 6'-10"* 4 x 1/4" /2" dia 7'-6"* 5'-1" 4'-11" 5'-9" 5'-9" 5'-10" 4 x 5/16" /2" dia 8'-4"* 6'-3" 6'-1" 6'-9"* 6'-9"* 6'-8'* 4 x 3/8" /2" dia 9'-0"* 7'-0"* 7'-0"* 7'-5"* 7'-4"* 7'-3"* 4 x 1/2" /2" dia 10'-4"* 8'-2"* 7'-11"* 8'-6"* 8'-4"* 8'-4"* 4-1/2 x 1/4" /2" dia 8'-10"* 6'-4" 6'-2" 7'-1" 7'-1" 7'-1" 4-1/2 x 3/8" /2" dia 10'-8"* 8'-4"* 8'-2"* 8'-9"* 8'-8"* 8'-7"* 4-1/2 x 1/2" /2" dia 12'-0"* 9'-2"* 9'-4"* 10'-0"* 9'-0"* 9'-11"* 5 x 1/4" /2" dia 10'-4"* 7'-9" 7'-6" 8'-5"* 8'-5"* 8'-2"* 5 x 5/16" /2" dia 11'-4"* 8'-10"* 8'-9"* 9'-4"* 9'-3"* 9'-2"* 5 x 3/8" /2" dia 12'-8"* 9'-10"* 9'-7"* 10'-2"* 10'-1"* 10'-0"* 5 x 1/2" /2" dia 13-10"* 10'-4"* 10'-10"* 11'-7"* 11'-6"* 11'-4"* 6 x 1/4" /2" dia 13'-4"* 10'-2"* 10'-2"* 11'-0"* 10'10"* 10'-8"* 6 x 5/16" /2" dia 14'-6"* 11'-2"* 11'-4"* 12'-2"* 12'-0"* 11'-11"* 6 x 3/8" /2" dia 15'-10"* 12'-0"* 12'-4"* 13'-2"* 13'-0"* 12'-10"* 6 x 1/2" /2" dia 16'-8"* 14'-4'* 14'-0"* 14'-10"* 14'-6"* 14'-6"* Weights are approximate, and can vary depending on panel width, type of cross bar, and mill and fabrication tolerances. Weights shown are based on 4" cross bar centers. Section Modulus based on 12.8 bars/foot. *Span limited by deflection (L/400 maximum). For serrated grating design, increase bearing bar depth to next deeper size shown in chart. 9

10 Load Table for Heavy-Duty Bar Grating Type 19W4 Simple Spans 4" 1-3/16" 2" 1-3/16" 19W4 19W2 1 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-7" 0'-6" 0'-7" 0'-9" 0'-11" 0'-11" 1 x 5/16" /8" dia 0'-8" 0'-7" 0'-8" 0'-10" 1'-0" 1'-0" 1 x 3/8" /8" dia 0'-9" 0'-8" 0'-9" 0'-11" 1'-1" 1'-2" 1-1/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-10" 0'-8" 0'-9" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1'-2" 1-1/4 x 5/16" /8" dia 1'-0" 0'-9" 0'-11" 1'-1" 1'-3" 1'-4" 1-1/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-2" 0'-10" 1'-0" 1'-2" 1'-4" 1'-5" 1-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-1" 0'-10" 0'-11" 1'-2" 1'-4" 1'-5" 1-1/2 x 5/16" /8" dia 1'-4" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1'-4" 1'-6" 1'-7" 1-1/2 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-7" 1'-1" 1'-2" 1'-6" 1'-8" 1'-9" 1-1/2 x 1/2" /8" dia 2'-1" 1'-5" 1'-6" 1'-9" 1'-11" 2'-0" 1-3/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-6" 1'-0" 1'-2" 1'-5" 1'-7" 1'-8" 1-3/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 2'-2" 1'-5" 1'-6" 1'-9" 2'-0" 2'-0" 2 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-10" 1'-3" 1'-4" 1'-8" 1'-11" 1'-11" 2 x 5/16" /8" dia 2'-4" 1'-6" 1'-7" 1'-11" 2'-1" 2'-2" 2 x 3/8" /8" dia 2'-9" 1'-9" 1'-10" 2'-2" 2'-4" 2'-4" 2 x 1/2" /8" dia 3'-6"* 2'-3" 2'-3" 2'-8" 2'-10" 2'-10" 2-1/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 2'-4" 1'-6" 1'-7" 2'-3" 2'-1" 2'-2" 2-1/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 3'-5" 2'-2" 2'-2" 2'-7" 2'-9" 2'-9" 2-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 2'-10" 1'-10" 1'-7" 1'-11" 2'-4" 2'-5" 2-1/2 x 5/16" /8" dia 3'-6" 2'-3" 2'-3" 2'-7" 2'-9" 2'-10" 2-1/2 x 3/8" /8" dia 4'-3" 2'-7" 2'-7" 3'-0" 3'-2" 3'-2" 2-1/2 x 1/2" /8" dia 4'-11"* 3'-5" 3'-4" 3'-10" 3'-11"* 3'-11"* 3 x 1/4" /8" dia 4'-1" 2'-6" 2'-6" 2'-11" 3'-1" 3'-1" 3 x 5/16" /8" dia 5'-0" 3'-1" 3'-0" 3'-6" 3'-8" 3'-8" 3 x 3/8" /2" dia 5'-8"* 3'-8" 3'-7" 4'-1" 4'-2" 4'-3" 3 x 1/2" /2" dia 6'-6"* 4'-9" 4'-7" 5'-1"* 5'-1"* 5'-0" 3-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 5'-6" 3'-4" 3'-3" 3'-9" 3'-11" 3'-11" 3-1/2 x 3/8" /2" dia 7'-0"* 4'-10" 4'-8" 5'-4" 5'-5" 5'-5" 3-1/2 x 1/2" /2" dia 8'0"* 6'-0"* 6'-0"* 6'-4"* 6'-3"* 6'-3'* 4 x 1/4" /8" dia 7'-0"* 4'-3" 4'-2" 4'-9" 4'-10" 4'-10" 4 x 5/16" /2" dia 7'-9"* 5'-3" 5'-1" 5'-10" 5'-10" 5'-10" 4 x 3/8" /2" dia 8'-6"* 6'-3" 6'-0" 6'-8"* 6'-7"* 6'-7"* 4 x 1/2" /2" dia 9'-8"* 7'-6"* 7'-4"* 7'-8"* 7'-7"* 7'-6"* 4-1/2 x 1/4" /2" dia 8'-4"* 5'-4" 5'-1" 5'-10" 5'-11" 5'-11" 4-1/2 x 3/8" /2" dia 10'-0"* 7'-8"* 7'-6" 7'-11"* 7'-10"* 7'-9"* 4-1/2 x 1/2" /2" dia 11'-4"* 8'-11"* 8'-7"* 9'-1"* 9'-0"* 9'-1"* 5 x 1/4" /2" dia 9'-8"* 6'-6" 6'-3" 7'-1" 7'-1" 7'-1" 5 x 5/16" /2" dia 10'-8"* 8'-1" 7'-8" 8'-6"* 8'-4"* 8'-4"* 5 x 3/8" /2" dia 11'-6"* 9'-0"* 8'-9"* 9'-3"* 9'-2"* 9'-0"* 5 x 1/2" /2" dia 13'-0"* 10'-4"* 10'-0"* 10'-7"* 10'-8"* 10'-4"* 6 x 1/4" /2" dia 12'-6"* 9'-4" 8'-9"* 10'-0" 9'-9"* 9'-8" 6 x 5/16" /2" dia 13'-10"* 10'-10"* 10'-5"* 11'-0"* 10'-7"* 10'-10"* 6 x 3/8" /2" dia 14'-10"* 11'-8"* 11'-4"* 12'-0"* 11-10"* 11'-8"* 6 x 1/2" /2" dia 16'-2"* 13'-6"* 12'-11"* 13'-9"* 13'-5"* 13'-4"* 10 Bar Size Weight #/SF Section Modulus per foot width Standard Cross Bar Maximum Safe Clear Span 1 Ton 3 Ton 5 Ton H-15 H-20 H-25 Weights are approximate, and can vary depending on panel width, type of cross bar, and mill and fabrication tolerances. Weights shown are based on 4" cross bar centers. Section Modulus based on bars/foot. *Span limited by deflection (L/400 maximum). For serrated grating design, increase bearing bar depth to next deeper size shown in chart. NOTE: The design capacity of any product shown is the same regardless of cross bar spacing.

11 Load Table for Heavy-Duty Bar Grating Type 22W4 Simple Spans 1-3/8" 1-3/8" 4" 2" 22W4 22W2 Bar Size Weight #/SF Section Modulus per foot width Standard Cross Bar Maximum Safe Clear Span 1 Ton 3 Ton 5 Ton H-15 H-20 H-25 1 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-6" 0'-6" 0'-7" 0'-9" 0'-10" 0'-10" 1 x 5/16" /8" dia 0'-8" 0'-6" 0'-8" 0'-10" 0'-11" 1'-0" 1 x 3/8" /8" dia 0'-9" 0'-7" 0'-9" 0'-11" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1-1/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-9" 0'-7" 0'-9" 0'-11" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1-1/4 x 5/16" /8" dia 0"-11" 0'-8" 0'-10" 1'-0" 1'-2" 1'-3" 1-1/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-1" 0'-9" 0'-11" 1'-2" 1'-3" 1'-4" 1-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-0" 0'-9" 0'-11" 1'-1" 1'-3" 1'-4" 1-1/2 x 5/16" /8" dia 1'-3" 0'-11" 1'-0" 1'-3" 1'-5" 1'-6" 1-1/2 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-6" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1'-4" 1'-6" 1'-7" 1-1/2 x 1/2" /8" dia 1'-11" 1'-3" 1'-4" 1'-7" 1'-9" 1'-10" 1-3/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-4" 0'-11" 1'-1" 1'-3" 1'-6" 1'-6" 1-3/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-11" 1'-3" 1'-4" 1'-8" 1'-10" 1'-11" 2 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-9" 1'-2" 1'-3" 1'-6" 1'-8" 1'-9" 2 x 5/16" /8" dia 2'-1" 1'-5" 1'-5" 1'-9" 1'-11" 2'-0" 2 x 3/8" /8" dia 2'-6" 1'-7" 1'-8" 2'-0" 2'-1" 2'-2" 2 x 1/2" /8" dia 3'-4" 2'-1" 2'-1" 2'-5" 2'-7" 2'-7" 2-1/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 2'-2" 1'-5" 1'-6" 1'-9" 1'-11" 2'-0" 2-1/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 3'-2" 2'-0" 2'-0" 2'-4" 2'-6" 2'-6" 2-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 2'-7" 1'-8" 1'-8" 2'-0" 2'-2" 2'-3" 2-1/2 x 5/16" /8" dia 3'-3" 2'-0" 2'-0" 2'-5" 2'-6" 2'-7" 2-1/2 x 3/8" /8" dia 3'-10" 2'-4" 2'-4" 2'-9" 2'-10" 2'-11" 2-1/2 x 1/2" /8" dia 4'-9"* 3'-1" 3'-0" 3'-6" 3'-7" 3'-7" 3 x 1/4" /8" dia 3'-9" 2'-3" 2'-3" 2'-8" 2'-9" 2'-10" 3 x 5/16" /8" dia 4'-7" 2'-9" 2'-9" 3'-2" 3'-3" 3'-4" 3 x 3/8" /2" dia 5'-4"* 3'-4" 3'-2" 3'-8" 3'-9" 3'-10" 3 x 1/2" /2" dia 6'-2"* 4'-4" 4'-2" 4'-9" 4'-9"* 4'-9" 3-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 5'-0" 3'-0" 2'-11" 3'-5" 3'-6" 3'-6" 3-1/2 x 3/8" /2" dia 6'-10"* 4'-5" 4'-2" 4'-10" 4'-10" 4'-10" 3-1/2 x 1/2" /2" dia 7'-8"* 5'-9" 5'-6" 6'-0"* 5'-11"* 5'-10"* 4 x 1/4" /8" dia 6'-6" 3'-10" 3'-9" 4'-3" 4'-4" 4'-4" 4 x 5/16" /2" dia 7'-5"* 4'-9" 4'-6" 5'-2" 5'-3" 5'-2" 4 x 3/8" /2" dia 8'-2"* 5'-8" 5'-4" 6'-1" 6'-1" 6'-1" 4 x 1/2" /2" dia 9'-4"* 7'-1"* 6'-10"* 7'-3"* 7'-1"* 7'-0"* 4-1/2 x 1/4" /2" dia 7'-11"* 4'-10" 4'-7" 5'-3" 5'-3" 5'-3" 4-1/2 x 3/8" /2" dia 9'-8"* 7'-1" 6'-8" 7'-6"* 7'-4"* 7'-4" 4-1/2 x 1/2" /2" dia 10'-11"* 8'-6"* 8'-1"* 8'7"* 8'-5"* 8'-4"* 5 x 1/4" /2" dia 9'-3"* 5'-11" 5'-7" 6'-4" 6'-4" 6'-3" 5 x 5/16" /2" dia 10'-3"* 7'-4" 6'-10" 7'-9" 8'-8"* 7'-8" 5 x 3/8" /2" dia 11'-2"* 8'-7" 8'-2" 8'-9"* 8'-7"* 8'-6"* 5 x 1/2" /2" dia 12'-6"* 9'-10"* 9'-5"* 10'-0"* 9'-10"* 9'-9"* 6 x 1/4" /2" dia 12'-0"* 8'-5" 7'-10" 8'-10" 8'-9" 8'-8" 6 x 5/16" /2" dia 13'-4"* 10'-5" 9'-8" 10'-5"* 10'-2"* 10'-2"* 6 x 3/8" /2" dia 14'-4"* 11'-2"* 10'-8"* 11'-4"* 11'-2"* 11'-0'* 6 x 1/2" /2" dia 15'-10" 12'-10"* 12'-2"* 12'-10"* 12'-8"* 12'-6"* Weights are approximate, and can vary depending on panel width, type of cross bar, and mill and fabrication tolerances. Weights shown are based on 4" cross bar centers. Section Modulus based on bars/foot. *Span limited by deflection (L/400 maximum). For serrated grating design, increase bearing bar depth to next deeper size shown in chart. NOTE: The design capacity of any product shown is the same regardless of cross bar spacing. 11

12 1-7/8" 1-7/8" Load Table for Heavy-Duty Bar Grating Type 30W4 Simple Spans 4" 2" 30W4 30W2 Bar Size Weight #/SF Section Modulus per foot width Standard Cross Bar Maximum Safe Clear Span 1 Ton 3 Ton 5 Ton H-15 H-20 H-25 1 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-6" 0'-5" 0'-6" 0'-8" 0'-9" 0'-9" 1 x 5/16" /8" dia 0'-7" 0'-6" 0'-7" 0'-9" 0'-10" 0'-10" 1 x 3/8" /8" dia 0'-8" 0'-6" 0'-8" 0'-9" 0'-11" 0'-11" 1-1/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-8" 0'-6" 0'-8" 0'-10" 0'-11" 0'-11" 1-1/4 x 5/16" /8" dia 0'-9" 0'-7" 0'-9" 0'-11" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1-1/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 0'-11" 0'-8" 0'-10" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1'-2" 1-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-11" 0'-8" 0'-9" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1'-2" 1-1/2 x 5/16" /8" dia 1'-1" 0'-9" 0'-11" 1'-1" 1'-3" 1'-3" 1-1/2 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-3" 0'-10" 1'-0" 1'-2" 1'-4" 1'-5" 1-1/2 x 1/2" /8" dia 1'-8" 1'-1" 1'-2" 1'-5" 1'-7" 1'-7" 1-3/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-2" 0'-10" 0'-11" 1'-2" 1'-3" 1'-4" 1-3/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-8" 1'-1" 1'-2" 1'-5" 1'-7" 1'-8" 2 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-6" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1'-4" 1'-6" 1'-6" 2 x 5/16" /8" dia 1'-10" 1'-2" 1'-3" 1'-6" 1'-8" 1'-9" 2 x 3/8" /8" dia 2'-2" 1'-4" 1'-5" 1'-8" 1'-10" 1'-11" 2 x 1/2" /8" dia 2'-10" 1'-9" 1'-9" 2'-0" 2'-2" 2'-2" 2-1/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-10" 1'-2" 1'-3' 1'-6" 1'-8" 1'-9" 2-1/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 2'-10" 1'-8" 1'-8" 1'-11" 2'-1" 2'-2" 2-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 2'-3" 1'-5" 1'-5" 1'-8" 1'-10" 1'-11" 2-1/2 x 5/16" /8" dia 2'-9" 1'-8" 1'-8" 2'-0" 2'-1" 2'-2" 2-1/2 x 3/8" /8" dia 3'-3" 2'-0" 1'-11" 2'-3" 2'-5" 2'-5" 2-1/2 x 1/2" /8" dia 4'-4" 2'-6" 2'-5" 2'-10" 2'-11" 2'-11" 3 x 1/4" /8" dia 3'-2" 1'-9" 1'-11' 2'-2" 2'-4" 2'-4" 3 x 5/16" /8" dia 3'-11" 2'-4" 2'-3" 2'-7" 2'-8" 2'-9" 3 x 3/8" /2" dia 4'-8" 2'-9" 2'-7" 3'-0" 3'-1" 3'-1" 3 x 1/2" /2" dia 5'-8"* 3'-6" 3'-4" 3'-9" 3'-10" 3'-10" 3-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 4'-3" 2'-6" 2'-5" 2'-9" 2'-10" 2'-11" 3-1/2 x 3/8" /2" dia 6'-2"* 3'-5" 3'-5" 3'-10" 3'-11" 3'-11" 3-1/2 x 1/2" /2" dia 7'-2"* 4'-9" 4'-5" 4'-11" 4'-11" 4'-11" 4 x 1/4" /8" dia 5'-6" 3'-2" 3'-0" 3'-5" 3'-6" 3'-6" 4 x 5/16" /2" dia 6'-10" 3'-11" 3'-8" 4'-2" 4'-2" 4'-2" 4 x 3/8" /2" dia 7'-6"* 4'-8" 4'-4" 4'-10" 4'-10" 4'-10" 4 x 1/2" /2" dia 8'-7"* 6'-1" 5'-7" 6'-3" 6'-2" 6'-2" 4-1/2 x 1/4" /2" dia 6'-11" 3'-11" 3'-8" 4'-2" 4'-3" 4'-3" 4-1/2 x 3/8" /2" dia 8'-10"* 5'-10" 5'-4" 6'-0" 5'-11" 5'-10" 4-1/2 x 1/2" /2" dia 10'-2"* 7'-8" 7'-0" 7'-7"* 7'-5"* 7'-4"* 5 x 1/4" /2" dia 8'-6" 4'-10" 4'-6" 5'-0" 5'-0" 5'-0" 5 x 5/16" /2" dia 9'-6"* 5'-11" 5'-6" 6'-2" 6'-1" 6'-0" 5 x 3/8" /2" dia 10'-4"* 7'-1" 6'-6" 7'-3" 7'-2" 7'-0" 5 x 1/2" /2" dia 11'-9"* 8'-11"* 8'-5" 8'-10"* 8'-8"* 8'-7"* 6 x 1/4" /2" dia 11'-2"* 6'-10" 6'-3" 7'-0" 6'-11" 6'-10" 6 x 5/16" /2" dia 12'-4"* 8'-6" 7'-9" 8'-7" 8'-5" 8'-3" 6 x 3/8" /2" dia 13'-3"* 10'-1" 9'-2" 9'-11"* 9'-10" 9'-9" 6 x 1/2" /2" dia 15'-0"* 11'-8"* 11'-0"* 11'-6"* 11'-3"* 11'-1"* Weights are approximate, and can vary depending on panel width, type of cross bar, and mill and fabrication tolerances. Weights shown are based on 4" cross bar centers. Section Modulus based on 6.4 bars/foot. *Span limited by deflection (L/400 maximum). For serrated grating design, increase bearing bar depth to next deeper size shown in chart. 12 NOTE: The design capacity of any product shown is the same regardless of cross bar spacing.

13 2-3/8" Load Table for Heavy-Duty Bar Grating Type 38W4 Simple Spans 4" 2-3/8" 2" 38W4 38W2 Bar Size Weight #/SF Section Modulus per foot width Standard Cross Bar Maximum Safe Clear Span 1 Ton 3 Ton 5 Ton H-15 H-20 H-25 1 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-5" 0'-5" 0'-6" 0'-7" 0'-8" 0'-8" 1 x 5/16" /8" dia 0'-6" 0'-5" 0'-6" 0'-8" 0'-9" 0'-9" 1 x 3/8" /8" dia 0'-7" 0'-6" 0'-7" 0'-8" 0'-10" 0'-10" 1-1/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-7" 0'6" 0'-7" 0'-9" 0'-10" 0'-10" 1-1/4 x 5/16" /8" dia 0'-9" 0'-6" 0'-8" 0'-10" 0'-11" 0'-11" 1-1/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 0'-10" 0'-7" 0'-9" 0'-11" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 0'-10" 0'7" 0'-9" 0'-11" 1'-0" 1'-0" 1-1/2 x 5/16" /8" dia 1'-0" 0'-8" 0'-10" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1'-2" 1-1/2 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-2" 0'-9" 0'-11" 1'-1" 1'-3" 1'-3" 1-1/2 x 1/2" /8" dia 1'-6" 1'-0" 1'-0" 1'-3" 1'-5" 1'-6" 1-3/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-1" 0'9" 0'-10" 1'-0" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1-3/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-6" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1'-3" 1'-5" 1'-6" 2 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-4" 0'-11" 1'-0" 1'-2" 1'-4" 1'-5" 2 x 5/16" /8" dia 1'-7" 1'-0" 1'-1" 1'-4" 1'-6" 1'-7" 2 x 3/8" /8" dia 1'-11" 1'-2" 1'-3" 1'-6" 1'-8" 1'-8" 2 x 1/2" /8" dia 2'-6" 1'-6" 1'-6" 1'-9" 1'-11" 2'-0" 2-1/4 x 1/4" /8" dia 1'-8" 1'-1" 1'-1" 1'-4" 1'-6" 1'-7" 2-1/4 x 3/8" /8" dia 2'-5" 1'-5" 1'-5" 1'-9" 1'-10" 1'-11" 2-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 2'-0" 1'-3" 1'-3" 1'-5" 1'-8" 1'-9" 2-1/2 x 5/16" /8" dia 2'-6" 1'-6" 1'-6" 1'-9" 1'-11" 1'-11" 2-1/2 x 3/8" /8" dia 2'-11" 1'-9" 1'-8" 2'-0" 2'-1" 2'-2" 2-1/2 x 1/2" /8" dia 3'-6" 2'-3" 2'-2" 2'-5" 2'-6" 2'-7" 3 x 1/4" /8" dia 2'-10" 1'-8" 1'-8" 1'-11" 2'-1" 2'-1" 3 x 5/16" /8" dia 3'-6" 2'-0" 1'-11" 2'-3" 2'-4" 2'-5" 3 x 3/8" /2" dia 4'-2" 2'-5" 2'-3" 2'-7" 2'-10" 2'-8" 3 x 1/2" /2" dia 5'-4"* 3'-1" 2'-11" 3'-3" 3'-4" 3'-4" 3-1/2 x 1/4" /8" dia 3'-9" 2'-2" 2'-1" 2'-5" 2'-6" 2'-6" 3-1/2 x 3/8" /2" dia 5'-7" 3'-2" 2'-11" 3'-4" 3'-4" 3'-4" 3-1/2 x 1/2" /2" dia 6'-9'* 4'-1" 3'-9" 4'-3" 4'-2" 4'-2" 4 x 1/4" /8" dia 4'-11" 2'-9" 2'-7" 2'-11" 3'-0" 3'-0" 4 x 5/16" /2" dia 6'-1" 3'-5" 3'-2" 3'-7" 3'-7" 3'-7" 4 x 3/8" /2" dia 7'-2"* 4'-0" 3'-8" 4'-2" 4'-2" 4'-1" 4 x 1/2" /2" dia 8'-2"* 5'-4" 4'-10" 5'-4" 5'-3" 5'-2" 4-1/2 x 1/4" /2" dia 6'-2" 3'-5" 3'-2" 3'-7" 3'-7" 3'-7" 4-1/2 x 3/8" /2" dia 8'-5"* 5'-0" 4'-7" 5'-1" 5'-0" 5'-0" 4-1/2 x 1/2" /2" dia 9'-7"* 6'-8" 6'-0" 6'-7" 6'-5" 6'-4" 5 x 1/4" /2" dia 7'-7" 4'-2" 3'-10" 4'-3" 4'-3" 4'-3" 5 x 5/16" /2" dia 9'-0"* 5'-2" 4'-8" 5'-3" 5'-2" 5'-1" 5 x 3/8" /2" dia 9'-10"* 6'-2" 5'-7" 6'-2" 6'-0" 5'-11" 5 x 1/2" /2" dia 11'-2"* 8'-2" 7'-3" 8'-0" 7'-9" 7'-7" 6 x 1/4" /2" dia 10'-6"* 5'-11" 5'-4" 5'-11" 5'-10" 5'-9" 6 x 5/16" /2" dia 11'-8"* 7'-4" 6'-7" 7'-3" 7'-1" 6'-11" 6 x 3/8" /2" dia 12'-8"* 8'-9" 7'-10" 8'-7" 8'-4" 8'-1" 6 x 1/2" /2" dia 14'-4"* 10'-10"* 10'-2"* 10'-7"* 10'-3"* 10'-1"* Weights are approximate, and can vary depending on panel width, type of cross bar, and mill and fabrication tolerances. Weights shown are based on 4" cross bar centers. Section Modulus based on bars/foot. *Span limited by deflection (L/400 maximum). NOTE: The design capacity of any product shown is the same regardless of cross bar spacing. 13

14 Standard Panel Widths for 11W, 15W and 19W Heavy-Duty Grating Number of Bearing Bars 11W4 15W4 19W4 14 1/4" 5/16" 3/8" 1/4" 5/16" 3/8" 1/4" 5/16" 3/8" 2 15/ /16 1 3/16 1 1/4 1 5/16 1 7/16 1 1/2 1 9/16" 3 1 5/8 1 11/16 1 3/4 2 1/8 2 3/16 2 1/4 2 5/8 2 11/16 2 3/ /16" 2 3/8 2 7/16 3 1/16 3 1/8 3 3/ /16 3 7/8 3 15/ /16 3 1/ /16 4 1/ /16" 5 1/ /16 3 3/4 3 13/ / /16 6 3/16 6 1/4 6 5/ /8 4 7/16 4 1/2 5 7/8 5 15/ /8 7 7/16 7 1/ /16 5 1/8 5 3/ /16 6 7/8 6 15/16 8 9/16 8 5/8 8 11/ /4 5 13/16 5 7/8 7 3/4 7 13/16 7 7/8 9 3/4 9 13/16 9 7/ /16 6 1/2 6 9/ /16 8 3/4 8 13/ / /16" /8 7 3/16 7 1/4 9 5/8 9 11/16 9 3/4 12 1/8 12 3/ / /16 7 7/8 7 15/ / / / / /8 13 7/ /2 8 9/16 8 5/8 11 1/2 11 9/ /8 14 1/2 14 9/ / /16 9 1/4 9 5/ / /2 12 9/ /16" 15 3/ / /8 9 15/ /8 13 7/ /2 16 7/ / / / /16" 14 5/ /8 14 7/ /16" 18 1/8 18 3/ /4 11 5/ /8 15 1/4 15 5/ /8 19 1/4 19 5/ / / / / /4 16 5/ / /2 20 9/ / / /4 17 1/8 17 3/ /4 21 5/ / / / /8 13 7/ / /8 18 3/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /4 25 5/ /8 15 7/ /2 20 7/ / /8 26 7/ / / /8 16 3/ / / / / / /16" / / /8 22 3/ / /8 28 3/ / / / /2 17 9/ / / / / / /8 18 3/ /4 24 5/ / /4 31 1/8 31 3/ / / / / / / / / /8 32 7/ /2 19 9/ /8 26 1/2 26 9/ /8 33 1/2 33 9/ / / /4 20 5/ / /2 27 9/ /16" 34 3/ / / / /8 28 7/ /2 35 7/ / / / / / /8 29 7/ / /8 37 3/ /4 22 5/ /8 30 1/4 30 5/ /8 38 1/4 38 5/ / / / / /4 31 5/ / /2 39 9/ / / /4 32 1/8 32 3/ /4 40 5/ / / / /8 24 7/ / /8 33 3/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / /16" 44 3/ /4 44 5/ /8 26 7/ /2 35 7/ / /8 45 7/ / / /8 27 3/ / / / / / / / / /8 37 3/ / /8 47 3/ / / / /2 28 9/ /16" 38 3/ / / / /8 29 3/ /4 39 5/ / /4 50 1/8 50 3/ / / / / / / / / /8 51 7/ /2 30 9/ /8 41 1/2 41 9/ /8 52 1/2 52 9/ / / /4 31 5/ / /2 42 9/ / / / / / /8 43 7/ /2 54 7/ / / / /16" 44 5/ /8 44 7/ / /8 56 3/ /4 33 5/ /8 45 1/4 45 5/ /8 57 1/4 57 5/ /8 Nominal 2' and 3' widths highlighted. Wider panels possible if application requires. Please contact Laurel Steel for additional information.

15 Standard Panel Widths for 22W, 30W and 38W Heavy-Duty Grating Number of Bearing Bars 22W4 30W4 38W4 1/4" 5/16" 3/8" 1/4" 5/16" 3/8" 1/4" 5/16" 3/8" 2 1 5/8 1 11/16 1 3/4 2 1/8 2 3/16 2 1/4 2 5/8 2 11/16 2 3/ /16 3 1/ /16 4 1/ /16 5 1/ /8 4 7/16 4 1/2 5 7/8 5 15/ /8 7 7/16 7 1/ /4 5 13/16 5 7/8 7 3/4 7 13/16 7 7/8 9 3/4 9 13/16 9 7/ /8 7 13/16 7 1/4 9 5/8 9 11/16 9 3/4 12 1/8 12 3/ / /2 8 9/16 8 5/8 11 1/2 11 9/ /8 14 1/2 14 9/ / /8 9 15/ /8 13 7/ /2 16 7/ / /4 11 5/ /8 15 1/4 15 5/ /8 19 1/4 19 5/ / / / /4 17 1/8 17 3/ /4 21 5/ / / / / / / / / /8 15 7/ /2 20 7/ / /8 26 7/ / / / /8 22 3/ / /8 28 3/ / / /8 18 3/16" 18 1/4 24 5/ / /4 31 1/8 31 3/ / /2 19 9/ /8 26 1/2 26 9/ /8 33 1/2 33 9/ / / / /8 28 7/ /2 35 7/ / /4 22 5/ /8 30 1/4 30 5/ /8 38 1/4 38 5/ / / / /4 32 1/8 32 3/ /4 40 5/ / / / / /16" 34 1/ / / /8 26 7/ /2 35 7/ / /8 45 7/ / / / /8 37 3/ / /8 47 3/ / / /8 29 3/ /4 39 5/ / /4 50 1/8 50 3/ / /2 30 9/ /8 41 1/2 41 9/ /8 52 1/2 52 9/ / / / /8 43 7/ /2 54 7/ / /4 33 5/ /8 45 1/4 45 5/ /8 57 1/4 57 5/ / / / /4 47 1/8 47 3/ /4 59 5/ / / /16" 36 1/ / / / / /8 37 7/ /2 50 7/ / /8 64 7/ / / / /8 52 3/ / /8 66 3/ / / /8 40 3/ /4 54 5/ / /4 69 1/8 69 1/5 69 1/ /2 41 9/ /8 56 1/2 56 9/ /8 71 1/2 71 9/ / / / /8 58 7/ / /4 44 5/ /8 60 1/4 60 5/ / / / /4 62 1/8 62 3/ / / / / / /8 48 7/ /2 65 7/ / / / /8 67 3/ / / /8 51 3/ /4 69 5/ / / /2 52 9/ /8 71 1/2 71 9/ / / / /4 55 5/ / / / / / / /8 59 7/ / / / / /8 62 3/ / /2 63 9/ / / / /4 66 5/ /8 Nominal 2' and 3' widths highlighted. Wider panels possible if application requires. Please contact Laurel Steel for additional information. 15

16 Laurel Steel Heavy-Duty Steel Grating Fabrication Tolerances All Laurel Steel Gratings are produced in accordance with manufacturing tolerances as set forth by NAAMM. WIDTH (W) overall ± 1/4" 1/8" o.c. ± 1/16" 1/8" (measured on top of grating) 1/8" SPAN (S) ± 1/4" D D' = D ± 3/8" Cross bar shall not vary more than 1/8 in 12 in either direction from perpendicular alignment with bearing bars. 12 W' = W ± 1/4" overall dimensions and squareness D and D' are overall diagonal dimensions. W and W' are overall lengths of cross bars at opposite ends of panel. ± 1/4" c-c end cross bars in 5'-0" length cross bar alignment and spacing 1/8" cross bars bearing bars cross bar location bearing bar lean 12 11/4 cross bar lean 12 21/2 1/8" per foot of width bearing bars 1/8" per foot of width transverse bow (before fastening to supports) 1/240 of span bearing bars 16 longitudinal bow (before fastening to supports)

17 Laurel Steel Heavy-Duty Steel Grating Installation Tolerances Further, it is recommended that those responsible for erecting Laurel Heavy-Duty Steel Grating observe the standard installation clearances as detailed below. Standard Installation Clearances SPAN 1/4" 1/4" (direction of bearing bars) panel span bearing bars bearing bars panel width panel span 1/4" 1/4" panel width bearing bars bearing bars 3/8" clearance between ends of cross bars. * * 3/8" bearing bars bearing bars min. clearance equal to suppor t angle fillet radius 1/2" bearing bars Clearances shall be as shown, but shall be permitted to vary in bearing bars accordance with dimensional tolerances shown on previous page. Heavy-duty grating shall be designed to have structural support under each bearing bar at cut-outs. *This dimension varies due to bearing bar spacing. Definition of Effective Spans L trench W.25 W.5W L L L +.5W L+W center-to-center beams back-to-back channels The Effective Clear Span for common suppor t conditions is defined as L in these three sketches. 17

18 Laurel Steel Heavy-Duty Steel Grating Anchoring Details All grating shall be anchored firmly to their supports by positive means. The most common methods of anchoring the grating are welding and bolting: the application and/or size of grating shall determine the size and pattern of welds or bolts. When bolted, standard grating saddle clips are available for 22W, 30W and 38W spacings, up to 3/8" thick bearing bars. Bolting grating to supports can also be accomplished by shop welding slotted hold-down plates into the grating. welds in middle of panel at each intermediate support 1 Welded Anchorage (shall be performed by installing activity) Size and pattern of welds shall be determined by application and/or size of grating. Minimum pattern shall be as shown. Additional welding to supports required for vehicular traffic shall be considered by the engineer. welds at ends of bearing bars each side of panel bearing bars 2 Weld Lugs The designer shall specify when weld lugs are to be provided by the grating manufacturer. When provided, weld lugs shall be 1/4 in. minimum thickness. Size and pattern of bolts or studs shall be determined by application and/or size of grating. Minimum pattern shall be as shown in welded anchorage (above). end band Grating panels shall be used as a template by installing activity to locate holes or studs on structural supports. 3/16" Bolts, studs and miscellaneous hardware are not supplied by the grating manufacturer. bearing bars 3 Saddle Clips Available for 22W, 30W and 38W grating up to 3/8" BB thickness. Used for installations where grating is subject to removal. Will be in same location as welds in 1 unless otherwise specified. 18 Clips are available from grating manufacturer. Other fastening accessories are available upon request.

19 Laurel Steel Heavy-Duty Steel Grating Banding Laurel Steel adheres to the following NAAMM standards for the various methods of banding heavy-duty grating, and the welding provisions indicated. Minimum thickness = 1/4 in. For standard banding, band bar shall be same depth as bearing bars. see welding detail 5" ± o.c. for trim bands and trench gratings see welding detail at each bearing bar for load-carrying bands band standard trim band bearing bars band bearing bars load banding (shall be specified) For trench grating, banding bar may be 1/4 in. to 1/2 in. less than depth of grating to permit drainage. Full depth band shall be supplied by manufacturer for all banded grating unless owner or specifier states clearly that shallow banding shall be provided. band 3/16" 3/4" see above For depth less than 2-1/2 in. weld one side at top. band band 3/16" 3/4" see above For depth 2-1/2 in. or greater, weld one side at top, opposite side at bottom; or weld exceeding one-half depth on one side only. welding detail Banding heavy-duty metal bar gratings at panel ends and cut-outs improves durability while enhancing appearance. By increasing transverse stiffness, banding distributes and absorbs impact at the primary point of contact. Where light vehicular traffic flow is parallel to the bearing bars, standard banding is sufficient. For heavy, high speed or multi-directional traffic, load carrying banding shall be designed for the effects of impact and fatigue. Structural support shall be provided for all cut-outs accessible to vehicular traffic. Recommended Bearing A 1" minimum bearing surface shall be provided for bearing bar depths up to 2-1/4", and 2" minimum bearing surface shall be provided for depths of 2-1/2" and over at each end of span. 19

20 Ordering A Laurel Steel Heavy-Duty Steel Grating In order to obtain a quotation or place an order for Laurel Steel HD grating, it is necessary to provide information for each of the categories listed below. Please refer to pages 4 and 5 for explanation. Bearing bar: Size, material, spacing, surface Cross bar: Either 2" or 4" spacing. Please specify standard, round, or rectangular; specify surface if rectangular. Finish: Common grating finishes are mill finish (as fabricated), shop-applied black paint, and hot dip galvanized coating. Please contact Laurel Steel to request any special coating requirements. Area: to be covered with grating Span: direction of bearing bars Banding Requirements Call or fax your inquiry to our sales department, or you can submit an inquiry by contacting our website ( The sketch shown here also appears on our website, with drop-down menus to make it easy to submit an inquiry or order. Sample Specification: Grating shall be Laurel Steel Heavy-Duty Type 22W4, with 3 x 3/8" bearing bars spaced 1-3/8" c/c, and 1/2" diameter cross bar spaced 4" c/c. All material shall be ASTM A-36. All bearing bar/cross bar intersections shall be plug-welded. The ends of all grating panels shall be trim banded. Sufficient grating shall be supplied to cover an area 36'-0" wide x 3-8" span. The Laurel Steel Heavy-Duty Grating can support the AASHTO H-20 design truck on the specified span. Grating shall be hot-dipped galvanized after fabrication, in accordance with ASTM A-123. Grating shall be supplied in conformance with Standard Specifications and Code of Practice as provided for in National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM) Heavy- Duty Metal Bar Grating Manual MMBG SERRATED RECTANGULAR CROSS BAR SERRATED BEARING BAR SPAN CROSS BAR SPACING SMOOTH BEARING BAR BEARING BAR SPACING SPECIFY BEARING BAR HEIGHT & THICKNESS SPECIFY HEIGHT & THICKNESS OF RECTANGULAR CROSS BAR SMOOTH RECTANGULAR CROSS BAR WIDTH SPECIFY Ø OF ROUND CROSS BAR BAND BAR (OPTIONAL) 20

21 Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) and Close Mesh Grating The federal Americans with Disability Act (ADA) requires that any grating installed in a walking area used as an egress to and from a building, or in an area inside a building that is a public passageway, must have a maximum clear opening between bearing bars of 1/2". Laurel Steel has standard assembly fixtures that enable it to comply with this 1/2" opening requirement: In addition to complying with ADA requirements, these heavy-duty designs have the added benefit of being able to support highway wheel loads, where a grating installation may experience an occasional truck. A load chart giving maximum span capabilities for H-20 wheel loads is given below, showing examples of each design: Type 12W4 Grating with 1/4" thick Bearing Bars; and Type 14W4 Grating with 3/8" thick Bearing Bars 14W4 or 14W2 12W4 or 12W2 Bar Size Weight #SF Section Modulus Per foot width Max. H-20 Span Bar Size Weight #/SF Section Modulus Per foot width Max. H-20 Span 1 x 3/8" '-4" 1 x 14" '2" 1-1/4 x 3/8" '-7" 1-1/4 x 1/4" '5" 1-1/2 x 3/8" '-11" 1-1/2 x 1/4" '-8" 1-3/4 x 3/8" '-4" 1-3/4 x 1/4" '-0" 2 x 3/8" '-9" 2 x 1/4" '-4" 2-1/4 x 3/8" '-4" 2-1/4 x 1/4" '-9" 2-/1/2 x 3/8" '-11"* 2-1/2 x 1/4" '-2" 3 x 3/8" '-0"* 3 x 1/4" '-3" Weights are approximate and can vary depending on panel width, type of cross bar, and mill and fabrication tolerances. Weights shown are for 4" cross bar centers. Section Modulus based on bars/foot of width (14W) and 16.0 bars/foot of width (12W). *Span limited by deflection (L/400 maximum). For serrated grating design, increase bearing bar depth to next deeper size shown in chart. Close Mesh Laurel Steel also fabricates grating with a 1/4" opening, which is ideally suited for high volume pedestrian traffic areas, and where it is necessary to ensure that high heeled shoes don't get caught in the grating bars. Again, Laurel Steel has standard assembly fixtures either a Type 7W grating with 3/16" thick bearing bars, or a Type 8W grating with 1/4" bars to satisfy these exacting requirements. 21

22 Special Fabrications Laurel Steel welcomes the opportunity to utilize its basic metalworking equipment, fabrication experience and certified welders to fabricate one-of-a-kind hopper covers, grizzlies or egg crates that are specially designed for use in a variety of heavy industries. Egg Crates Egg crates are constructed using equal size bearing bars and cross bars. A notch is punched into the top half of the bearing bar; a similar notch is punched into the bottom half of the cross bar. When assembled and welded (generally using a full depth fillet weld in opposite corner of the bb/cb joint), a grating with equal strength in both directions is produced. Due to equipment restrictions, not all bar sizes can be used to construct an egg crate. Please contact Laurel Steel with specific requirements. Grizzlies There are practically no restrictions on what bar sizes can be used to construct a grating commonly referred to as a grizzly. Grizzlies use solid bearing bars (no notching); cross bars are essentially spacer blocks welded at 90 degrees to the bearing bars. These weldments generally require wide spaces between bars. Hence, extremely heavy bar sizes (up to 12" x 1", for example) are typically used, and bb/cb joints are generally welded in all four corners. Supplementary Bar Grating Laurel Steel offers a special fabrication that combines heavy and light bearing bars to produce a product with unique capabilities. Deep heavy-duty bars provide the strength to support vehicle loads; these deeper bars are alternated with lighter, shallower bars that serve to reduce the grating s clear opening. This is an extremely economical solution for certain demanding applications. Call for additional details. 4" 11/16" 22

23 Roadway Inlets and Frames The design versatility and short fabrication response inherent in hand made Laurel Steel Heavy-Duty Grating is perfectly suited for the roadway inlet grating market. Heavy and Highway contractors have come to rely on Laurel Steel for a wide variety of both grating and related fabricated steel items. Laurel utilizes robotic technology to maintain its competitive edge in inlet grates. Precise, high capacity presses, automated feed lines and robotic welding capabilities combine to provide our customers with consistent, reliable quality at the lowest possible price. In its home state, Pennsylvania, Laurel Steel is approved to supply all SECTION 605.2(a) and fabricated steel roadway items, as shown in the following list, and has been a reliable vendor to that industry since Laurel Steel typically stocks many of these items for immediate shipment. H-25 Straight Grate 2 x 4 H-25 Bicycle Safe Grate 2 x 4 Steel Vane Grates Structural Steel Grade Adjustment Ring Cast In Place Light Angle M Frame Precast Light Angle M and C Frames Light Angle DH Frame DH Grates H-25 Straight Grate 2 x 6 H Grate and Frame Advanced robotic welding technology is perfectly suited for standard roadway inlet grates. 23

24 Roadway Inlets and Frames In addition to Pennsylvania, Laurel Steel also supplies standard state-approved items to Maryland, Virginia and New York. We welcome the opportunity to develop partnerships with distributors and users looking for reliable suppliers. Let us provide pricing based on your drawing and specifications. Laurel Steel also supplies products to the precast industry used in a wide variety of commercial applications. With an array of grating fixtures available, Laurel Steel can design and supply custom products for use in precast drainage boxes and troughs. Let our Sales Department recommend an inlet or trench grating that enhances the value of the products that you sell. 2 x 2 Frame/Grate: Consistent quality, ready availability makes Laurel Steel ideal partners with concrete precasters. Straight/Vane Grates: Contractors rely on Laurel Steel for a variety of inlet designs. Structural frames complement inlet grating line. 24

25 Walkway Grating In addition to manufacturing heavy-duty steel bar grating, Laurel Steel stocks and fabricates all of the common styles and sizes of standard walkway grating. Walkway grating is a workhorse product with widespread application, and has been a stalwart performer of long standing in practically all kinds of commercial and industrial settings. It has found countless applications in catwalks, platforms and mezzanines. Walkway grating is machine manufactured by the electro-forge process, where cross bars are welded to bearing bars through the simultaneous application of an electric current and hydraulic pressure. It is designed to support pedestrian and light static loads. Walkway grating designations are the same as those used for Heavy-Duty Grating, and like heavy-duty grating, can be supplied either smooth or serrated. Bar sizes are much lighter than heavy-duty grating, ranging from 3/4 x 1/8 to 2-1/2 x 3/16, and design is based on application of uniform and concentrated loads. Maximum safe spans are shown in the accompanying tables. Laurel Steel keeps a large inventory of the most commonly used walkway grating sizes, both plain and serrated. Stock panels come in standard widths of 24" or 36", and in lengths of 20' or 24'. A significant application for walkway grating is stair treads; NAAMM standards prescribe end plates for bolting to stringers, and a variety of nosings, all of which are available from Laurel Steel. Laurel Steel stair treads are shown on pages 34 and

26 Walkway Grating Standard Panel Widths Number of Bearing Bars 11W4 15W4 and 15W2 19W4 and 19W2 Weight Chart (in pounds/square foot) with 3/16" BB s 3/16" bars 1/8" bars 3/16" bars 1/8" bars 2 7/ / / / /16 4 7/ /8 6 1/8 6 1/ /16 7 5/16 7 1/ /4 7 5/6 8 1/2 8 7/ / /16 7 5/8 9 11/16 9 5/ /8 8 5/8 8 9/ / / /16 9 9/16 9 1/2 12 1/ /4 10 1/2 10 7/ /4 13 3/ / / /8 14 7/ / /8 12 3/8 12 5/ /8 15 9/ / / / / / /2 14 1/4 14 3/ / / / /8 19 3/ / /8 16 1/8 16 1/ /8 20 5/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / /8 19 7/ / /8 26 1/ / / /4 26 5/ / / / /2 27 7/ / / / / / /8 23 5/8 23 9/ / / / / /2 31 1/ /4 25 1/2 25 7/ /4 32 3/ / / /8 33 7/ / /8 27 3/8 27 5/ /8 34 9/ / / / / / /2 29 1/4 29 3/ / / / /8 31 1/8 31 1/ / / / / / / / / / /4 Bearing Bars Cross Bars Type 11W4 Type 19W4 Type 19W2 Type 15W4 Type 15W2 3/4 x 1/8 1/4 N/A /4 x 3/16 1/ x 1/8 1/ x 3/16 1/ /4 x 1/8 1/ /4 x 3/16 1/ /2 x 1/8 1/ /2 x 3/16 5/ /4 x 3/16 5/ x 3/16 5/ /4 x 3/16 5/ /2 x 3/16 5/

27 Load Table for Steel Walkway Grating Type 19-W Bearing Bar Size (in.) Nominal Wt. (lbs.) Recom. Max. Span (in.) for 1/4" deflection under 100lb. Uniform Load 3/4 x 1/8" 42 U # Dc C Dc /4 x 3/16 46 U # Du C Dc " 66" 72" 1 x 1/8 51 U # Du C Dc x 3/16 57 U # Du C Dc " 84" 1-1/4 x 1/8 61 U # Du C Dc /4 x 3/16 67 U # Du C Dc " 96" 102" 108" 1-1/2 x 1/8 70 U # Du C Dc /2 x 3/16 77 U # Du C Dc /4 x 3/16 87 U # Du C Dc x 3/16 96 U # Du C Dc /4 x 3/ U # Du C Dc /2 x 3/ U # Du C Dc To obtain equivalent load for 15W grating, multiply by To obtain equivalent load for 11W grating, multiply by " 30" 36" 42" 48" 54" Span in Inches 27

28 Load Table for Welded Stainless Steel Walkway Grating Type 19-W Bearing Bar Size (in.) Nominal Wt. (lbs.) Recom. Max. Span (in.) for 1/4" deflection under 100lb. Uniform Load 3/4 x 1/8" 41 U # Dc C Dc /4 x 3/16" 46 U # Du C Dc " 66" 72" 1 x 1/8" 51 U # Du C Dc x 3/16" 56 U # Du C Dc " 84" 1-1/4 x 1/8" 60 U # Du C Dc /4 x 3/16" 67 U # Du C Dc " 96" 102" 108" 1-1/2 x 1/8" 69 U # Du C Dc /2 x 3/16" 77 U # Du C Dc /4 x 3/16" 86 U # Du C Dc x 3/16" 95 U # Du C Dc /4 x 3/16" 104 U # Du C Dc /2 x 3/16" 112 U # Du C Dc To obtain equivalent load for 15W grating, multiply by To obtain equivalent load for 11W grating, multiply by " 30" 36" 42" 48" 54" Span in Inches 28

29 Bearing Bar Size (in.) Nominal Wt. (lbs.) Recom. Max. Span (in.) for 1/4" deflection under 100lb. Uniform Load To obtain equivalent load for 15W grating, multiply by To obtain equivalent load for 11W grating, multiply by " 30" 36" 42" 48" 54" Load Tables for Aluminum Walkway Grating 19-P Span in Inches 1 x 1/8" 39 U # Dc C Dc x 3/16" 44 U or 1" I-bar Du # C Dc " 66" 72" 1 x 1/4" 47 U # Du C Dc /4 x 1/8" 47 U # Du C Dc " 84" 1-1/4 x 3/16" 52 U or 1-1/4" I-bar Du # C Dc /4 x 1/4" 55 U # Du C Dc " 96" 102" 108" 1-1/2 x 1/8" 53 U # Du C Dc /2 x 3/16" 59 U or 1-1/2 I-bar Du # C Dc /2 x 1/4" 64 U # Du C Dc /4 x 3/16" 66 U or 1-3/4" I-bar Du # C Dc /4 x 1/4" 71 U # Du C Dc x 3/16" 73 U or 2" I-bar Du # C Dc x 1/4" 79 U # Du C Dc /4 x 3/16" 80 U or 2-1/4" I-bar Du # C Dc /4 x 1/4" 86 U # Du C Dc /2 x 3/16 87 U or 2-1/2" I-bar Du # C Dc /2 x 1/4" 93 U # Du C Dc

30 Walkway Grating Manufacturing Tolerances All dimensions given are maximum permissible tolerances. 1/8 WIDTH (W) overall ± 1/4" 12 o.c. ± 1/32" 1/8" 1/8" Cross bar shall not vary more than 1/8 in 12 in either direction from perpendicular alignment with bearing bars. SPAN ± 1/4" D D1=D = 1/4" D and D' are overall diagonal dimensions 1/16" cross bars bearing bars ±1/4" o-c end cross bars in 5'0" length cross bar alignment and spacing cross bar location W1 ± W = 1/4" W and W' are overall lengths of cross bars at opposite ends of panel. 1/8" per foot of width bearing bars overall dimensions and squareness 1/8" per foot of width transverse bow (before fastening to supports) bearing bar lean /4 1/200 of span bearing bars cross bar lean /2 longitudinal bow Stair Tread Tolerances WIDTH ± 1/8" carrier plate lean 1/2 12 LENGTH = 0" 1/8" 1/16" ± 1/16" overall dimensions NOTE: Length of tread is distance between outer faces of carrier plates or back-to-back of carrier angles. 30 carrier angle overrun

31 Walkway Grating Standard Installation Clearances SPAN (direction of bearing bars) panel span panel span 1/4" 1/4" panel width 1/4" bearing bars 1/4" bearing bars panel width 1/4" clearance between ends of cross bars on rectangular grating. bearing bars bearing bars 3/8" * * bearing bars bearing bars Clearances shown are recommended, but vary in accordance with dimensional tolerances shown on page 30. Cutouts for circular obstructions are recommended to be at least 2 in. larger in diameter than the obstruction. It is further recommended that cutouts for all piping 4 in. or less in diameter be made in the field. min. clearance equal to support angle thickness bearing bars 1/2" bearing bars *This dimension varies due to bearing bar spacing but will not exceed bearing bar spacing. As shown in the drawing at left, all rectangular cutouts are made to the next bearing bar beyond the penetration with a clearance not to exceed bearing bar spacing. specified cutout 4" x 6" actual cutout 5 3/4" x 6" bearing bar spacing-1 3/16" 31

32 Walkway Grating Anchoring Details All gratings are to be firmly anchored to their supports by positive means. one weld in middle of panel at each intermediate support 3/16" 3/4" 1 Welded Anchorage (in field by others) Recommended for all permanently installed gratings. 3/16" 3/4" Welds at ends of bearing bar approximately 6 in. from each side of panel bearing bars 2 Saddle Clips Available in steel, stainless steel and aluminum (it is sometimes necessary to cut cross bars during installation for fastener clearance.) Clips are available from grating manufacturer. Other fastening accessories are available upon request Used for installations where grating is subject to removal. Will be in same location as welds in 1 unless otherwise specified. Fasteners are 1/4 in. diameter. 3 Weld Lugs shop welded to bearing bars must be specified when ordering Used for installations where grating is subject to removal. Will be in same location as welds in 1 unless otherwise specified. Fasteners are 1/4 in. diameter. Lugs are available from grating manufacturer. Bolts and other fastening accessories are available upon request. 4 Other Types Other types of anchors which have been appropriately tested and have demonstrated satisfactory performance may be used also. Included in other types are top-mounting mechanical friction anchors which can be installed without requiring access to the underside of the grating and which eliminate field welding and/or drilling. These anchors are removable and may be used where gratings are subject to frequent removal. 32

33 Walkway Grating Welding Standards The welding standards shown here apply to those gratings and treads having a clear opening of not less than 5/8 in. between bearing bars and those galvanized as per Specifications, page 23. See NAAMM STANDARD MBG 533 Welding Specifications for Fabrication of Steel, Aluminum and Stainless Steel Bar Grating for welding specifications and certification of welders. Toe Plates depth of toe plate to be in multiples of 1/2 in. with a maximum of a + d and a minimum of 4 in. recommended for a dimension. toe plate a 1/8" 1-12 at each bearing bar for load-carrying toe plates 5" = o.c. for toe plate t 3/4" 1/8" 3/4" toe plate d bearing bars bearing bars t = bearing bar thickness d = bearing bar depth Banding t d 1/4" at each bearing bar for load-carrying band 1/8" 3/4" 5" = o.c. for trim bands and trench gratings band bearing bars band bearing bars standard trim band load banding (must be specified) Stair Treads 1/8" 1/8" carrier plate carrier angle 1/8" 1/8" 5" 1/8" 1/8" 1/8" 1" at mid-span* 1/8" 1" at mid-span* When carrier plates are used, the bearing bars in the front five inches plus the nosing shall be welded to the carrier plate as shown. On treads over 9-3/4 in. wide, weld end of center bar also. *Treads spanning 4 ft. or more shall have two welds, located at the third points. 33

34 Walkway Grating Laurel Steel Stair Treads Laurel Steel stair treads fabricated from electro-forged steel walkway grating can be supplied with either steel checkered plate nosing, or a cast aluminum abrasive nosing. If steel treads are to be galvanized, the aluminum nosing is bolted to the tread after hot dip galvanizing. All aluminum treads receive a corrugated nosing. The dimensions and details shown on the following pages apply to all Laurel Steel treads. Checker Plate Nosing (Steel) Cast Aluminum Abrasive Nosing Corrugated Nosing (Aluminum only) 34

35 B Tread Dimensions and Recommended Details Walkway Grating tread width nosing 7/16" holes in stringer 1 1/8" A 7/16" slot carrier plate 7/16" hole 2-1/2" x 1/8" minimum tread with carrier plate detail TREAD with carrier angles available. Consult Laurel Steel for details. Dimension A in tread with carrier plate detail. (inches) Nominal Tread Width (approximate)** Bearing Bar Centers 1 3/16 15/16 Dimension A top of platform or finished floor RUN tread WIDTH 1/2" (min) NOTE: Tread width should always be greater than tread run by 1/2 in. minimum. Dimension B in tread with carrier plate detail. (inches) RISE RISE 6 1/ /2 7 1/ /2 8 1/ /2 9 3/ / /4 7 **Consult manufacturer for exact dimension. Grating Depth Dimension B 3/4 to 1-1/4 1-3/4 1-1/2 and up 2-1/4 aluminum is usually 2-1/4 regardless of depth Recommended Bearing Bar Sizes Steel Treads Bearing Bar Size inch Maximum Tread 1 3/16 15/16 o.c. Plain Serrated Plain Serrated 3/4 x 3/16 2' - 4" 2' - 8" 1 x 3/16 3' - 5" 2' - 10" 4' - 0" 3' - 4" 1 1/4 x 3/16 4' - 8" 4' - 2" 5' - 1" 4' - 6" 1 1/2 x 3/16 5'- 6" 5' - 3" 5' - 6" 5' - 6" NOTE: When tread length exceeds 5' - 6", design tread for 300 lb.concentrated loads at one-third points. Aluminum Treads Rectangular Bars Bearing Bar Size inch Maximum Tread 1 3/16 15/16 o.c. Plain Serrated Plain Serrated 1 x 3/16 2' - 4" 2' - 6" 1 1/4 x 3/16 2' - 10" 2' - 7" 3' - 1" 2' - 9" 1 1/2 x 3/16 3' - 6" 3' - 2" 3' - 10" 3' - 6" 1 3/4 x 3/16 4' - 3" 3' - 10" 4' - 8" 4' - 3" *Maximum tread length based on 300 lb.concentrated load on front 5 in. of tread at center of tread length and deflection limitation of 1/240 of length. For maximum length under other loadings, consult the manufacturer. I Bars Bearing Bar Size inch Maximum Tread 1 3/16 15/16 o.c. 1 I 2' - 4" 2' - 6" 1 1/4 I 2' - 10" 3' - 1" 1 1/2 I 3' - 6" 3' - 10" 1 3/4 I 4' - 3" 4' - 8" 35

36 Expanded Metal Complementing Laurel Steel s Heavy-Duty and Walkway Grating product offerings is Expanded Metal. Used extensively in industrial settings to enclose machinery and protect personnel, it is also an extremely lightweight option for supporting certain pedestrian and light machinery loads. Its familiar diamond-shaped pattern is also used in situations requiring a decorative appearance. Expanded metal is made from a process that begins with a solid plate, which is then slit by a series of dies to create diamond patterns of varying configurations. The resulting product is lightweight and easy to fabricate on-site. Laurel Steel stocks all of the common patterns and sheet sizes for immediate delivery. The Design Tables on pages 37 to 40 describe the available patterns, sizes, materials and sheet sizes typically stocked. Call for availability. terminology SWO Strand Width Long Way of Design LWD LWO shearing tolerances Random Sheared SWD Short Way of Design Strand Thickness STYLE DIMENSION - Nominal dimension Short Way of Design (SWD) DESIGN SIZE - Actual dimension SWD and LWD. Measured from a point to a corresponding point on the following design. SWO- Short Way of Opening. LWO - Long Way of Opening. STRANDS - The sides of design. STRAND THICKNESS - Gauge thickness of metal expanded. STRAND WIDTH - Amount of metal fed under dies to produce one strand. BOND - Where two strands intersect. Eliminate sprongs or jagged edges. TOLERANCE - Minus 0 plus 1/2 the design size, either SWD or LWD. Bonds Bonds Sheared RANDOM - This type of shearing leaves prongs or jagged edges. TOLERANCE ± 1/4" GRATING: ± 1/4" 36

37 Expanded Metal Stainless #304 and #316 1/2-1-1/2" Diamond Style Pounds per 100 SF Standard Sheet Size (feet) Design Size (Inches) Opening Size (Inches) Strand Size (Inches) Overall Thickness (Inches) Number of Designs per foot (%) Open Area standard* Plain Width Length SWD LWD SWD LWD SWO LWO Width Thickness SWD LWD 1/2" - # /2" - # /2" - # /4" - # /4 - # /4 - # /4" - # 9 (10 ga.) /2" - # /2" - # /2" - # 9 (10 ga.) *Above material conforms to Military Specifications MIL-S-46044A (MR) Type I. flattened** 1/2" - # /2" - # /2" - # /4" - # /4 - # /4 - # /4" - # 9 (10 ga.) /2" - # /2" - # /2" - # 9 (10 ga.) **Above material conforms to Military Specifications MIL-S-46044A (MR) Type II. Aluminum 5005 H-34 1/2-1-1/2" Diamond Style Pounds per 100 SF Standard Sheet Size (feet) Design Size (Inches) Opening Size (Inches) Strand Size (Inches) Overall Thickness (Inches) Number of Designs per foot (%) Open Area Plain Width Length SWD LWD SWD LWD SWO LWO Width Thickness SWD LWD standard* 1/2" /2" /4" /4" (Lt.) /4" (Hvy.) /4" /2" /2" *Above material conforms to Military Specifications MIL-M-17999B Class I. Weights, gauges, dimensions and sizes are subject to mill tolerances. flattened** 1/2" /2" /4" /4" (Lt.) /4" (Hvy.) /4" /2" /2" **Above material conforms to Military Specifications MIL-M-17999B Class II. Weights, gauges, dimensions and sizes are subject to mill tolerances. 37

38 Expanded Metal Standard Carbon Steel Style Pounds per 100 SF Standard Sheet Size (feet) Design Size (Inches) Opening Size (Inches) Strand Size (Inches) Overall Thickness (Inches) Number of Designs per foot (%) Open Area Plain Galv. Width Length SWD LWD 1/4" - # /4" - # /2" - # /2" - # & 6 8 & /2" - # & 6 8 & /2" - # & 6 8 & /4" - # & 6 8 & /4" - # & 6 8 & /4" - # 10 (13 ga.) & 6 8 & /4" - # 9 (10 ga.) & 6 8 & " - # /2" - # /2" - # /2" - # & 6 8 & /2" - # 10 (13 ga.) & 6 8 & /2" - # 9 (10 ga.) & 6 8 & /2" - # 6 (6 ga.) & 6 8 & " - # 10 (13 ga.) " - # 9 (10 ga.) Above material conforms to Military Specification MIL-M-17194C Type I Class I SWD LWD SWO LWO Width Thickness SWD LWD 1/4" #18 Std. Mesh 1 1/2" #9 Std. Mesh 1/2 # 16 Std. Mesh 3/4" #13 Std. Mesh 38

39 Expanded Metal Flattened Carbon Steel Style Pounds per 100 SF Standard Sheet Size (feet) Design Size (Inches) Opening Size (Inches) Strand Size (Inches) Overall Thickness (Inches) Number of Designs per foot (%) Open Area Plain Galv. Width SWD Length LWD SWD LWD SWO LWO Width Thickness SWD LWD 1/4" - # & /4" - # & /2" - # & /2" - # & 6 8 & /2" - # & 6 8 & /2" - # & 6 8 & /4" - # & 6 8 & /4" - # & 6 8 & /4 - # & 6 8, 10 & /4" - #10 (13 ga.) /4" - #9 (10 ga.) & 6 8, 10 & " - # & /2" - # & /2" - # & /2" - # & 6 8 & /2" - #9 (10 ga.) & 6 8, 10 & Above material conforms to Military Specification MIL-M-17194C Type II Class I 1/4" #18 Flat Mesh 3/4" #13 Flat Mesh 1/2" #16 Flat Mesh 1-1/2" #9 Flat Mesh 39

40 Expanded Grating Data Carbon Steel Expanded Grating Size Pounds per SF Plain Galv. Wt. Standard Sheet Size (feet) Width Length SWD LWD Design Size (Inches) SWD LWD Opening Size (Inches) SWO LWO Width Thickness Overall Thickness (Inches) 3.0 lbs & 6 8, 10 & lbs , 5, & 6 8 & lbs , 5, & 6 8 & lbs & 6 8 & lbs , 5, & 6 8 & lbs & 6 8 & lbs Above material meets all requirements of Military Specifications MIL-M 17194C (Metals, Expanded, Steel) and MIL-G (Ships) Gratings, Metals, other than Bar Type) and the deflection requirements of Federal Specification RR-G-661-B. SWD LWD (%) Open Area Carbon Steel Flattened Grating Standard Sheet Size (feet) Width Length Overall Thickness (Inches) Size Pounds per SF Design Size (Inches) Opening Size (Inches) Width Plain Galv. Wt. SWD LWD SWD LWD SWO LWO Thickness SWD LWD 2.8 lbs lbs lbs lbs (%) Open Area Carbon Steel Catwalk Grating Grating Selection Chart (Carbon Steel) Expanded metal grating produced in 10' sections the short way diamond, by 24", 30" and 36" long way of diamond. The advantages of catwalk grating are: reduced installation costs, ease of fabrication and field handling, unit economy and maintenance costs. Style Lbs./ Sq. Ft. 10' x 2' 10' x 2'6" 10'3' lbs. 63 lbs. 75 lbs. 79 lbs. 90 lbs. 94 lbs lbs. 100 lbs. 120 lbs lbs. 107 lbs. 128 lbs lbs. 125 lbs. 150 lbs. Weights, Gauges, Dimensions and Sizes listed above are subject to mill tolerances. SWD 10' 2', 2'6", or 3' LWD Concentrated Load (Lbs. Per Foot of Length of Catwalk or Platform) Clear Span (Distance between supports, measured from the inside edge of one support to the inside edge of the next support) 23" 30" 35" 42" 47" 54" 60" 50 lbs Light or Occasional Pedestrian Traffic 100 lbs Normal or Frequent Pedestrian Traffic 150 lbs Heavy or Constant Pedestrian Traffic 200 lbs Pedestrian Traffic with Light Equipment 250 lbs lbs lbs The concentrated load deflections for the above selection chart do not exceed the 1/4" maximum deflection as stated by Federal Specification RR-G-661b and the generally accepted recommendation for normal pedestrian comfort. Expanded metal inventory 40

41 Glossary AASHTO: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials BAND BAR: Bar welded perpendicular to ends of grating bearing bars or along the line of a cutout, that extends neither above nor below the bearing bars. Band bars can be used for cosmetic reasons, to protect ends of bearing bars from impact or to enhance load distribution properties of grating. Trim Banding: A condition in which a band bar is welded to ends of bearing bars of a grating panel at about 5 centers; used primarily to improve appearance and stability. Load Banding: A condition in which a band bar is welded to every bearing bar of a grating panel; load bands transfer load between bearing bars. BEARING BAR: Primary load-carrying component of grating; bearing bars always run in the direction of the grating span. EAR OPENING: The distance between the faces of adjacent bearing bars of a grating. CROSS BAR: Grating component oriented perpendicular to bearing bars that rigidly hold bearing bars at proper spacing. CUTOUT: An area of grating removed to clear an obstruction, or to permit pipes, ducts, columns to pass through the grating. GRATING SPAN: The direction of the grating bearing bars. Often referred to as grating length. Effective Clear Span: The distance between points of grating support, as defined in a variety of support conditions. (See sketches on page 17) GRATING WIDTH: The overall dimension of a grating panel measured perpendicular to the bearing bars. NAAMM: National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers NOSING: A component applied to front edge of stair tread or to a grating platform at the top of a stair, for visual safety and to sustain edge loads. PLATE LUG: A fastening device (shop welded into grating panels) that allows grating to be bolted to supports; used when removable grating is desirable. SADDLE IP: A fastening device (supplied loose) that allows grating to be bolted to supports; used when removable grating is desirable. SERRATED GRATING: Grating that has the top surface of the bearing bars or cross bars (or both) notched or scalloped to improve the skid resistance of the grating. ELECTROFORGED GRATING: Grating in which bearing bars and cross bars are joined at their intersections by an automated, resistance weld. 41

42 Code of Standard Practice The NAAMM Heavy-Duty Metal Bar Grating Manual (MGB ) contains a complete Code of Practice. Excerpts from that manual are reproduced below and represent generally accepted practice in the metal bar grating industry. Drawings and Specifications The buyer shall be expected to furnish to the seller a set of construction drawings and specifications of current issue showing the layout of supports and floor openings correctly dimensioned, together with the sizes and types of grating required. Limits of Responsibility: In the absence of written notice to the contrary, the buyer s construction plans and specifications shall be assumed by the seller to be correct in all details, and the seller s responsibility shall be limited to furnishing the products in accord with these documents. Information to be provided: If drawings and specifications are not available, buyer shall provide the following: Description of grating, using standard nomenclature Plain or serrated surface Area to be covered with grating Type of anchorage Span (direction of bearing bars) Finish Method of support Shipping instructions All critical dimensions Approval Drawings: If requested by the buyer, seller shall submit drawings for approval. Buyer shall return drawings marked with his approval or desired changes. Any additional work not contemplated by the contract may result in additional negotiations between buyer and seller to reach agreement on the cost of the changes. After all necessary changes are made, the drawings shall be re-submitted to the buyer for final approval. The seller shall not proceed with any shop work until drawings are finally approved. (Note: All Laurel Steel drawings are completed using the latest CADD technology; drawings can be ed to minimize the time needed for the drawing approval process.) Quantity Measurements Quantity measurements for gratings ordered to specific dimensions, without drawings, shall be based on width times span of each panel, with no deduction made for cutouts, unless allowances for cutouts have been negotiated. Final grating quantities supplied from drawings shall be on the basis of gross area measured center to center of supports, or back to back of supporting angles or channels, or overall dimensions of grating, whichever is larger, with no deductions for clearances. Allowances for cutouts will be determined as follows: Deductions in area for circular cutouts will only be allowed when the diameter of the cutout exceeds 3-6. The deductions allowance shall be equal to one half the square of the diameter of the cutout. Deductions in the area for cutouts other than circular shall be allowed only when the cutout area exceeds nine (9) square feet. No deductions shall be allowed for any triangular segment or corners of grating wasted in skew cuts. Measurements of cuts shall be on the basis of a minimum of one (1) lineal foot per cut per panel. Any cut in excess of one (1) lineal foot shall be measured to the next highest lineal foot. Measurement of banding, toe plates and nosing shall be on the same basis as that of cuts. Backcharges Buyer shall immediately notify seller upon discovery of unsatisfactory material; seller shall acknowledge complaint and initiate an investigation. Seller shall be given the opportunity to inspect product PRIOR TO ANY CORRECTIVE WORK BEING DONE. Seller is responsible for providing grating in accordance with approved drawings and specifications. Seller is NOT responsible for field changes not received and approved by seller prior to grating fabrication, improper fabrication and/or erection of supporting members. If the inspection and investigation confirm errors in seller s fabrication, the seller agrees to replace defective material at no charge to the buyer. 42

43

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