Carrier Stamps of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, During the 1851 Issue Period (Excerpt of Article for U.S. Classics Society Publication)

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1 Carrier Stamps of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, During the 1851 Issue Period (Excerpt of Article for U.S. Classics Society Publication) SCOTT R. TREPEL Copyright 2003

2 Excerpt on Carrier Stamps of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, During the 1851 Issue Period Philadelphia s Carrier Department stamps are the most diverse of all, even surpassing Charleston s. Table B presents the various issues in chronological order, which will assist readers in understanding how the stamps relate to each other and to the regular postage stamps of the same period. Figure 31. U.S.P.O. 1c Black on White 7LB13 carrier stamp used with 3c 1851 postmarked Feb. 16 (1852). The use of the Blue and Black lithographed stamps (7LB12-13) overlaps the Franklin and Eagle General Issue. The chart graphically depicts the significant transition from the small typeset stamps (7LB1-7LB9) to the Gold on Black lithographed stamp (7LB11) between January and March With the exception of a few covers with untied stamps, which may or may not belong, the typeset issues disappear from Philadelphia s landscape after January The Gold on Black 7LB11 stamp is found exclusively from March until October 1851, when both the Blue on White lithograph of the same design (7LB12) and the Franklin Carrier first appear, almost concurrently. The Eagle Carrier first appears on dated covers beginning January 3, For a period of nine months to a year, there are no fewer than four different carrier stamps being used in Philadelphia: the two General Issues (Franklin and Eagle) and the two Carrier Department Issues (Blue 7LB12 and Black 7LB13 see Figure 31). This four-stamp race is reduced to a two-stamp race as the Franklin Carrier and Blue 7LB12 fade out of use by the last quarter of The latest recorded date for the Black 7LB13 is January 17, Beginning in 1853 the Eagle Carrier is the only adhesive carrier stamp used, together with stampless markings applied to indicate prepayment. Use of the Eagle Carrier seems to have dropped significantly by the first quarter of At about the same time, dated covers and pieces appear with examples of adhesives and prepaid envelopes made from the two different U.S.P.O. Despatch/Pre-Paid/One-Cent oval handstamps. The Philadelphia handstamped adhesives (7LB14, 7LB16, 7LB18) are extremely rare and present some unusual patterns of use. [Note: the untied 7LB18 cover dated August 7, 1852, ex Caspary and Middendorf, precedes the cluster of 1856 usages by approximately four years, with no other examples closing the gap; therefore, it is not considered to be a reliable dated usage.] Using the oval handstamps, Scott types C31 (Eagle at top) and C32 (large oval), the carrier department created adhesives by making impressions on brown gummed paper (in blue ink) and on the margins of 1c 1851 sheets (in black ink). We can be certain that sheets from Plates 1 Late and Plate 2 were used, because the position of the imprint on at least two 7LB18 stamps matches Plate 1 Late, not Plate 2, and on one 7LB18 stamp, the distinctive marks of Position 10R2 are captured (see Figure 34). The earliest known use of Plate 1 Late is June 5, The earliest known use of Plate 2 is December 5, 1855, which is significant, because it establishes the earliest possible date for the 7LB16/7LB18 stamps from Plate 2. The blue 7LB14 is probably an earlier issue. The 7LB16/7LB18 stamps on Plate 1 Late sheet margins could be earlier than 1856, but that is unlikely for reasons soon to be explained. The handstamped adhesives are listed in the Scott Catalogue as follows: Scott Oval Type Color Paper Shown As 7LB14 Type C31 Eagle on Oval Blue Brown Gummed Craft Paper Figure 32 7LB16 Type C31 Eagle on Oval Black 1c 1851 selvage Figure 33, 36 7LB18 Type C32 Large Oval Black 1c 1851 selvage Figures 34-35

3 TABLE B Carrier Stamp Usage in Philadelphia Earliest and latest dates are based on author s survey of auction records and are subject to revision. YEAR: HALF-YEAR: 1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H Scott Type/Number: Typeset LS Rose 7LB4 3/13/49-1/28/50 Typeset Vermilion 7LB8 4/19/49-12/10/50 Typeset Yellow 7LB9 5/4/49-4/20/50 Typeset H Rose 7LB3 5/4/49?-6/4/50 Typeset Rose 7LB6 5/14/49-1/25/50 Typeset S 7LB2 6/6/49-6/16/49 Typeset LP 7LB1 10/27/49-11/2/50 Typeset Blue 7LB7 5/3/50-1/13/51 Typeset JJ 7LB5 6/17/50-8/28/50 Litho Gold/Blk 7LB11 3/30/51-2/28/52 Litho Blue 7LB12 10/21/51-10/22/52 Franklin LO1 10/28/51-12/6/52 1/3/52-3/12/57 Eagle LO2 Litho Black 7LB13 2/16/52-1/17/53 HS C31 Blue/Buff 7LB14 Early 1856 HS C31 Blk/1c LB16 Early 1856 HS C32 Blk/1c LB18 Early 1856

4 Figure 33. 7LB16. Figure 34. 7LB18 showing guide dots of Pos. 10R2. Figure 32. 7LB14 (in blue). Figure 35. 7LB18 with Pl. 2 strip showing crack. Figure 36. 7LB16 used with 10c 1855 to San Francisco. Figure Examples of the C31 (Eagle on top) and C32 (larger) oval handstamps used to make Philadelphia Carrier Department adhesives (7LB14, 7LB16 and 7LB18) from the gummed margins of 1c 1851 sheets. The cover in Figure 36 is the only recorded trans-continental cover with a 7LB16/7LB18 carrier stamp (dated Aug. 16, 1856). There is a coincidence of four circumstances in Philadelphia s carrier system in 1856: 1) the diminished use of the Eagle Carrier; 2) the inventive use of the C31/C32 handstamps to make adhesives; 3) the sudden appearance of covers with the 1c 1851 used pay the carrier fee, which prior to mid-1856 do not exist (see Figure 37); and 4) the consistent use of black ink for all markings and the use of the seven-bar grid or C32 oval handstamp to cancel the Eagle Carrier or 1c Another pattern of use relevant to the coincidences just described is the frequency of combinations of the 7LB16 and 7LB18 carrier stamps with the 1c 1851 Issue. Despite the fact that Philadelphia carrier covers with 1c 1851 s are extremely rare in any period, many of the extant pieces and covers with the 7LB16/7LB18 handstamped adhesives also have three of the 1c 1851 from Plate 1 Late or Plate 2 (some showing the large Plate 2 crack). Based on the statistics for Philadelphia carrier covers dated before 1856, the chance of having even one 7LB16/7LB18 used with a 1c 1851 should be very small. Yet the typical 7LB16/7LB18 combination is with the 1c 1851 Issue. How is this aberration explained?

5 Figure 37. The rare use of a 1c 1851 stamp to prepay the carrier fee in Philadelphia, June 13, Dated covers show that regular postage stamps were not used for the carrier fee until mid-1856, about the time the Eagle Carrier supply ran out. The author has a theory that ties all of these circumstances together. Its premise is that the supply of Eagle Carrier stamps in Philadelphia was sold out by mid-1856, which created the need for provisional means to provide for prepayment of the carrier fee. As the Eagle Carrier supply ran out, the Carrier Department obtained sheets of imperforate 1c 1851 stamps from the post office. However, using regular postage for carrier fees presented an accounting problem. The reader is reminded that the receipts of any carrier department were accounted separately from the main post office account. Also, General Issue carrier stamps were ordered from the printer at the cost of production, without any money going to the Post Office Department. Therefore, when a carrier stamp either a General Issue or Carrier Department Issue was sold to a customer, it represented the receipt of money that went to the carrier department, not to the post office. At a future date, when the carrier performed his service, the stamp was redeemed (or cancelled). If the Philadelphia Carrier Department were debited for stamps it requisitioned from the Philadelphia Post Office at one-cent each, the supply of stamps could not be sold at the same rate, because that exchange Figure 38. The C32 handstamped adhesive (7LB18) is only one-quarter complete. It is used with a strip of 1c 1851 stamps from Plate 2, postmarked Mar. 11 (1856). The fractional use and location of the carrier stamp suggest it was applied by the carrier to indicate prepayment received in coin.

6 would simply be a reimbursement of cost, not the prepayment of the carrier fee. The post office would have received payment for doing nothing. Likewise, if the stamps were supplied to the carrier department without any debit, then a problem arose if those same stamps, for which the post office received nothing, were used to prepay postage instead of the carrier fee. Therefore, how was it possible for the Philadelphia Carrier Department to sell regular postage stamps, which could be used either for prepayment of postage or the carrier fee, and ensure that the prepayment was credited to the appropriate entity. To this author s knowledge, no one has found documentation to show how this was done. There are a few possible explanations. The most feasible is that all receipts for regular postage stamps sold, including one-cent stamps sold by the Philadelphia Carrier Department (furnished free by the Post Office), went into the Post Office account. If the stamps were used as postage, then the money received was retained by the Post Office. However, if carrier service was performed, then the one-cent stamp was cancelled by the Carrier Department, and the Post Office paid the Carrier Department for its fees from postage receipts. This accounting policy would have required the following steps: 1) Record the number of stamps furnished to the Carrier Department (without charge); 2) Record the number of stamps sold to the public by the Carrier Department, with a corresponding remittance of receipts to the Post Office account; 3) Each carrier would tally the number of letters with a regular postage stamp paying the carrier fee; 4) Verification of the carriers counts in Step 3 by the Carrier Department; 5) Report to the Post Office the total number of prepaid letters in Step 3 based on each carrier s tally; 6) Based on Step 5, the Post Office would remit to the Carrier Department. Although this procedure sounds terribly complicated, and not a shred of documentation exists to support it, the author cannot think of a more practical means to account for carrier fees prepaid by regular postage stamps. It is possible that this method, which solves Philadelphia s predicament, may also have been in force at other cities carrier departments. It may also explain why carrier departments, such as Baltimore s, printed and issued their own stamps, rather than distribute regular postage stamps. The frequent coincidental use of the handstamped 7LB16/7LB18 stamps with the 1c 1851 Issue indicates a common source and suggests a temporary measure while the accounting system was sorted out. It is very likely that carriers and stores where drop boxes were located furnished both regular postage and carrier stamps. By handstamping the margins of 1c 1851 sheets with the Prepaid One-Cent oval, the Carrier Department created an effective and convenient gummed stamp. One can envision a store s customer or a resident on a carrier route paying for regular postage and carrier stamps at the same time. The patron would be offered what was available to the Carrier Department the 1c 1851 sheets and handstamped selvage and, consequently, the two issues would be used together. This scenario justifies the unusually high rate of 1c 1851 combinations among 7LB16/7LB18 examples. It also may explain the cover in Figure 36, which has a strip of 1c 1851 s from Plate 2 used with onequarter of the 7LB18 adhesive. The fraction of the carrier stamp is well-tied and genuine, but it cannot be a bisect, because 1c was the fee. While it is possible that the miscutting was accidental and the carrier accepted it without suspicion, the cut appears very precise. The author suggests that this fractional use may have been deliberate, but the stamp was applied by the carrier, not the sender. If the carrier received the letter along his route and was paid in coin, it would be convenient to mark the letter paid by affixing a stamp from his supply. If he were running low on stamps, cutting them into fractions would multiply the remaining supply, and as he was the one affixing the stamp, there was no concern about re-use of cancelled stamps.

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