Bridging the Information Gap Between Buffer and Flash Translation Layer for Flash Memory
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1 2011 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics Bridging the Information Gap Between Buffer and Flash Translation Layer for Flash Memory Xue-liang Liao Shi-min Hu Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
2 Outline Introduction Related Work Proposed Scheme Case Study: BAST & FAST FTL Evaluation Conclusion
3 Introduction (1/3) NAND flash memory is composed of multiple physical blocks Each block consists of a fixed number of physical pages Page is the read/write unit and cannot be rewritten unless erased (erase-before-write) Garbage Collection the performance of flash memory mainly depends on the garbage collection efficiency Erasing a block costs much more time than read/write a page
4 Introduction (2/3) To alleviate the erase-before-write drawback and improve the performance of flash memory Buffer Store data in RAM temporarily Reducing the read/write operations as well as erase operations to flash memory When buffer is full, buffer manager decides which data to be evicted Flash Translation Layer (FTL) Maintains the address translation information between logical and physical addresses When there is no free physical pages, FTL starts the garbage collection to clean some physical blocks
5 Introduction (3/3) information gap between Buffer and FTL independent Ex. Buffer manager will evicts page 5, 6, 7 soon but now, FTL select Block 1 to be erased B1 4 copy free 5 free 5 then, page 5,6,7 are evicted
6 Related Work (1/6) Buffer Replacement Policies CFLRU (Clean-First LRU) FAB (Flash-Aware Buffer management) REF (Recently-Evicted-First) Flash Translation Layer (FTL) BAST FTL FAST FTL
7 Related Work (2/6) Buffer Replacement Policies: CFLRU evicts all of the clean pages within a window in LRU fashion postpones the eviction of dirty pages
8 Related Work (3/6) Buffer Replacement Policies: FAB the block which has the largest number of pages in the buffer cache is the victim block. eviction order: B4, B3, B1, B0 evicts all the pages of a block at a time, it reduces the block merge cost. B4 B V.S When garbage collection, B4 needs 3 page copy, B4 only needs 1 page copy
9 Related Work (4/6) Buffer Replacement Policies: REF Victim Block Selection VB should be smaller than the number of log blocks REF selects the blocks to be included into VB using the victim window (VW) to prevent the recently-used pages from being evicted
10 BAST (Block Associative Sector Translation) FTL update requests on the pages p0 and p4 come B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 L0 L1 data block p0 p4 p8 p12 p16 p1 p5 p9 p13 p17 p2 p6 p10 p14 p18 p3 p7 p11 p15 p19 log block write sequence: p8, p12
11 FAST (Fully Associative Sector Translation) FTL update requests on the pages p1 and p5 come B0 B1 B2 B3 L0 L1 Seq data block p0 p4 p8 p12 p1 p5 p9 p13 p2 p6 p10 p14 p3 p7 p11 p15 log block write sequence: p8, p9, p13, p2
12 Proposed Scheme (1/7)
13 Proposed Scheme (2/7) Define a decision as a tuple: {O, o} O: the operation of the decision R (Replace), W (Write), or I (Initialize) o: the object of the decision replace decision: the buffer manager just replaces o write decision: the buffer manager flushes the data of o to FTL and replaces it, and the FTL updates the data to flash memory initialize decision: FTL initializes o by storing its data to a free physical block
14 Proposed Scheme (3/7) No uniform policy that each FTL can adopt to make decision Because of different replacement granularities & FTL techniques 4 basic rules Rule_1 clean replacement candidates, if exists, have the highest priority to be replaced by a replace decision Rule_2 Replacement candidates that do not need cleaning operation have higher priority than those who need Rule_3 If all the candidates need cleaning operation, an initialize decision is preferred Rule_4 If no optimization can be gotten, a write decision to the first candidate should be made changing the replacement policy of buffer manager as little as possible
15 Case Study: BAST FTL BAST_AR: if all the candidates need allocating a log block, the candidates which are the first pages of logical blocks are preferred
16 Case Study: BAST FTL
17 Case Study: FAST FTL FAST_AR1: if a replacement candidate is a sequential write to the SW log block, a write decision to the candidate has higher priority FAST_AR2: write decisions to the replacement candidates whose logical blocks have more valid pages in the current RW log block have higher priority
18 Case Study: FAST FTL
19 Evaluation (1/6) CFLRU or FAB with BAST or FAST only little effect to the buffer hit ratio
20 Evaluation (2/6) cleaning cost: the sum of overheads of the page copy and erase operation
21 Evaluation (3/6) the cleaning cost decreases as the buffer size increases {F,F} and {C,B} pairs perform best and worst respectively
22 Evaluation (4/6) traditional architecture the cleaning cost decreases as the candidate amount increases
23 Evaluation (5/6) traditional architecture the cleaning cost does not always decreases as the candidate amount increases
24 Evaluation (6/6) REF is a page-level replacement policy VW: the size of the victim window VB : the amount of victim blocks Both REF and Y outperform CFLRU, Y performs better than REF
25 Conclusion Propose a new architecture for flash memory to bridge the information gap between buffer and FTL Buffer manager provides several replacement candidates instead of one to the FTL FTL makes a decision and performs it Define three kinds of decisions and give some rules about how the FTL makes decisions
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