Introducere in Inteligenta Artificiala. October 4, 2016

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1 Introducere in Inteligenta Artificiala October 4, 2016

2 Detalii contact Anca Marginean sala 21, Baritiu

3 Bibliografie Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd edition), autori: Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig Stuart Russell - University of California, Berkeley Director of the Center for Intelligent Systems Adjunct Professor of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco Peter Norvig - Director of Research Google director responsabil pentru algoritmii de cautare web intre pozitia 22 in citari in domeniul Computer Science pe Citeseer utilizata in 1325 scoli/universitati din 118 tari pozitia 4 in acest secol

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6 Final Position from Game 6 of Kasparov vs. Deep Blue, 1997

7 Honda Asimo robot mentinerea echilibrului integrarea informatiilor de la mai multi senzori si estimarea schimbarilor din mediu - miscarea oamenior generarea comportamentului autonom honda.com/asimo/technology/2011/index.html c111108all-new-asimo/video01/index.html

8 Thomas Bayes( ) - probabilitatea drept masura a gradului de incredere (partial belief), nu o frecventa

9 Mars Exploration Rovers - Spirit and Opportunity

10 Alan Turing( ) Turing Test. Concept formalization for Algorithm and Computation with the Turing machine machine learning genetic algorithm reinforcement learning

11 Robotul Shakey ( ) perception world-modeling planning learning

12 Aristotel (384 ihr ihr) - Logica formala

13 Ce e Inteligenta? Ce e inteligenta?

14 Ce e Inteligenta? Ce e inteligenta? definitii din dictionar: capacitatea de a aduna si aplica cunostinte abilitatea de a gandi si de a rationa abilitatea de a intelege si de a profita din experienta homo-sapiens (wise-man) - a gandi: perceptie, intelegere, predictie si manipulare a lumii manipulate = handle or control (a tool, mechanism, information, etc.) in a skillful manner.

15 Ce e Inteligenta Artificiala? studiul agentior care (1) percep mediul si (2) realizeaza actiuni The study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and act. Scopuri: ingineresc: rezolvarea problemelor din lumea reala utilizand AI drept un set de idei despre reprezentarea cunostintelor, utilizarea cunostintelor si asamblarea sistemelor stiintific: determinarea acelor idei despre reprezentarea cunostintelor, utiizarea acestora si asamblarea sistemelor care explica diverse feluri de inteligenta

16 Ce e Inteligenta Artificiala? Imagine preluata din cursul AI edx sisteme care gandesc ca oamenii sisteme care gandesc rational sisteme care actioneaza ca oamenii sisteme care actioneaza rational omul rationalitatea

17 A actiona ca oamenii Testul Turing (1950) - test operational pentru comportament inteligent: Imitation Game

18 A actiona ca oamenii Testul Turing (1950) - test operational pentru comportament inteligent: Imitation Game duplicare vs studiul principiilor inteligentei (zborul artificial: aripa vs studiul aerodinamicii) A sugerat componentele majore ale AI: procesarea limbajului natural (natural language processing) reprezentarea cunostintelor (knowledge representation) rationare automata (automated reasoning) invatare (machine learning)

19 A actiona ca oamenii Testul Turing (1950) - test operational pentru comportament inteligent: Imitation Game duplicare vs studiul principiilor inteligentei (zborul artificial: aripa vs studiul aerodinamicii) A sugerat componentele majore ale AI: procesarea limbajului natural (natural language processing) reprezentarea cunostintelor (knowledge representation) rationare automata (automated reasoning) invatare (machine learning) computer vision robotica - manipularea obiectelor si miscarea

20 A gandi ca oamenii: Cognitive Science Cum functioneaza mintea umana

21 A gandi ca oamenii: Cognitive Science Cum functioneaza mintea umana introspectie experimente psihologice Necesita teorii stiintifice ale activitatilor interne ale creierului Cum se valideaza astfel de teorii predictia si testarea comportamentului subiectilor umani (top-down) - Cognitive Science identificare directa din date neuronale (bottom-up) - Cognitive Neuroscience

22 A gandi rational: Laws of Thought Normativ Aristotel: right thinking : care sunt argumentele, procesele de gandire corecte? Silogism: Socrate e un om. Toti oamenii sunt muritori. In consecinta, Socrate e muritor Logica Probleme: nu toate comportamentele inteligente sunt mediate de deliberare logica cunostintele informale termeni formali ceruti de notatiile logice + incertitudinea Ce ganduri ar trebui sa am dintre cele pe care le pot avea? - resurse computationale

23 A actiona rational Comportament rational: doing the right thing - a face ceea ce trebuie The right thing - atingerea optima a unor scopuri predefinite in contextul informatiei disponibile Nu necesita neaparat gandit - ex: clipitul - dar gandirea ar trebui sa duca la comportament rational Aristotel: Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good a fi rational - a maximiza utilitatea asteptata

24 Rationalitate computationala Un agent este o entitate care percepe si actioneaza Un agent rational este un agent care actioneaza in asa fel incat sa-si maximizeze utilitatea asteptata IA - Designul agentilor rationali

25 Bazele inteligentei artificiale Filozofie Matematica logica, metode de rationament, mintea ca sistem fizic bazele invatarii, ratiunii Pot regulile formale sa conduca la concluzii valide? Care e legatura intre minte si creier? Cum apar cunostintele? Com conduc cunostintele la actiune? reprezentare formala si demonstratii, algoritmi, probabilita Care sunt regulile formale care conduc la concluzii valide? Ce poate fi calculat? Cum rationam in prezenta informatiilor incerte?

26 continuare Bazele AI Economia Psihologia Lingvistica Neurostiinta teorii formale ale deciziilor rationale Cum ar trebui sa luam deciziile pentru a maximiza profitu Cum ar trebui sa facem aceasta cand profitul este departe adaptarea, perceptia, actiunea tehnici experimentale Cum gandesc si actioneaza oamenii si animalele? reprezentarea cunostintelor, gramatici substrat fizic pentru activitatea mentala Cum proceseaza creierul informatia?

27 Scurta istorie a Inteligentei Artificiale : Inceputurile 1943: McCulloch si Pitts: circuit boolean ca model al creierului 1950: Turing s Computing Machinery and Intelligence : Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands! 1950s: Programe AI: Samuel s checkers program, Newell si Simon s Logic Theorist, Gelernter s Geometry Engine 1956: intalnirea de la Dartmouth: a fost adoptat termenul de Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy 1965: Robinson s complete algorithm for logical reasoning 1966: the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak - the vodka is good but the meat is rotten : Abordarea bazata pe cunostinte : Early development of knowledge-based systems : Expert systems industry booms : Expert systems industry busts: AI Winter : Abordarea statistica Resurgence of probability, focus on uncertainty General increase in technical depth Agents and learning systems AI Spring : Avant si omniprezenta

28 Exemple Viziune, planificare, rationare, control 2002: RoboCup RobotDogs Cautare in labirint Folding Uber autonomous car

29 Exemple: Procesarea limbajului natural Eliza http: // Google chat bot activity google-bought-a-chatbot-start-up-for-a-future-where-we html Sentiment analysis Alchemy alchemylanguage Speech technologies: Siri, text2speech text classification, spam filter

30 Ce poate AI Poate juca un joc decent de tenis?

31 Ce poate AI Poate juca un joc decent de tenis? Poate juca un joc decent de Jeopardy?

32 Ce poate AI Poate juca un joc decent de tenis? Poate juca un joc decent de Jeopardy? Poate conduce in siguranta o masina?

33 Ce poate AI Poate juca un joc decent de tenis? Poate juca un joc decent de Jeopardy? Poate conduce in siguranta o masina? Poate cumpara alimente necesare pentru o saptamana de pe web?

34 Ce poate AI Poate juca un joc decent de tenis? Poate juca un joc decent de Jeopardy? Poate conduce in siguranta o masina? Poate cumpara alimente necesare pentru o saptamana de pe web? Poate descoperi si demonstra noi teoreme matematice?

35 Ce poate AI Poate juca un joc decent de tenis? Poate juca un joc decent de Jeopardy? Poate conduce in siguranta o masina? Poate cumpara alimente necesare pentru o saptamana de pe web? Poate descoperi si demonstra noi teoreme matematice? Conversa cu succes cu o alta persoana pentru o ora?

36 Ce poate AI Poate juca un joc decent de tenis? Poate juca un joc decent de Jeopardy? Poate conduce in siguranta o masina? Poate cumpara alimente necesare pentru o saptamana de pe web? Poate descoperi si demonstra noi teoreme matematice? Conversa cu succes cu o alta persoana pentru o ora? Poate realiza o operatie chirurgicala?

37 Ce poate AI Poate juca un joc decent de tenis? Poate juca un joc decent de Jeopardy? Poate conduce in siguranta o masina? Poate cumpara alimente necesare pentru o saptamana de pe web? Poate descoperi si demonstra noi teoreme matematice? Conversa cu succes cu o alta persoana pentru o ora? Poate realiza o operatie chirurgicala? Poate impatura hainele si pune vasele la loc?

38 Ce poate AI Poate juca un joc decent de tenis? Poate juca un joc decent de Jeopardy? Poate conduce in siguranta o masina? Poate cumpara alimente necesare pentru o saptamana de pe web? Poate descoperi si demonstra noi teoreme matematice? Conversa cu succes cu o alta persoana pentru o ora? Poate realiza o operatie chirurgicala? Poate impatura hainele si pune vasele la loc? Traduce Chineza vorbita in Engleza vorbita in timp real?

39 Ce poate AI Poate juca un joc decent de tenis? Poate juca un joc decent de Jeopardy? Poate conduce in siguranta o masina? Poate cumpara alimente necesare pentru o saptamana de pe web? Poate descoperi si demonstra noi teoreme matematice? Conversa cu succes cu o alta persoana pentru o ora? Poate realiza o operatie chirurgicala? Poate impatura hainele si pune vasele la loc? Traduce Chineza vorbita in Engleza vorbita in timp real? Poate scrie o poveste intentionat comica?

40 Stadiu actual planificare automata control automat game playing: Deep Blue 1997 victorie impotriva campionului la sah Garry Kasporov diagnoza planificare logistica intelegerea limbajului

41 Povesti cu umor neintentionat One day Joe Bear was hungry. He asked his friend Irving Bird where some honey was. Irving told him there was a beehive in the oak tree. Joe walked to the oak tree. He ate the beehive. The End. Joe Bear was hungry. He asked Irving Bird where some honey was. Irving refused to tell him, so Joe offered to bring him a worm if he d tell him where some honey was. Irving agreed. But Joe didn t know where any worms were, so he asked Irving, who refused to say. So Joe offered to bring him a worm if he d tell him where a worm was. Irving agreed. But Joe didn t know where any worms were, so he asked Irving, who refused to say. So Joe offered to bring him a worm if he d tell him where a worm was..

42 Rezumat Ce e Inteligenta Artificiala? Scurta istorie. Stadiu actual.

43 Temele cursului Primul semestru de AI: Introducere in Inteligenta Artificiala - Problem solving Search (ex: Pacman run c3.sh, c4.sh) Adversarial search (ex: Pacman c5.sh) Constraint Satisfaction Problem Knowledge, reasoning and planning propositional logic, First order logic (ex: demonstratoare de teoreme) Planning

44 Exemple: Demonstratoare de teoreme Lion lies on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. Unicorn lies on Thursday, Friday and Saturday. Both tell truth on other days. Both say yesterday was one of their lying days. Prove that today is Thursday. Category=Problems&Domain=PUZ&File=PUZ005-1.p

45 Exemple: Reprezentarea cunostintelor Knights and Knaves - Raymond Smullyan The Island of Knights and Knaves has two types of inhabitants: knights, who always tell the truth, and knaves, who always lie. One day, three inhabitants (A, B, and C) of the island met a foreign tourist and gave the following information about themselves: 1. A said that B and C are both knights. 2. B said that A is a knave and C is a knight. What types are A, B, and C? (answer set programming)

46 Activitate curs/laborator Pacman - solutii originale, (penalizare plagiat = nota 1 la laborator) Short-questions AI competitions: Proiect individual

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