Received September 9, 2012; revised October 15, 2012; accepted October 26, 2012

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1 Open Jounal o Fluid ynamics, 01,, 15-1 hp://dx.doi.og/10.436/ojd.01.4a04 Published Online ecembe 01 (hp://.scirp.og/jounal/ojd) Expeimenal Invesigaion o Peomance o he Wind Tubine ih he Flanged-iuse Shoud in Sinusoidally Oscillaing and Flucuaing Velociy Flos Kazuhiko Toshimisu 1, Hionoi Kikugaa 1, Kohei Sao, Takuya Sao 1 1 epamen o Mechanical Engineeing, Oia Naional College o Technology, Oia, Japan epamen o Mechanical Engineeing, Kyushu Univesiy, Fukuoka, Japan osimiu@oia-c.ac.jp Received Sepembe 9, 01; evised Ocobe 15, 01; acceped Ocobe 6, 01 ABSTRACT The ind ubine ih a langed-diuse shoud so called ind-lens ubine is developed as one o high peomance ind ubines by Ohya e al. In his pape, he ind ubine peomance is invesigaed o boh seady and unseady inds. The compac-ype ind lens ubine shos highe eiciency han he only oo ind ubine. Also, he lo sucue aound he compac-ype ind ubine is made clea by CF and PIV in seady ind. Fuhemoe, he peomances o he only oo and he compac-ype ind-lens ubines o unseady ind ae expeimenally and numeically invesigaed. Expeimenal and numeical esuls ae pesened o demonsae he dependence o equency o he hamonic oscillaing velociy ind on poe coeicien. Consequenly, he compac-ype ind-lens ubine sho bee peomance han he only oo one in sinusoidally oscillaing velociy ind. Fuhemoe, he numeical esimaion can pedic he poe coeicien in he oscillaing los o an accuacy o 94% o 10%. In addiion, he dependence o he ubine peomance on ubulen inensiy and voex scale o naual lucuaing ind is pesened. Keyods: Wind Tubine; Unseady Flo; Wind Enegy; Poe Coeiciens; Flanged iuse; Naual Wind 1. Inoducion I is impoan issue ha a ind poe geneaion is impoved o aise he eiciency as one o naual enegy souces in ode o pomoe he usage o susainable enegy. Accoding o he backgound, he ind ubine ih a langed-diuse shoud so called ind-lens ubine is developed as one o high peomance ind ubines by Ohya e al. [1]. In paicula, he ind-lens ubine can geneae elecic poe even in lo velociy ind since he langed-diuse shoud inceases he ind velociy a oo. Fo he long and compac ype ind lens ubines, e sudied he deail lo sucue aound he ind ubine ih a paicle image velocimey in auhos pevious ok []. Recenly, eseach subjecs o ind ubines in unseady los become impoan, hich ae he eecs o lucuaing ind velociy and lo diecion, non-uniom inlo, ubulence and ohe acos. They inluence he peomance and aigue poblem. In paicula, ind in Japan is moe unsable han esen couny, namely ind velociy and lo diecion ae easy o lucuae. Thus i is impoan ha he chaaceisics o he ubines in unseady ind should be made clea. In pevious concened oks, he numeical peomance esimaion o he oscillaing ind velociy is poposed by Kaasudani e al. [3-5]. In his pape, e ill ocus on he eec o he lucuaing ind velociy upon he ind ubine peomance. The peomances o he odinay oo ind ubine and he compac-ype ind-lens ubine in hamonic oscillaing velociy ind ae expeimenally and numeically invesigaed. In paicula, expeimenal and numeical esuls ae pesened o demonsae he dependence o he ind velociy equency on poe coeicien o he ind ubines. Fuhemoe, he eecs o he ubulen inensiy and voex scale in naual lucuaing velociy ind on he ubines peomance ae sudied.. Expeimenal Appaaus.1. Wind Tubine Model The schemaic designs and phoogaphs o he compacype ind-lens ubine ae shon in Figue 1. The opimum diuse poile and he lange heigh ae deemined by Ohya e al. [1]. The oos ae designed o he o ip-speed aios, = 3.7 and 5.0. Hee he basic blade poile o = 5.0 is designed by Fuukaa e al. [6]. The blade coss secion poile is changed om Copyigh 01 SciRes.

2 16 K. TOSHIMITSU ET AL. NACA6318 a oo o NACA631 a ip along a span. The speciic dimensions o he diuses and he oo ae lised in Tables 1 and especively... Measuemen Sysem o he Wind Tubine Peomance The oque and oaional speed o he oo ae measued by he expeimenal appaaus as shon in Figue. The ind ubines ae se up a he cene o coss secion o he ind unnel. The ind ubine poe measuemen sysem is consised o he oque deeco, he oaional speed senso, he oque convee, he C moo and he C poe supply. The C moo and he C poe supply ok as a poe geneao, hich conol he oo load and he oaional speed. Hee he geneaed ai lo is acively conolled by he 66 ans o he muli-an ind unnel in ONCT. 3. Wind Tubines Peomance in Seady Flo 3.1. Poe Coeiciens o he Wind Tubines in Seady Flo The poe coeiciens o ind ubine ae deined by P C, (1) AU 3 hee P,, A and A denoe geneaed poe o a ind ubine, luid densiy, ind eceiving aea and he upseam ind velociy, especively. The poe coeiciens o he only oo and he compac-ype ind u- bines ae nomalized by he oo sep aea Aπ 4 m.9610 and he lange cicula aea Aπ m, especively. I is ound ha he maximum poe coeiciens C o he compac-ype ind ubines ae 1.5 imes as lage as he only oo in Figue 3. I means ha he ind-lens ubine clealy shos highe eiciency han he convenional ind ubine. 3.. Flo Sucues aound he Wind-Lens Tubines in Seady Flo The impoance o he lo sucues behind he indlens ubines as poined ou o incease he velociy a oo in he pevious papes [1,]. In ode o invesigae he mechanism o he inceasing lo velociy a he oo, φ06 7 L=45 h =40 h =3 =00 φ6 F =φ66 h=0 Figue 1. Schemaics and phoogaph o he compac-ype ind ubine ih he langed-diuse shoud. Table 1. imensions o he ind ubine ih he langeddiuse shoud. Tip cleaance, h 3 mm ( h = 1.5%) iuse lengh, L 0.5 Flange heigh, h 0.1 Table. imensions o he oo blades. Roo diamee (= ) 194 mm Hub o ip aio h 0. esign ip-speed aio U 3.7, 5.0 Blade poiles NACA6318 (oo) - NACA631 (ip) Pio Tube Roo Flanged-iuse Toque eeco (ONOSOKKI SS-005) C Moo (Maxon RE5) Seady Flo and Unseady Flo z x Wind Tunnel Toque Convee (ONOSOKKI TS-300A) Vaiable Resiso PC C Poe Supply Figue. Schemaics o measuing sysem o ind ubine peomance. Copyigh 01 SciRes.

3 K. TOSHIMITSU ET AL. 17 heeih e pesen an expeimenal and numeical imeaveage seamlines aound he compac-ype ind ubine a he ip-speed aio = 3.9 and mean velociy U = 7 m/s. The expeimenal seamline by PIV measuemen is shon in Figue 4. Also he CF analysis ih he commecial soae ANSYS CFX 1 is pesened in Figue 5. The numeical analysis is based on he nd ode upind implici scheme o he consevaion equaion and k ubulence model. Figue 6 shos he muli-bloc k 3- mesh o he numeical analysis, hich is consised o 6.4 million nodes. The oo mesh block oaes a 700 pm. The bounday condiions ae ideniied as he inlo condiions o U = 7 m/s, he exi pessue o kpa, slip los on he ouside alls and nonslip los on he igid objec suaces. The voex sucue behind he lange o boh PIV and CF esuls qualiaively agee ih. Tin voices ae ound behind he lange. Accoding o he esuls, he lo sucue is illusaed in Figue 7. The voex A behind he lange mainly caused he lo pessue egion. Thus i inceases he ind velociy a oo. The maximum velociy a oo suace is calculaed 9.5 m/s as velociy ising. 4. Peomance in Sinusoidally Oscillaing Velociy Flo In his chape, e expeimenally and numeically discuss he peomance o he ind ubine in sinusoidally oscillaing velociy ind. Figue 4. Time aveage meidional seamlines by PIV. Figue 5. Time aveage meidional seamlines by he pesen CF Expeimenal Condiions o Sinusoidally Oscillaing Flo o Invesigae he Wind Tubine Peomance The upseam ind velociy o he ind ubine is undegoing idenical hamonic oscillaion as ollo, sin π U U u. () Figue 6. Muli-blocks unsucued mesh o calculaion. Geneaed voex B by he lange Flo Voex A causes he lo-pessue egion Hub Figue 3. Relaionship o poe coeiciens and ip-speed aio in he seady ind velociy 5 m/s. Inle egion Thoa iuse Roo Flange Figue 7. Schemaic lo sucues aound he ind-lens ubine in seady ind. Copyigh 01 SciRes.

4 18 K. TOSHIMITSU ET AL. The peomances o he ind ubines ae invesigaed as he upseam mean velociies U = 5 m/s ih oscillaing ampliudes u = 1.0 m/s. The ind velociy oscillaes a equencies = 0.033, 0.05, and 0.5 Hz. eail daa ae lised in Table 3. The ime hisoies o he oscillaing ind velociies a U = 5 m/s and u = 1.0 m/s ih = 0.5 and Hz ae shon in Figue 8, hich ae measued a 1.4 m upseam locaion om he ind ubine on by a L-ype Pio ube. I is ound ha he expeimenal ind coecly oscillaes ih he speciic condiions. The chaaceisic equency o he oscillaing ind based on he ubine oo dynamic esponse and he poe coeicien in seady ind i s poposed by Kaasudani e al. [4] as ollo, 4 C I 3π U, (3) hee,, I, C mean luid densiy, oo adius, momen o oo ineia, he ip-speed aio a he maximum poe coeicien and he esimaed poe coeicien inegaed he poe coeiciens in he seady lo, especively. (The deails o he numeical eamen ae descibed in he lae Secion 4.3.) The momen o ineia o he oo is I = kgm. Equaion (3) has he basic assumpions hich he and Table 3. Condiions o oscillaing inds and ubine chaaces. U [m/s] u [m/s] Oscillaion Fequency, [Hz] u U % (Oscillaion Peiod, T = 1/ [s]) (0%) 0.5 (4) (1) 0.05 (0) (30) Wind ubines Only Roo (0.) 0.64 (0.1) Compac (0.34) 0.87 (0.9) Figue 8. Compaison o expeimenal and heoeical oscillaing ind velociies in he ind unnel. oo esponse is he quasi-seady sae and ubine oo oque is depended only on ip-speed aio [3,4]. In ohe ods, he lo ansien ime hich he lo ield aound he oo coesponds ih he oscillaion ind is suicienly small, hus he quasi-seady sae is saisied. I means ha he ubine oo can esponsively oaes o he lucuaing ind velociy o. Hee, e should menion ha Kaasudani e al. insis ha he eal only oo ubine does espond o 3 by numeical simulaion [4]. We ae going o examine hehe he quasi-seady esponse can be applied o his equipmen. Le he oo speed be 3000 pm, i.e. he ime o one oaion be =0.0 seconds. I he inlo velociy deceases o 1 m/s, he lo pass a he oo ip o he hickness mm o bp = 10 3 seconds. Since he ime bp is suicienly smalle han, hus he lo ield aound he oo can enough changed duing one oaion. Fuhemoe he oo blade passing ime p o he ind should be suicienly smalle han he ind oscillaing peiod. Since he axial lengh o he oo equals abou 4 cm, he oo blade passing ime p equals 0.04 seconds. Hence p is much smalle han he ind oscillaing peiod (4 seconds a = 0.5 Hz). Consequenly, he los aound he oo can be egaded as he quasi-seady sae o his expeimen. The expeimenal values λ and ae shon in Table Poe Coeiciens o he Wind Tubines in Oscillaing Velociy Flo In his secion, e pesen he example esuls o he mean lo U = 5 m/s and u = 1.0 m/s (i.e. uu = 0%) in he condiions o Table 3. The eecs o he ind equencies upon he poe coeiciens C as he uncion o he mean ip-speed aio λ o he only oo and compac-ype ind ubines ih he designed oo ip speed aio λ = 5.0 ae shon in Figues 9 and 10. The maximum coeiciens ae pesened a.7 and 3.5 o he only oo and he compac-ype ind ubines especively. The poe coeicien inceases ih deceasing he equency. Le discuss he dependence o he ind equency on he ind ubine ypes. The poe coeiciens in he seady ind ae smalle han ones o he oscillaing inds o = , 0.05 and Hz o he only oo. While, he case o = 0.5 Hz is smalle han one o seady ind o λ = 1.6 o.8. I is indicaed ha he oo do no espond he oscillaing ind a = 0.5 Hz o he ip ange o speed aio. On he ohe hand, he poe coeiciens o he compac-ype ind-lens ubine o all equencies ae lage han one o seady lo. I is made clea ha he compac ind-lens ubine ok ell o Copyigh 01 SciRes.

5 K. TOSHIMITSU ET AL. 19 Figue 9. Eec o he ind equencies on he ime aveaged poe coeiciens C o he only oo ih U = 5 m/s, u = 1.0 m/s ( u U = 0%) and λ = 5.0. Figue 10. Eec o he ind equen cies on he ime aveaged poe coeiciens C o he compac-ype ih U = 5 m/s, u = 1.0 m/s ( u U = 0%) and λ = 5.0. he highe oscillaing ind equency. Theeoe, he compac-ype ind-lens ubine is suiable o he oscillaing velociy ind han he only oo one. In ode o make clea he dependence o he ubine ype on peomance in he oscillaing lo, e deine he inceasing aio o he maximum poe coeicien on he basis o seady ind as ollo, C C, (4) C hee C and C ae maximum poe coeiciens in unseady and seady inds especively. Figue 11 pe- sens he inceasing aio o he on ly oo and he compac-ype ih λ = 5.0. As you see, he compacype ubine is bee han he only oo Numeical Esimaion o he Poe Coeicien o he Wind Tubines in Oscillaing Flo Kaasudani e al. sugges ha he numeical esimaion o Figue 11. Inceasing aio o maximum poe coeicien o oscillaing ind on he basis o one o seady ind. ubine peomances o he oscillaing ind [4]. Hee i is assumed ha he oscillaing ind velociy U consiss o he linea u he unseady componen u does no coelae o he unseady poe coeicien o a ind ubine. The ime aveaged poe coeicien C o he oo is deem ined hough he seady poe coe- A icien C as he olloing Equaions (5) o (1), C A C C A 1 3, (5) 1 g C d, (6) g h, (7), (8), (9) 1 T u 1u d T 0 U U, ( 10 ) exp 7.49 g exp h, (11). (1) Hee i is menioned ha he appoximaed ems o g and h ae independen o momen o ineia, o o adius, poe coeicien and conol ime. The poe coeicien in unseady ind is 3 lage han one in he seady ind. The poe coeicien aio is deined o compae he expeimen esul C E and num eical esimaion C, T E E C C A C C 1 3 T. (13) Copyigh 01 SciRes.

6 0 K. TOSHIMITSU ET AL. Figue 1 summaizes o all cases. The only oo and compac-ype ubines ae illusaed om le o ligh o each equency, he same paen o ba gaph pesens also he ind ubine ype. As you see, he numeical esimaion can pedic he poe coeiciens in he oscillaing los o an accuacy o 94% o 10%. 5. Peomance in Naual Flucuaing Velociy The naual lucuaing ind is geneaed by he acive conolled muli-an ind unnel on he basis o Kaman s poe specal equaion as ollos: 1 Su 4I LU v, (14) Lv U I. (15) U Hee, I and L v mean ubulen inensiy and voex scale especively. We examine he eec o he main acos o he naual ind on poe coeiciens o he only oo and he compac-ype ind ubines o mean ind velociy 5 m/s. Expeimenal condiion and he eec o ubulen inensiy on poe coeicien ae shon in Table 4 and Figue 13 especively. Accoding o expeimenal esuls, boh I and L v incease ih inceasing C o boh only oo and compac-ype ind ubines. 6. Conclusions This pape pesened ind peomances o he only oo ubine and langed diuse shoud hich ae so called he compac-ype ind-lens ubine in seady and unseady inds. The lo sucue aound he ind lens ubine is made clea by CF and PIV in seady ind. Also, i is shon ha he compac ind-lens ubine oks lage Figue 1. Compaisons o he expeimenal and numeical maximum poe coeiciens o he ind ubines. Figue 13. Eec o he ubulen inensiy on poe coeicien o he naual lucuaing ind o ime aveage ind velociy 5 m/s and voex scale 3 m. Table 4. Naual lucuaing ind condiions a U = 5 m/s. Case 1 Case I L v 5% 10% 15% 3 m L v 1 m 3 m 6 m 10% poe geneao han he only oo ind ubine. The peomance o he ind ubines is invesigaed in he hamonic oscillaing velociy ind o he upseam mean velociies U = 5 m/s ih oscillaing ampliude u = 1.0 m/s a equencies = 0.033, 0.05, and 0.5 Hz. The expeimenal and numeical esuls ae p e- sened o make clea he dependence o he ind velociy equency on poe coeicien o he ind ubines in sinusoidally oscillaing velociy ind. Consequenly, he compac-ype ind-lens ubine indicaes he highe peomance han an only oo one in boh seady and unseady ind. In paicula usin g he pesen design oo, he ind-lens ubine is suiable o he oscillaing velociy ind. The chaaceisic equency po posed by Kaasudani can be one o index o esimae ubine peom ance in he oscillaing i nd. In he ex- peimen, he numeical esimaion can pedic he poe coeiciens ihin 94% o 10% accuacy in he hamonic oscillaing ind. Fuhemoe, peomance dependence on ubulen inensiy and voex scale o naual lucuaing velociy ind is invesigaed. Boh acos ae incease ih inceasing poe coeicien o he only oo and compac-ype ind lens ubines. 7. Acknoledgemens The ok as suppoed in pa by he Gan-in-Aid o Scieniic Reseach hough gan numbe om he Minisy o Educaion, Science, and Culue o I Copyigh 01 SciRes.

7 K. TOSHIMITSU ET AL. 1 Japan, and he Collaboaive Reseach Pogam o Reseach Insiue o Applied Mechanics, Kyushu Univesiy. The auhos gaeully acknoledge he suppo o Po. Yuji Ohya, Po Takashi Kaasudani and Po. Masao Fuukaa o Kyushu Univesiy, o his invesigaion. REFERENCES [1] Y. Ohya and T. Kaasudani, A Shouded Wind Tubine Geneaing High Oupu Poe ih Wind-Lens Technology, Jounal o Enegies, Vol. 3, No. 4, 010, pp [] K. Toshimisu, K. Nishikaa, W. Hauki, S. Oono, M. Takao and Y. Ohya, PIV Measuemen o Flos aound he Wind Tubines ih a Flanged-iuse Shoud, Jounal o Themal Science, Vol. 17, No. 4, 008, pp [3] T. Kaasudani, Y. Ohya and K. Waanabe, On he Response o Small Wind Tubine o Changes o Wind Speed and Load, Jounal o Japan Wind Enegy Associaion, Vol. 31, No., 007, pp (in Japanese) [4] T. Kaasudani, Y. Ohya and K. Waanabe, On he Poe o a Wind Tubine ih Fixed-Pich Angle Wings o Sinusoidally Changing Wind Speed, Jounal o Japan Wind Enegy Associaion, Vol. 3, No. 1, 008, pp ( in Japanese) [5] M. Okino, S. Iba, T. Kaasudani, Y. Ohya and K. Waanabe, Eec o Amospheic Tubulence on Wind Tubine Peomance, Poceedings o he 9h Symposium o Wind Enegy Uilizaion, Tokyo, 007, pp (in Japanese) [6] Y. Sugia, M. Ueda and M. Fuukaa, Flo Sucue aound a Wind Tubine Shouded by Compac-Type Bimmed iuse, Poceedings o JSME Fluid Engineeing Coneence 005 (C-ROM ISSN ), Kanazaa, 005, Pape No (in Japanese) Copyigh 01 SciRes.

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