Computational Thinking

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1 Artificial Intelligence

2 Learning goals CT Application: Students will be able to describe the difference between Strong and Weak AI CT Impact: Students will be able to describe the gulf that exists between state-of-the-art AI and AI in science fiction

3 When is a machine intelligent? Quick clicker question Have you watched enough Star Trek: The Next Generation to have an opinion on whether the android Data is intelligent? A. Yes B. No C. I have no idea what you re talking about

4 When is a machine intelligent? Commander Data from Star Trek: The Next Generation is an android from the Star Trek series. Is Commander Data intelligent?

5 Is Data intelligent? Group exercise Discuss with your group and write down three reasons whether or not you think that Commander Data is intelligent. Use your common sense, not a strict definition.

6 Is Data intelligent? Student responses On the plus side: He can hold on a conversation pretty well; he seems conscious - he expressed the desire to be human. He said that something is intriguing, it s not clear a computer would say that! On the negative side: It depends on how you consider intelligence he has a lot of knowledge. But does he really have emotional intelligence?

7 Is Data intelligent? Clicker question A. Yes B. No

8 What is intelligence anyway? Two notions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Weak AI: epitomized by Turing s imitation game the computer just has to APPEAR intelligent Strong AI: epitomized by the Searle s Chinese Room argument the computer has to be able to THINK

9 Alan Turing ( ) We ve seen Alan Turing before! In addition to the Turing Test, you may have heard of him from The Imitation Game (2014) (it had nothing to do with AI) The Imitation Game (despite its title) covered how Turing led the British to break German war codes:

10 Alan Turing ( ) He s also considered the father of theoretical Computer Science for his work done before WWII He showed that it s impossible to prove if an arbitrary algorithm will ever stop; this used a universal (Turing) machine

11 Alan Turing ( ) Turing committed suicide at age 41 after being prosecuted for homosexuality (pardoned by Queen Elizabeth II in 2013) The equivalent of the Nobel Prize for computer scientists is called the Turing Award

12 Group exercise Which accomplishment of Alan Turing do YOU think is the most impressive and why: Turing Machine (halting of algorithms), code breaking, and Turing Test (AI)?

13 Clicker question Which of Turing s accomplishments do you think is most impressive? A. Turing machine (halting of algorithms) B. Code breaking C. Turing test (AI)

14 The Turing Test (TT): A great example of weak AI Weak AI considers a machine that acts like it's intelligent to be intelligent "I propose to consider the question, "Can machines think?" The problem can be described in terms of the imitation game Alan Turing, 1950

15 The Turing Test: A great example of weak AI "I believe that in about fifty years' time it will be possible to programme computers to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning." Alan Turing, 1950.

16 In lab, you'll start by using Eliza from 1966 basically the first chatbot

17 Since then, things have gotten closer to passing the TT, but not THAT close "Cleverbot was voted to be human 59.3% of the time. Real humans did only slightly better and were assumed to be humans 63.3% of the time. That being the case, Cleverbot s success in conning people into thinking it was human is greater than chance, and therefore, one could argue that it has technically passed the Turing test." - September 2011 You ll get to play with Cleverbot in lab, too

18 Cleverbot & Me User: Should I show you to my class? Cleverbot: If you think you need to. User: Would my students learn anything from it? Cleverbot: Sure! User: What do you think they'd like best? Cleverbot: About what? User: About my showing you to them. Cleverbot: What is the problem anyway? User: Well, I'm already showing them Eliza; I thought they might like to see something a bit more sophisticated. Cleverbot: I might or I might not.

19 When do programs understand what they say? In March 2016, Microsoft created a bot, Tay, who learned from interactions with people on Twitter. They pulled it less than 24 hours later after Tay posted offensive tweets Did Tay understand what it was saying? A. Yes B. No

20 What does it mean to understand? Group discussion

21 What does it mean to understand? Student responses If you learn the meaning of a word, and if someone tries to give you a new explanation with a different meaning, you can reject incorrect alternative meanings You can learn without being taught: when you understand, you can learn about new scenarios. You can apply your knowledge in the context of surroundings.

22 Back to Commander Data Get back into the same group and consider your reasons why Data is or is not intelligent Would Turing/weak AI consider your reasons to be signs of intelligence? Why or why not?

23 Clicker question Is Commander Data intelligent? Would Turing/Weak AI agree with your reasoning A. Yes B. No

24 Back to Commander Data Get back into the same group and consider your reasons why Data is or is not intelligent Would Turing/weak AI consider your reasons to be signs of intelligence? Why or why not? Student responses: Most all students considered Data to pass the Turing test

25 Strong AI and the Chinese room argument

26 Strong AI argues that an intelligent machine must think and understand " Partisans of strong AI claim [...] 1) that the machine literally understand the story and provide the answers to questions, and 2) that what the machine does explains the human ability to understand the story John Searle, 1980.

27 Back to Commander Data Get back into the same group and consider your reasons why Data is or is not intelligent Would Searle/Strong AI consider your reasons to be valid? Why or why not?

28 Clicker question Is Commander Data intelligent? Would Searle/Strong AI agree with your reasoning? A. Yes B. No

29 Back to Commander Data Student responses Would Searle/Strong AI consider your reasons to be valid? Why or why not? Reasons that Searle might consider valid in support of Data s being intelligent: Data is aware of conversation flow; he s not just answering specific questions Data shows emotion- wishes it was human Data ponders how something works how to piece things together

30 Back to Commander Data Student responses Would Searle/Strong AI consider your reasons to be valid? Why or why not? Reasons that Searle might consider valid in opposition to Data s being intelligent: You don t really know what s going on underneath. Maybe he s just programmed to look good.

31 Data s conversation with Worf Later, Data and a Klingon officer, Worf, have a little heart to heart: Y&t=27s

32 Clicker exercise Based on more data, would Turing/Weak AI consider Data to be intelligent? What about Searle/Strong AI? A. Turing/Weak AI: Yes Searle/Strong AI: Yes B. Turing/Weak AI: Yes Searle/Strong AI: No C. Turing/Weak AI: No Searle/Strong AI: Yes D. Turing/Weak AI: No Searle/Strong AI: No

33 That s Science Fiction. How close to that are we today? In a group, discuss what of Data s capabilities you believe we are able to get computers/robots to do today. Student responses: We re still far away, with respect to exhibiting Data s level of understanding. We can build robots but they are far from truly understanding

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