EFFECTS PRO OR CON EFFECTS PRO OR CON EFFECTS PRO OR CON

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1 EFFECTS PRO OR CON EFFECTS PRO OR CON EFFECTS PRO OR CON FIRST- HAND DESCRIPTION OF HIDE TRADE The rancho elite traded hides and tallow for manufactured goods from foreign traders who sailed along the coast. In the following account, Prudencia Higuera recalled a time in 1840 when a ship from the United States sailed into San Pablo Bay to trade for hides and tallow: "The next morning my father gave orders, and my brothers, with the peons, went on horseback into the mountains and smaller valleys to round up all the best cattle. They drove them to the beach, killed them there, and salted the hides. They tried out the tallow in some iron kettles... The captain soon came to our landing with a small boat and two sailors... The captain looked over the hides, and then asked my father to get into the boat and go to the vessel... [My father] came back the next day, bringing four boat- loads of cloth, axes, shoes, fish- lines, and many new things. There were two grindstones, and some cheap jewelry. My brother had traded some deerskins for a gun and four tooth- brushes, the first ones I had ever seen." ***************

2 Richard Henry Dana Jr. A common seaman on board the brig Pilgrim bound, by way of Cape Horn, for California Illustration of hide and trade during 1830s Mexican Alta California, part of the California Hide Trade Name: Evidence Collection: Observing and Questioning A Source Source: Is this a Primary or Secondary Source? How do you know? What observations can you make about this source? Type of Document

3 Historical Context Author, Speaker, Creator Audience, Listener, Recipient Purpose Content: Main Idea & Details After looking at this source, what can you conclude? INTRODUCTION OF LIVESTOCK TO ALTA CALIFORNIA With the arrival of the first Spanish colonists in 1769 (Mission San Francisco de Asís in San Francisco was established 1776) in northern California new grazers entered California grasslands: domestic cattle, horses and sheep. The Russians at Fort Ross and Bodega ( ) also brought livestock with them, but it wasn't until 1824 that livestock grazing became widespread with the establishment of Mexican land grants (Bartolome, et al. 2007). Coastal prairies were considered prime property for cattle and sheep ranching because of their productive native perennial grasses (Burcham

4 1957: fort and Hayes 2007). Ranching made people rich due to the increasing demand for beef. With the spread of these animals who grazed, it caused invasive species of seeds to spread throughout grasslands, decreasing the quality of plants (adapted from Burcham 1961). Exotic plants may have taken the "upper hand" when native grasses were severely overgrazed over several periods of extended drought (adapted from Howard 1998). Today, many of the local coastal ranching operations are beginning to retire, creating even greater threats to native coastal prairies. Ways to Learn About History: Primary Sources, Secondary Sources, and Fiction Lesson By Lisa Hutton Supports History Social Science Analysis Skills Research, Evidence, & Point of View: Students differentiate between primary and secondary sources. Student Outcome: Students will learn about primary and secondary sources and contrast them with fiction. What is a primary source? What is a secondary historical source? What is fiction? How does each of these types of text help What are the difficulties with using each type of text?

5 Directions (this is a whole group lesson): Activating background knowledge: Ask the students, How can we learn about history? Chart the question and the answers that students give. After introducing primary and secondary sources as well as fiction, you can go back to the chart of students ideas and sort them under the example row. Create chart with just the headings and questions on butcher paper or display it on the overhead. You can also pass out one copy per student to take notes: Primary Source Secondary Source Fiction What is a primary source? What is a secondary source? What is fiction? How do primary sources help How do secondary sources help How does fiction help us Problems with using primary Problems with using secondary Problems with using fiction: Examples: Examples: Examples: Show students examples of primary sources, secondary sources, and fiction from upcoming lessons (if you have additional examples, you can also show them). Define primary source and show several examples (you can use a picture and a quote from the gallery walk). Fill out the section of the chart on primary sources. Define secondary source and show the students their textbook. If you have another source written by a historian, you can also show this. Fill out this section of the chart. Define fiction and show students several examples of historical fiction or legends. Fill in chart.

6 Primary Source Secondary Source Fiction What is a primary source? Primary sources are created at or near the time of the event. What is a secondary source? Secondary sources are created by historians after they have looked at multiple sources about an event. Secondary sources are created after time of the event. What is fiction? A story. It may be based on real events but it is not real. How do primary sources help us They are evidence of what happened in the past How do secondary sources help Historians help us make sense of the primary sources. A secondary source is an account or interpretation that is based on rules of evidence. How does fiction help us Helps us understand what life was like (we can put ourselves in the past/ in the characters shoes) Help us feel empathy Interesting Pick up details about history Problems with using primary May only tell one point of view Difficult to read/understand Problems with using secondary May only tell one story or one point of view Problems with using fiction: Author doesn t need to follow the same rules of evidence as an historian. May not be the truth or be accurate Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples you showed can be placed on the chart. You can also go back to the chart of students ideas and sort them under the example row. Wrap up by telling the students that they will be doing history by looking at various sources in later lessons to learn about different historical events.

7 Primary Source Secondary Source Fiction What is a primary source? What is a secondary source? What is fiction? How do primary sources help us How do secondary sources help us How does fiction help Problems with using primary Problems with using secondary sources? Problems with using fiction? Examples: Examples: Examples: