2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
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1 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Novel Shaw (1972:189) says, Novel is a lenghty ficitious prose narrative portraying character and presenting an organized series of events and settings. A work of fiction with fewer than to words is usually considered as a short story, novellete, or tale but the novel has no actual maximum length. Novels typically have more characters than a short story and a more complicated plot that might take place in various settings, sometimes over a period of months or years. Novels do not present a documentary picture of life. Alongside the fact that novels look at people in society, the other major characteristic of the genre is that novels tell a story. In fact, novels tend to tell the same few storied repeatedly. A novel is an extended work of prose fiction, longer than a short story or a medium-length fiction. Called a novelette or novella. Novel is a work of someone who is the outpouring of ideas and feeling. To devote ideas and feelings, the author is authored by considering the elements of novel such as plot, character, theme, setting, point of view, and style are used to development of novel. Through of these, the readers can understand and analyze the novel. They have a linked and always effect the character. Therefore, we must understand the elements of the novel. The first element of novel is plot. Shaw (1972:211) says, plot is a plan or scheme to accomplish a purpose. Sequence of a story or event is organized very well. So, the plot is the way of the author to build a row of events with respect to 6
2 the cause and effect so it is a part of unity. Rounded, and completely to achieve a goal. In literature, plot refers to the arrangements of events to achieve an intended effect. A plot is a series of carefully devised and interrelated action that progresses through a struggle of opposing forces to a climax and a denouement. Plot is linked to character development. There is an important difference plot and story. Story is a simple sequence of events in time, event plot is the way these events are rendered and organized so as to achieve their particular effects. The second element of the novel is character. Character is person used by to author to carry the action, ideas, language and emotion of the story. Character was a formal sketch or descriptive analysis of a particular virtue or vice as represented in a person, what is now more often called a character sketch. The author can describe the character from physical appearance and attitude. Through the character, the author tells the story to the readers. The readers need to observe the action, to listen what the character say and how they say it, to understand how they relate to other character and how other character respond them. The third element of novel is theme. Shaw (1972:273) says that theme is the central and dominating idea in a literary work. In the novel, the theme is the central idea that develop in the plot. Almost all the major ideas that exist in life can be a theme such as : ambition, loyalty, jealousy, frustation, hypocricy, fortitude, and other. Theme has to do with that the readers read as the story s point, message, function or implied view of live and conduct. The fourth element of novel is setting. Setting is simply the time and the place of story, and in most of cases the details of description are given to the 7
3 reader directly by the narrator. Setting is a description of the time, place, and atmosphere that occurs in the novel. The fifth element of novel is point of view. Point of view refers to the position and stance of the voice, or speaker, that author adopt for their works. Point of view is a specified position or method of considered on and appraisal. It suppose a living narrator or person who tells. The sixth element of novel is style. Stanton (2007:1800) says the style from the Latin word stillus, means the way author assemble words to tell the story, develop the argument, dramatize the play, or compose the poem. 2.2 Puritanism In this thesis the writer applies library research to explore her analysis and she has an opinion that it is very important to have good related reading materials. Since the story in this novel deals much with puritan society of seventeenth century in America, the writer feels necessary to, firstly, define what puritan is, as can be seen below : Puritan is (16 th and 17 th cc, in England) member of a division of the Protestant Church which wanted simpler forms of church ceremony. 2. Person who is strict in morals and religion, who looks upon fun and pleasure as sinful, and who 8
4 believes that all people should work hard always. (Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary of Current English : 679) And to give a light for better understanding and better appreciation of the novel. The writer thinks that it is advisable to quote information, about who the puritans are, what they did and the reason why they emigrated to the colony where the setting of the novel is scened, as follows : The founders of Massachusetts wanted freedom to practice their religious beliefs. Leaving England at a time when Charles I seemed completely in control, they believed that their only chance for freedom lay in moving elsewhere. In their view, the Church of England was a true church. Leaving England was simply their means of avoiding a conflict between their loyality puritanism and their loyality to the king. Another reason for leaving England was their belief that God was about to punish the nation for refusing to obey his commands to reform. (The Founding of New England, 1921 : 84) 9
5 It is understood that puritanism originally concern people with high status like kings, member of parliament, congregational parties, etc, as can be seen in above quotation. They play big roles in The Scarlet Letter and they make the novel go ground. Puritans believe very much in a doctrine of predestination, that is, God only elect certain people like priest, minister, etc to possess Hisgrace. This doctrine then causes them to practice ackward rules that they always treat or punish those do wrong or commit deed sinful especially those of low status unfairly and cruely like what happens to Hester Prynne, the hero of the novel. As the little suggests, this thesis touches a lot about puritanistic values and teachings. Hester Prynne has to burden the disgrace due to her adultery of which the society regards it as a severe and unpardonable sin. Her fellow sinner, Rev. Dimmesdale, a man of dignity and honor, who is supposedly stainless, tempted and has to live in hypocrisy as he has to hide his sin. Here the novelist, Hawthorne, who was born in the Massachusetts colony, into a family descend from influential seventeenth century New England Puritan, examines Puritanistic rules and values : The Scarlet Letter, which is the best as well as the best known of his novels, is beautifully written and beautifully constructed, mounting from one dramatic scene to another until it reaches its climax on the scaffold..... The House of the 10
6 Seven Gables, which followed The Scarlet Letter, also scrutinizes Puritanism but in a quieter fashion. (The highlight of American Literature, 1969 : 77) Hawthorne also expresses his disagreement with ecclesiastical-corrupted-system. He shows us that one of the characters in the novel, Rev. Dimmesdale is really not purified. This is in accordance with the reality found in puritan society of the time in which men of high position are actually dirty : In 1584 it drew up a petition for ecclesiastical reform which..... in 1604 and 1610 reiterated its request for a purification of religion and the abolition of the Court of High Commision. (Enciclopaedia of the Social Science, vol 9: 3) Puritanistic movements of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in England and the United State attempted to arrive at a purified version of Reformation teaching because people have found a lot of the doctrines are not suitable anymore and the practices in society are againts holy guidance. In the novel, Hawthorne tries to pass a criticism on the existing system of church government. He protests that the system hinders Rev. Dimmesdale to confess and causes him to be a hypocrite and 11
7 their cruel treatment like what they do to Hester Prynne is a proof of corrupted values of puritan society. From the facts and quotations above it can be known that the novel, The Scarlet Letter, which tells the story of puritan society is the novelist s criticism on the rules and values of puritanism. Rev. Dimmesdale is characterised to perform the hypocrisy which always practised by the puritans. And the reality that puritan society have ackward rules, in the novel is shown by their cruel and unfriendly treatment to Hester Prynne. 12
3. Describe themes in the novel and trace their development throughout the text.
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