1. What is Intertextuality?

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1 1. What is Intertextuality? (1) Definition of Intertextuality * Definition: inter + textuality * relationship between texts * the relationship that exists between different texts, especially literary texts, or the reference in one text to others (MSN Encarta) * a theory of the text as a network of sign systems situated in relation to other systems of signifying practices * the shaping of texts' meanings by other texts: It can refer to an author s borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a reader s referencing of one text in reading another. (2) Intertextuality & Poststructuralism * Intertextuality has come to have almost as many meanings as users, from those faithful to Kristeva s original vision to those who simply use it as a stylish way of talking about allusion and influence. (William Irwin) * Julia Kristeva: historicism / subject & object & context * MIkhail Bakhtin * Rolan Barthes (3) Intertextuality and other terms * obscures the role of the author * eclipses 'allusion' as an object of literary study * parody: features an author who actively encodes a text as an imitation with critical difference * Derrida's deconstruction (4) What is not intertextuality? * Intertextuality should not be, but frequently is, used to refer to literary relations of conscious influence (between, for example, Samuel Beckett and James Joyce, or P. B. Shelley and William Wordsworth). * Intertextuality should not be, but frequently is, used to refer to the intentional

2 allusion (overt or covert) to, citation or quotation of previous texts in literary texts. * This is a term, it would appear, which possesses within it a potential for misuse; a potential which is still today regularly activated by literary and cultural critics. (5) Intertextuality and Popular Culture * The O. C. --> frequent references to comic book and movie characters such as Spider-Man and Luke Skywalker * The Simpsons / Futurama / Family Guy / Gilmore Girls * The practice of sampling, widely used in hip-hop and other forms of contemporary music, may also serve as an example of intertextuality. By recognisably sampling previous songs, artists may draw on an audience's ability to identify those tunes in order to grasp a fuller meaning of the new song. 2. The Matrix Trilogy and Intertextuality (1) Film and Literary References Film and literature buffs have identified countless film references in the Matrix trilogy. Some of these are mere in-jokes for fans of certain film genres, such as sci-fi or anime, but others are more significant. A small sampling of the most obvious film references includes 2001, The Wizard of Oz, Star Wars, Alien, Men in Black, The Terminator films, and The Truman Show. Some of the most apparent literary references include George Orwell s 1984, Jules Verne s Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, William Gibson s Neuromancer, and Aldous Huxley s The Doors of Perception. The film employs Alice in Wonderland explicitly to help set the plot in motion with the White Rabbit. < 확인학습> Q. Matrix와관련이있는문학작품에속하지않는것은? The Truman Show 3 The Doors of Perception 4 Alice in Wonderland 정답: 2 번. 해설 : The Truman Show는 Matrix 와연관된영화이지만, 문학작품은아니다. (2) Various References and the Matrix

3 1 Influences on the Matrix The Matrix films abound with references to pop culture, philosophy, religion, classic literature, myths, and other films. In making the Matrix trilogy, the Wachowski brothers drew on imagery and ideas from Greek mythology, Gnosticism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Nihilism, Taoism, comic books, the works of René Descartes, Homer s Odyssey, Jean Baudrillard s Simulacra and Simulation, Kevin Kelly s Out of Control, and Dylan Evans s Introducing Evolutionary Psychology. Actors from all over the world contributed their efforts to the films, and the cast is meant to represent a wide cross-section of humanity. In this mishmash of ideas, cultures, religions, and nationalities, cultural theorists of every stripe, religious scholars of all religions, and sci-fi fans all over the world have seen their own pet ideas reflected. The Wachowski brothers insist that the trilogy is not meant to reflect one consistent set of symbols or any single religious or philosophical system. Instead, they claim, the films draw upon an eclectic array of sources in order to forge a new, universal mythology. 2 Influences by the Matrix While the Matrix films have also been remarkably influential in their own right, they have spawned several collections of philosophical essays, semester-long college courses, and endless debates and discussions. The bullet-time special effect pioneered by visual effects supervisor John Gaeta was instantly mimicked in television advertisements for cars and other products and has been spoofed in parodic films, both animated and live action. The Matrix films inspired an onslaught of commercial products, including video games, clothing, and comic books. The Matrix DVD became the first release to outsell its VHS copies and was instrumental in fueling the development of a burgeoning DVD industry. The Wachowskis were attuned to the cross-market potential of their films, and between The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions they created a series of animated shorts called The Animatrix, some of which give important background information for the films, and a video game called Enter the Matrix. (3) Faith and Religions Released on Easter weekend in 1999, The Matrix suggested a parallel between Neo and Christ, both of whom are resurrected. Neo is referred to throughout the Matrix trilogy as the One, that is, the chosen one, which also describes Christ a messiah, sent to deliver salvation. References to Christianity proliferate in the films, and the Matrix films are an allegory for the Christian faith and that Neo is a modern-day Jesus. This interpretation is only one of the many possible readings of the films symbolism and references. The Matrix trilogy is remarkable for the

4 breadth and depth of its religious references, not just its references to Christianity. Though pervasive and often thorough, none of the religious references build into a cohesive allegory, and many of them appear and disappear quickly. The trilogy refers not only to Christianity but also to Judaism, Eastern religions, Hinduism, and others. Two of the more detailed spiritual frameworks the Matrix films frequently incorporate are Gnosticism and Buddhism. < 확인학습> Q. 영화 Matrix 에포함되어있는종교적요소가아닌것은? Christianity Gnosticism Jedi Religion Judaism 정답: 3 번. 해설: Jedi Religion은 Star Wars와연관된종교적면모혹은특징이지, Matrix와는관련이없다. No one religion or spiritual discipline forms the backbone of the Matrix trilogy. Instead, parts of many religions are fused into a patchwork quilt of ideas and references that deepen and enrich the films. a Gnosticism 1) Is Neo a Christian Messiah? Though Neo is undoubtedly a messiah figure, the messiah he resembles most is not really a Christian messiah. Christians believe Christ was a sinless man who, through his death and resurrection, brought people salvation from sin. Judeo-Christian scripture traces human sinfulness back to the myth of Eve and the forbidden fruit, pointing to her disobedience of God as the source of that sinfulness. The problem for the humans in The Matrix is ignorance, not sin. They need liberation from their illusions, not necessarily salvation. Furthermore, Neo doesn t die for others sins, but for his own: not coming to terms with his identity. After all, Neo is mostly human, with all the attendant physical needs, and conducts his affairs with incredible violence. His risky goal for Zion and all humanity is to reveal the truth at the risk of losing all people, rather than preserve them in the illusory web of the Matrix. Neo, a liberator rather than a savior, is a Gnostic Christ. 2) What is Gnosticism? The Gnostics were a loosely connected set of religious dissidents who

5 persevered in various sects throughout history. The Gnostics were originally an offshoot of the Christian church, and we can see how their fundamental beliefs differ from those of Christians through the allegories in The Matrix and The Matrix Reloaded. Gnostics believe that they alone truly understand Christ s message, and that they alone are an enlightened few. Their name derives from the Greek word gnosis, meaning knowledge. For Gnostics, knowledge is the true basis for spirituality. Rather than blind faith, knowledge and the perpetual quest for knowledge liberate individuals and help them break free from their natural state of bondage to the world. In fact, some early Gnostic sects worshipped the mythical serpent for bringing knowledge to Adam and Eve and allowing them to become fully human. Neo becomes a liberator by coming to understand himself. He discovers faith in himself, not in an all-powerful, unknowable God. Know Thyself, says the Oracle s mantelpiece, and Neo eventually does. 3) Gnostic God The Gnostic God operates on two levels. The Supreme God knows all but remains remote from human affairs, almost in a state of irrelevance because it is so impossibly unknowable. A lesser god, the Creator God, exists, the son of a virgin who was herself created by the Supreme God. This Creator God sculpted the earth. The Creator God of the Gnostics is called the Demiurge, a Greek word meaning public craftsman, and is paralleled in the Matrix films by the Architect. The Demiurge is inherently evil, without compassion or other human emotions except for pride and strict adherence to laws and disciplines. His cold logic often results in massive natural disasters or genocides. He thinks he s the real creator, and he s responsible for the painful condition of the world. The Matrix postulates that suffering in the real world is preferable to a life of pleasure in blissful ignorance, and this idea matches the Gnostic life perfectly. Knowledge prevails over blind faith. This overcoming of blindness is explicitly rendered in The Matrix Revolutions when Bane/Smith burns Neo s eyes, rendering him physically blind. The Gnostics believe that a select few people have within their bodies remnants of the divine virgin daughter of the Creator God. They believe that by learning about one s self, one s world, and one s spiritual essence one may reveal these divine sparks of original spirit. At the end of The Matrix, Neo actually seems to glow, making his image resonate with both the Christian resurrection story and Gnostic theology. Knowledge of the self is the true faith. < 확인학습> Q1. What is the problem for the humans in The Matrix? 1 original sin

6 2 disobedience 3 salvation 4 ignorance < 정답> 4 번. < 해설> 이부분에서필자는 Matrix에서기독교적세계관대신 Gnosticism에따라인간의 죄(sin) 가문제라기보다는인간의무지(ignorance) 가문제라고언급하고있다. 이는두번째 부분 What is Gnosticism? 에서좀더구체적으로드러난다. Q2, Gnostics에서 Creator God에해당하는 Matrix 에서의인물은누구인가? Architect Morpheus Neo Oracle 정답: 1 번. < 해설> Gnostics에서의 Creator Goid은 the Demiurge 인데, 그리스어로 public craftsman, 을뜻한다. b Buddhism 1) Buddhist Principles The Matrix itself parallels samsara, an illusory state of reality that is not what it appears. Samsara refers to revolving worlds that develop, reach heights, collapse, are eliminated, and then ultimately are replaced by other worlds. The goal of some Buddhists is to escape from this cyclical pattern of doom and eternal pain, which they believe is possible. Many of the freed humans choose to accept the Buddhist state of karma, which suggests that whatever state they are in, it is the result of their own doing. Their condition is self-created, and this idea emphasizes the importance of choice. Karma allows people to shape their next life. If they choose actions that are virtuous in this world, they ll be more contented now and in the next life. But if they choose nonvirtuous acts, they get what they deserve. Buddha s Four Noble Truths suggest that life is suffering, an idea The Matrix supports. Practicing Buddhists of all sects are rigorous meditators, practicing their faith by disciplining their minds. Morpheus trains Neo with the programs to free his mind and realize his potential based on freeing himself from laws. The training is not intended to teach new skills, since these skills can be easily downloaded, but to liberate Neo from the bondage of rules and to free him from the trappings of the world.

7 2) Buddha-mind The most accessible and most popular elucidation of these beliefs relates to the spoon parable a young boy tells Neo in the Oracle s waiting room. The story is specifically contrary to Christian belief systems and refers to an old Zen Buddhist koan (paradox) about freeing yourself from the logical mind and entering the Buddha-mind : The wind was flapping a flag at the temple. One monk said the flag was moving, the other monk said it was the wind that was moving. They argued and pondered, but could not come to a conclusion. An elder passed by and they asked him which was moving. It is neither the flag nor the wind that moves, but your mind. When Neo visits the Oracle for the first time, she jokingly gives him a cursory doctor s exam. Even this action has a mythic dimension, as a certain sect of Buddhism believes that the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama will be proven by a set of markings on his body. < 확인학습> Q. Morpheus가 Neo 에게궁극적으로가르치는것은? 호신술 마음다스리기 해킹기법 컴퓨터프로그래밍 정답: 2 번. < 해설> 모든것은마음에달려있다는불교의속성이이작품에많이제시되어있음을감안하면쉽게정답을찾을수있다. (4) Philosophical Influences Many precedents exist for the idea that the real world is an illusion, and the Matrix trilogy is riddled with specific references to philosophers who have entertained this idea. Although the films are meant to stand on their own and create their own set of philosophical questions, the Wachowskis pay homage to these precedents through both obvious and subtle references. Four of the most striking philosophical precedents for the Matrix trilogy are Jean Baudrillard s Simulacra and Simulation, Plato s allegory of the cave, Socrates visit to the Oracle

8 of Delphi, and the work of Descartes. The films refer to all four of these at various points. 1 Jean Baudrillard s Simulacra and Simulation One of the most overt philosophical references occurs near the beginning of The Matrix when Neo stashes his illegal software inside a hollowed-out copy of a book by French postmodern philosopher Jean Baudrillard entitled Simulacra and Simulation. Originally published in 1981, Baudrillard s book argues that late-twentieth-century consumer culture is a world in which simulations or imitations of reality have become more real than reality itself, a condition he describes as the hyper-real. [...] 2 Plato s Allegory of the Cave Plato explores the idea that the real world is an illusion in the allegory of the cave in The Republic. Plato imagines a cave in which people have been kept prisoner since birth. These people are bound in such a way that they can look only straight ahead, not behind them or to the side. On the wall in front of them, they can see flickering shadows in the shape of people, trees, and animals. Because these images are all they ve ever seen, they believe these images constitute the real world. One day, a prisoner escapes his bonds. He looks behind him and sees that what he thought was the real world is actually an elaborate set of shadows, which free people create with statues and the light from a fire. The statues, he decides, are actually the real world, not the shadows. Then he is freed from the cave altogether, and sees the actual world for the first time. He has a difficult time adjusting his eyes to the bright light of the sun, but eventually he does. Fully aware of true reality, he must return to the cave and try to teach others what he knows. The experience of this prisoner is a metaphor for the process by which rare human beings free themselves from the world of appearances and, with the help of philosophy, perceive the world truly. Neo is pulled from a kind of cave in the first Matrix film, when he sees the real world for the first time. Everything he thought was real is only an illusion much like the shadows on the cave walls and the statues that made the shadows were only copies of things in the real world. Plato insists that those who free themselves and come to perceive reality have a duty to return and teach others, and this holds true in the Matrix films as well, as Neo takes it upon himself to save humanity from widespread ignorance and acceptance of a false reality. 3 The Work of René Descartes Yet another philosophical precedent for the Matrix films is the work of René

9 Descartes, the man responsible for Cartesian coordinates and the phrase I think, therefore I am. In his 1641 book Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes poses the question of how he can know with certainty that the world he experiences is not an illusion being forced upon him by an evil demon. He reasons since he believes in what he sees and feels while dreaming, he cannot trust his senses to tell him that he is not still dreaming. His senses cannot provide him with proof that the world even exists. He concludes that he cannot rely on his senses, and that for all he knows, he and the rest of the world might all be under the control of an evil demon. Descartes evil demon is vividly realized in the Matrix films as the artificial intelligence that forces a virtual reality on humans. Just as Descartes realized that the sensations in his dreams were vivid enough to convince him the dreams were real, the humans who are plugged into the Matrix have no idea that their sensations are false, created artificially instead of arising from actual experiences. Until Neo is yanked from the Matrix, he, too, has no idea that his life is a virtual reality. Like Descartes, Neo eventually knows to take nothing at face value, and to question the existence of even those things, such as chairs, that seem most real. 4 Socrates Visit to the Oracle of Delphi Ancient Greeks considered Delphi to be the center of the world and revered the wisdom of the Oracle who resided there, in the Temple of Apollo. This Oracle s prophecies were always cryptic. When Socrates visited the Oracle, he claimed that he knew nothing, and the Oracle replied that he was the wisest man on earth. Socrates disagreed, but he eventually discovered her ironic meaning. By claiming to know nothing, Socrates truly was the wisest because all others were under the false impression that they knew more than they actually knew. The phrase Know Thyself was inscribed on the walls of the Oracle s temple, suggesting that true wisdom lies in recognizing one s own ignorance. Neo, like Socrates, is willing to admit to his own ignorance, and the Oracle in the Matrix films maintains her confidence in him and his abilities despite his often visible confusion and doubt. < 확인학습> Q. 위글에서 Matrix에영향을준철학적사실과거리가먼것은? Baudrillard 의저서 Plato 의동굴의우화 Descartes 의경험론 4 Aristotle의 시학

10 정답: 4 번. < 해설> 위글에서는 Jean Baudrillard s Simulacra and Simulation, Plato s Allegory of the Cave, The Work of René Descartes, Socrates Visit to the Oracle of Delphi 네가지를들고있다. (5) Biblical References The films in the Matrix trilogy frequently employ biblical references to augment character development and suggest a significance greater than the mere actions taking place. On the plaque of Morpheus s Nebuchadnezzer, for example, as part of its identifying numbers, is the notation Mark III, No. 11. In the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament, Mark describes large crowds who follow Jesus and are healed of their diseases. Chapter 3, verse 11 (King James Version) reads, And unclean spirits, when they saw him, fell down before him and cried, saying, Thou art the Son of God! In some ways, Morpheus parallels a Gospel writer delivering news of a savior. He is, after all, the first person to believe and declare that Neo is the One. When Neo disembarks at Zion for the first time in The Matrix Reloaded, afflicted crowds await him and treat him as a messiah, begging for his healing touch just as the crowds in Mark s Gospel do. Though Neo isn t necessarily a messiah, the biblical reference here suggests he embodies the qualities of one and presents a possible interpretation of his role. Just before Agent Smith s first appearance in The Matrix Reloaded, we see the license plate on the luxury car he drives: IS In the Old Testament, Chapter 54, Verse 16, of Isaiah, reads Behold, I have created the smith that bloweth the coals in the fire and that bringeth forth an instrument for this work; and I have created the waster, to destroy. In this chapter, Isaiah refers to the Lord s assurances that Zion, the promised land for the Israelites, will be victorious in future glory. He reminds his people that he created everything and goes on to reassure them that no weapon forged against you will prevail. Though we don t necessarily need to recognize and understand the biblical reference in order to understand the Matrix trilogy, references like this one add a second layer of meaning to the films. They augment what we do know about the characters and add depth to the conflict, giving the films hidden meanings and reinforcing the idea that what we re seeing isn t all that s there more lurks beneath the surface, if we just know where to look, much as those who take the red pill discover an alternate universe just beyond what they know. < 확인학습> Q. Agent Smith 가운전하는차의번호판 "IS 5416" 은성경의무엇과연관되는가?

11 < 정답> 이사야 54장 15 절. < 해설> 이영화에서는성경의여러구절뿐아니라등장인물등여러면에서기독교등의 종교적속성과연결되어있음을기억하자. 3. 영화속으로 -- Matrix (1999) A. The Matrix Trilogy The Matrix (1999) The Matrix Reloaded (2003) The Matrix Revolutions (2003) B. Plot Summary Computer programmer Thomas A. Anderson leads a secret life as a hacker under the alias "Neo". He wishes to learn the answer to the question: "What is the Matrix?"

12 Cryptic messages appearing on his computer monitor and an encounter with several sinister agents leads him to a group led by the mysterious Morpheus, a man who offers him the chance to learn the truth about the Matrix. Neo accepts by swallowing an offered red pill, and abruptly wakes up naked in a liquid-filled pod, his body connected by wires to a vast mechanical tower covered with identical pods. The connections are severed and he is rescued by Morpheus and taken aboard his hovercraft, the Nebuchadnezzar. Neo's neglected physical body is restored, and Morpheus explains the situation....< Script 는생략함.

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