THE EPIC & EPIC POETRY

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1 THE EPIC & EPIC POETRY

2 So, what is an epic? A long narrative about a larger-thanlife hero and his companions. It is set in the ideal past, a past imagined as greater than the present. The hero often has superhuman divine traits. The style is elevated to the greatness of the deeds. The poem was originally passed down through oral tradition.

3 Categories of Epics Folk Epic evolves from people of the civilization & their lives. It rises above the facts of those lives, but is grounded in the commonality of the culture s experiences, wisdom, and values. Literary Epic deliberately created by the artist-writer about a civilization or a people. It, too, may be based on long-ago histories or on long-ago literature.

4 A Chronology of Epics 18 th to 20 th Century B.C. Gilgamesh (Mesopotamian mythology) 8 th to 6 th Century B.C. Homer s Odyssey and Iliad (Greek mythology) Hesiod s Works and Days (Greek mythology) 4 th to 5 th Century B.C. Mahabharata and Ramayana (Hindu mythology) Book of Job 1 st Century B.C Virgil s Aeneid (Latin mythology)

5 A Chronology of Epics 1 st Century A.D. Ovid s Metamorphosis (Latin) 8 th to 10 th Century Beowulf (Anglo-Saxon) 13 th Century Epic of Sundiata (Mali) 14 th Century Dante s Divina Commedia (Italian)

6 Elements & Motifs of the Epic (you will need to know this for the rest of your life) Journey of a Hero Battles/Monsters Blazon (description of armor) Pageantry (elaborate ceremony or showing off) Oratory/Rhetoric (speeches) Cataloging (listing) Honor/Loyalty Destiny (fate) Assembly Scenes (feasting, celebrating, funerals) Perseverance Common Sense Tragic Waste (of lives, human potential, etc.) Repetition Symbolism Long Sentences Parallelisms Hyperbole Litotes (understatement) Sung by Bards (poets) to Illiterates Heroic Leaders Epic Similes (extended to intensify heroic stature) Use of Patronymics (father s names) Epithets (descriptive phrases)

7 Characteristics of the Epic 1. Characters are beings of national importance and historical or legendary significance. 2. The setting is grand in scope, covering nations, the world, or even the universe. 3. Action consists of deeds of great valor and courage. 4. Style is sustained in tone and language. 5. Supernatural forces interest themselves in human action and often intervene directly.

8 Characteristics of the Epic 6. Praepositio: an invocation to the Muse for inspiration in the telling of a story. Poet requests divine help in many European epics. 7. Epics often start in medias res. "In the middle of the action. 8. Dialogues tend to be extended, formal speeches. 9. Enumeratio: epic catalogues list warriors, armies, resources. 10. Epithets: heavy use of repetition or stock phrases

9 The Epic Hero 1. A larger than life figure from history or legend 2. Favored by or partially descended from deities 3. Closely aligned with mortal figures in popular portrayals 4. Participates in cyclical journey or quest (monomyth) 5. Faces adversaries that try to defeat him in his journey 6. Gathers allies along his journey 7. Returns home significantly transformed by his journey

10 The Epic Hero, Continued 8. Illustrates traits, performs deeds, and exemplifies morals valued by the society from which it originates 9. Embodies cultural and religious beliefs of the people 10. Is sometimes a recurring characters in the legends of its native culture 11. Is superhuman in that he is smarter, stronger, and braver than average humans 12. Can also be a warrior who performs extraordinary tasks 13. Can be strong, smart, brave, but also arrogant and irrational

11 The Monomyth, or Hero Cycle Joseph Campbell Mythologist, college professor, author Campbell s big contribution: definition of a hero [from mythical to ordinary human] Path with specific stages, which the potential hero must travel

12 The Epic Hero and the Monomyth As we read Gilgamesh and Beowulf, think about the extent to which the epic heroes follow or do not follow the hero cycle. THREE MAJOR STAGES: Departure Initiation (include road of trials) Return Throughout this journey, the hero must learn to overcome some flaw in order to achieve enlightenment and the freedom to live

13 Characteristics of the Archetypal Hero gives his/her life to something bigger than him/herself, to some higher end Our culture believes in this definition of the hero. Do Gilgamesh and Beowulf exemplify this trait? Read and decide for yourself! performs a courageous act, either physical or spiritual. usually someone from whom something has been taken or who feels there's something lacking in the normal experience available, or permitted, to members of his society. embarks on a series of adventures to recover what is lost or to discover some life-giving information.

14 Archetypal Hero, continued usually moves out of the known, conventional safety of his own life to undertake the journey. undergoes trials and tests to see if he has the courage, the knowledge and the capacity to survive. (epic hero = battles against monsters representing forces of evil) has to achieve something (epic hero = enlightenment) consists of a departure, a fulfillment, and a return.

15 The Hero Cycle: Video Approx. 7 mins. Includes examples from Star Wars, Harry Potter, and The Wizard of Oz

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