Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation

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1 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации JTC1/SC2/WG2 N Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Final proposal for encoding the script in the SMP of the UCS Source: China, Ireland, and UK Status: National Body Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Replaces: N3577 Date: Summary This document is a revised proposal to encode a set of characters in the SMP of the UCS. The proposal is the result of collaboration between experts from China, France, Ireland, Russia, UK and USA, and represents a consensus of opinion. The current document proposes the encoding of a set of 6,054 characters based on a single, authoritative source, Lǐ Fànwén's Chinese Dictionary (Xià-Hàn Zìdiàn 夏漢字典 ), as well as a single iteration mark. The 6,054 characters represent all the distinct characters used as head entries in Lǐ Fànwén's dictionary, including significant character variants. These 6,055 characters are proposed for encoding in a main block, and there will be a future proposal to encode a smaller set of characters and character variants attested in other sources (estimated to be about 300 characters) in a supplementary block. A revised proposal to encode a set of radicals and components (see N3495) will also be made at a later date. 2. Introduction is a logographic script that was used to write the language, an extinct member of the Tibeto-Burman language family that was spoken in northwestern China by the people (known as the Dǎngxiàng 黨項 in Chinese, and as the Mi-nyag in Tibetan). The script was devised in about 1036, under the supervision of Lǐ Yuánhào 李元昊, the first emperor of the Western Xia 西夏 state ( ). After the fall of the Western Xia to the Mongols, the script continued to be used through the Yuan dynasty ( ) and into the early Ming dynasty ( ), with the latest examples of the script dating to the late 15th century and early 16th century. During the Ming dynasty national identity and culture disintegrated, and remaining populations either became assimilated into the surrounding Chinese or Mongolian populations or else migrated to the region of Tibet. By the end of the Ming dynasty the script was long obsolete.

2 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N The script was widely used over a period of several hundred years for official, private and religious purposes, and a huge corpus of material written in the script is still extant, including thousands of complete and fragmentary examples of printed books and sutras, manuscript texts, and monumental inscriptions. Fig.1: Chrysographic Edition of the Lotus Sutra When the script was rediscovered in the late 19th century it was completely unintelligible, and it was largely through the efforts of the Russian scholar N. A. Nevskij ( ) that scholars are now able to read the script at all. The script has now been almost completely deciphered, although there are still many phonological and grammatical issues that remain. The decipherement of was greatly aided by the discovery during the early 20th century of a number of contemporary phonological texts, including an incomplete monoglot rhyming dictionary, the Sea of Characters (Chinese Wén Hǎi 文海 ). The study of the language is now a well-established discipline, with scholars from China, Japan, Russia and many other countries publishing books and monographs on language and culture that quote extracts of text in the original script or which discuss individual characters. Over the last fifty years a number of important dictionaries and linguistic works have been published, including Chinese, Japanese, Russian and

3 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N English dictionaries. More recently, with the advent of the internet, several linguistic bloggers have been attempting to represent characters and text on the web. Fig.2: Fragment of a Memorial Stone from the Western Xia Royal Tombs The script is composed of about 6,000 individual characters that superficially resemble Chinese ideographs, and that were written top-to-bottom in lines running right-to-left across the writing surface in the same way that Chinese was traditionally written (see Figs. 1 and 2). In modern usage the script is written left-to-right. Although the individual characters are quite complex, with most characters comprising 8-15 strokes, the script is not itself complex. There are no combining characters, and characters do not interact with each other typographically. 3. Character Repertoire It is difficult to determine the exact number of characters as no complete example of a contemporary dictionary of has survived to the present day (the extant fragment of the Sea of Characters dictionary has 3,052 entries), but modern dictionaries include about 6,000 characters (LFW1997 has exactly 6,000 entries, LFW2008 has 6,074 entries and Kyčanov 2006 has 5,803 entries). As characters are individually complex it is common to find the same basic character written somewhat differently in different sources, sometimes with a different arrangement of the same component elements (e.g. LFW and LFW ) and sometimes with one component element substituted for another (e.g. LFW and LFW ). Hán Xiǎománg 2004 recognises 5,861 basic characters with a total of 6,066 glyph forms, indicating that about 3.5% of characters are variant forms. The problem of character variants has been exacerbated by the widespread inclusion of erroneous character forms in modern dictionaries and glossaries. Some of the erroneous character forms are due to scholars misreading indistinct or poorly written characters in original texts, whereas others are due to scholars miswriting the complex strokes of a character when copying it down. Whatever their origin, many of these erroneous character forms have taken on a life of their own, being copied from one dictionary to another, either inadvertently or in order to deliberately point the character out as a mistake.

4 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3797 Fig.3: Page from the 'Sea of Characters' Dictionary In order for scholars to be able to accurately represent original source texts as well as entries in modern dictionaries, it has been agreed in principle to encode all characters attested in modern dictionaries with distinct glyph forms, i.e. character variants with a different structural composition or with a different structural arrangement of the same component elements. This is similar to the unification rules applied to the encoding of CJK Unified Ideographs. However, due to the difficulty of deciding which character variants should be encoded and which should not, it has been agreed to encode characters in two blocks: A main block covering all distinct characters used as head entries in Lǐ Fànwén's 2008 dictionary (LFW2008); A supplementary block for any other characters and significant character variants that are attested in other sources. This document proposes to encode 6,054 characters used as head entries in LFW2008 in the main block. A proposal for additional characters to be encoded in a supplementary block will be made at a later date. It is estimated that the supplementary block will include about 300 additional characters. Basing the character repertoire of the main block on LFW2008 is considered to be the best solution as this is the most recent and most comprehensive dictionary of, and using a single source avoids the issue of which character variants to include and which to exclude. The first edition of Lǐ Fànwén's dictionary (LFW1997) was used as the basis for the Mojikyo character set, which has been widely used for electronic publishing, so basing the main block on Lǐ Fànwén's dictionary is helpful for users migrating from a Mojikyo solution to a Unicode solution. There are, however, some significant differences between LFW2008 and 4

5 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N LFW1997 that mean that the Mojikyo set does not exactly map to the proposed main block: LFW are not in LFW2008 (and therefore not proposed for encoding in the main block), and conversely LFW are not in LFW1997, so that Mojikyo nos through are currently unmapped (LFW may be considered for encoding in the supplementary block). Moreover, as Mojikyo does not unify characters with the same glyph shape, there is not a one-to-one mapping between the Mojokyo set and the proposed main block. LFW2008 has a total of 6,074 entries, but twenty characters have been unified, as indicated below. A. The following eleven pairs of entries have different meanings and/or readings but have identical glyphs: LFW /0407 LFW /1107 LFW /1318 LFW /1667 LFW /1735 LFW /2253 LFW /2299 LFW /3436 LFW /3489 LFW /3684 LFW /4457 B. The following five pairs of entries have the same meaning, reading and glyph shape in LFW2008, and can be considered to be duplicates: LFW /1384 (same glyph forms in both LFW1997 and LFW2008; different definitions in LFW1997, but merged into a single entry [LFW ] in LFW2008) LFW /3517 (same glyph forms in LFW2008, and no significant difference between glyphs in LFW1997; based on the four-corner index LFW may originally have been intended to be written differently to LFW , but this is not reflected in the actual glyph forms used in LFW1997) LFW /2350 (slightly different glyph forms in LFW1997, but identical in LFW2008) LFW /2807 (same glyph forms in both LFW1997 and LFW2008; LFW has an erroneous four-corner index) LFW /4591 (slightly different glyph forms in LFW1997, but identical in LFW2008) C. The following four pairs of entries have the same meaning and reading, but have insignificantly different glyph forms reflecting a different four-corner index analysis of the character (each pair only differs in the size of the gap between the top of the lefthand vertical stroke and the top horizontal stroke): LFW /4537 / LFW /4548 / LFW /4510 / LFW /4624 /

6 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N LFW2008 also includes a number of character variants that are not proposed for encoding in the main block, but which can be considered as candidates for encoding in the supplementary block, as described below. A. Three characters have two entries, differentiated as 'A' and 'B', where the 'A' entry is the main entry for the character, and the 'B' entry is for a glyph variant that simply cross-references to the 'A' entry. In these cases only the 'A' entry is proposed for encoding in the main block. page 389 on page 424 LFW B on page 482 is indicated as a variant form of LFW A on LFW B on page 491 is indicated as a variant form of LFW [A] LFW B on page 533 is indicated as a variant form of LFW A on page 372 B. Three characters are listed twice under the same index number (not differentiated as 'A' and 'B') but with a different four-corner index, where one is the main entry and the other simply crossreferences to the main entry. In these cases only the main entry character is proposed for encoding in the main block. LFW on page 212 is indicated as a "corrupt form" of the entry on page 215 LFW on page 460 is indicated as a "corrupt form" of the entry on page 455 LFW on page 814 is indicated as a "corrupt form" of the entry on page 808 C. The entries for the following characters note a variant form of the character that is found in a primary source, but there is no head entry for the noted variant form. These characters are not proposed for encoding in the main block. the entry for LFW notes the variant form the entry for LFW notes the variant form the entry for LFW notes the variant form the entry for LFW notes the variant form the entry for LFW notes the variant form the entry for LFW notes the variant form the entry for LFW notes the variant form the entry for LFW notes the variant form There are no script-specific punctuation marks used for, so no punctuation characters are proposed. However, an iteration mark is attested in contemporary and modern sources (see Figs. 4 and 5). Although this iteration mark is not included in Lǐ Fànwén's dictionary, we consider it appropriate to be included in the main block. Fig.4: Nakajima 2001 Character #36766

7 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N Fig.5: Wénhǎi Bǎoyùn 文海寶韻 part 1 page 07A 4. Character Naming Convention Three possible naming systems for characters were considered: Algorithmically derived names based on code point, as used for CJK Unified Ideographs; Names based on the reconstructed pronunciations of the characters; Names based on the character's source reference. The first solution has nothing to recommend it, and was easily rejected. The second solution is appealing, but is problematic as not all characters have a reconstructed reading. Furthermore, scholars disagree on the exact details of phonetics and the reconstructed pronunciations of individual characters. As it was thought unlikely that an agreement on any one system of phonetic reconstruction could be arrived at, a decision was made to instead base the character names on their primary source reference. This was agreed to be a useful way of naming characters as scholars often refer to characters by their index number in modern dictionaries. For the main block the source reference for all characters is LFW2008, and so all characters (other than the iteration mark) are proposed to be named as TANGUT CHARACTER LFW2008-nnnn (for characters which map to a single entry in LFW2008) or TANGUT CHARACTER LFW2008-nnnn-nnnn (for the twenty characters that unify two entries in LFW2008), where nnnn is the four-digit index number with leading zeros of the corresponding entry in LFW2008. There are two instances where the index numbers in LFW2008 are swapped with respect to the index numbers in LFW1997 (LFW /1914 = LFW /1913, and LFW /4453 = LFW /4452), and in these cases the proposed character names use the index numbers given in LFW2008. This means that Mojikyo no maps to TANGUT CHARACTER LFW , etc. It is intended that the names of characters encoded in the supplementary block will use the same naming convention as the main block, with the following potential sources for

8 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N additional characters represented using the following prefixes to the associated character index number: Grinstead 1972 = GRI1972 Hán Xiǎománg 2004 = HXM2004 Jǐng Yǒngshí 2008 = JYS2008 Keping et al = KEP1969 Kolokolov and Kyčanov 1966 = KOL1966 Kyčanov 2006 = KYC2006 Lǐ Fànwén 1986 = LFW1986 Lǐ Fànwén 1997 = LFW1997 Lǐ Fànwén 2008 = LFW2008 Nakajima et al = NAK2000 Nevskij 1960 = NEV1960 Nishida 1966 = NIS1966 Shǐ Jīnbō et al = SJB1983 Sofronov 1968 = SOF Character Ordering Principles It is essential to have a clearly defined system of character ordering for a large character set such as, so that users are able to easily locate any character. Defining a systematic method of character ordering for the main block will also facilitate the encoding of characters in any subsequent supplementary block. Unfortunately, there is no universally accepted or standard character ordering system for that we can follow. All the dictionaries that have survived from the Western Xia period ( ) order characters according to phonetic principles, but this is not suitable for our purposes as we do not know the phonetic characteristics of all the proposed characters, and a phonetic ordering would not facilitate character lookup. In contrast, almost all modern dictionaries and glossaries order characters by radical and stroke count (the Lǐ Fànwén dictionary orders by four-corner indices, but includes a Radical/Stroke index), but there is considerable variation in the set of radicals used as a basis for ordering. With no contemporary radical classification of characters to guide them, compilers of modern dictionaries have of necessity defined sets of artificial radicals that are based on common structural elements, but which do not necessarily have a semantic determinative function in the same way that most Chinese radicals do. As these modern radical classification systems are intended only as an aid to character lookup, and do not reflect a natural grouping of characters with a common semantic element, the choice of elements to use as radicals is fairly arbitrary, with the result that every modern radical/stroke index is somewhat different from every other one. There are two different basic approaches to defining radicals. Most authors (e.g. Nishida, Sofronov, Shǐ Jīnbō et al., Lǐ Fànwén, and Hán Xiǎománg) choose the leftmost structural element of a character as its radical where possible, and the top, bottom or surrounding element if not; but some authors (e.g. Grinstead, Kolokolov & Kyčanov, and Kyčanov) choose the structural element at the bottom right of a character as its radical. As most structural elements can occur at the left side or at the right side of a character, there is considerable overlap in the set of radicals obtained using these two different methods. Although both systems have their relative merits, we have decided to use a radical system based on the leftmost structural element as the basis for ordering the proposed character repertoire, as this method is more widespread than the bottom righthand corner method. However, as there are inconsistencies and imperfections with all existing radical

9 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N classifications, and as none of them have achieved canonical status, we have decided to devise our own radical classification and ordering principles, based on those used in Hán Xiǎománg 2004, but with some modifications, and applied consistently to the entire set of proposed characters. The determination of radicals and the definition of stroke count and stroke ordering for an extinct script is necessarily a somewhat arbitrary task, but by following a clearly defined set of ordering principles we have aimed to produce a consistent and deterministic system of ordering for characters. The following principles have been used to determine what radical a character is ordered under: The leftmost element or group of elements is chosen as the radical where possible (e.g. for LFW , and for LFW ) Where a character does not have an element or group of elements on the left side, the top, bottom or enclosing element is chosen as the radical (e.g. for LFW , for LFW , and for LFW ) Where a character has both a top and bottom element (but no left side element), the top element is chosen as the radical (e.g. for LFW ) Characters that occur as a left side radical are ordered with the characters that use it as a radical, even if the character itself could be more naturally ordered under a different radical (e.g. the character LFW is ordered together with the character LFW under the radical, rather than under the radical ) If the same radical shape occurs in different positions they are treated as separate radicals (e.g. and are treated as separate radicals, and and are treated as separate radicals) Left side radicals and left-and-under radicals with the same basic glyph shape are treated as separate radicals (e.g. and are treated as separate radicals, and and are treated as separate radicals) Based on these principles we have identified a set of 513 radicals that can be used to order the proposed set of characters in the main block. Note that this is not an exhaustive set of radicals required for ordering characters, and that some other radicals would need to be identified for some characters in the supplementary block. This set of radicals is a subset of the set of components that are required to be encoded in order to cover all the different systems of radical classification. The relative ordering of these 513 radicals, as well the ordering of characters within the same radical, is based on the nominal stroke count and stroke order of the character. We have identified eighteen basic stroke types used for characters, as shown in the table below, each of which we assign an identifying letter A through R. Note that as strokes are not exactly the same as the strokes used in writing Han ideographs, there may be disagreement amongst different experts as to what constitutes an elementary stroke. For example the stroke that we identify as J is treated as two conjoined strokes by Nishida.

10 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N Letter Stroke(s) Example Components A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R Table 1 : Strokes The 513 radicals used to order the main block are listed in Appendix A. We have assigned each radical an alphabetic sort key derived from the letters assigned to each stroke in the above table. The order of letters in the sort key is based on the nominal order in which the strokes of the character should be written. Thus Radical 179 is given a sort key of DCBOE based on the nominal writing order of its five constituent strokes. Note that although it is possible to reconstruct the stroke order of characters to a certain extent by analogy with the stroke order used for writing Han ideographs, some stroke constructions are unlike anything found in Chinese, and different scholars have different opinions as to what their correct stroke order should be, and even whether a stroke is a single stroke or two conjoined strokes. Although there may not be universal agreement on our definition of stroke count and stroke order in all cases, we have attempted to be completely consistent, so that the same stroke construction always has the same alphabetic sort key wherever it occurs. Radicals are ordered by stroke count and then by their alphabetic sort key. For example, Radical 184 is ordered immediately after Radical 183 as they both have a stroke count of 5, but Radical 183 has a sort key of DCFCQ and Radical 184 has a sort key of DCKBB. Where two or more radicals have the same sort key the following principles are used to determine their relative order: Left side radicals are ordered before top radicals with the same glyph shape (e.g. Radical 348 DCFABBB is ordered before Radical 349 DCFABBB)

11 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N Top radicals are ordered before bottom radicals with the same glyph shape (e.g. Radical 061 ABBB is ordered before Radical 062 ABBB) Radicals with a final long slanting stroke are ordered immediately after the similar radical with a short slanting slope (e.g. Radical 079 CCCQ is ordered immediately after Radical 078 CCCQ) Radicals with a long stroke bending to the right are ordered immediately after the similar radical with a stroke that does not bend to the right (e.g. Radical 096 DCBE is ordered immediately after Radical 095 DCBE) Radicals with crossing strokes are ordered after characters with non-crossing strokes (e.g. Radical 186 EAAAB is ordered after Radical 185 EAAAB, and Radical 285 EABEAA is ordered after Radical 284 EABEAA which is ordered after Radical 283 EABEAA) The characters assigned to each radical are ordered by residual stroke count and stroke order using the same principles used for ordering radicals. The resultant ordering of the proposed set of 6,054 characters is shown in Appendix B. 6. Unicode Character Properties ;TANGUT ITERATION MARK;Lm;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 17001;TANGUT CHARACTER LFW ;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;.. 187A6;TANGUT CHARACTER LFW ;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 7. Bibliography. Grinstead, Eric Analysis of the Script (Scandanavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series No.10. Hán Xiǎománg ( 韓小忙 ) 西夏文正字研究 (= Xīxiàwén Zhèngzì Yánjiū). Jǐng Yǒngshí ( 景永时 ) 西夏文字处理系统使用手册 (= Xīxià Wénzì Chǔlǐ Xìtǒng Shǐyòng Shǒucè) [Handbook for the Document Processing System]. Yinchuan. Keping, K. B. (К. Б. Кепинг) et al Море письмен (= More pisʹmen) [The Sea of Characters]. Moscow. Kolokolov, V. S. (В. С. Колоколов) and E. I. Kyčanov (Е. И. Кычанов) Китайская классика в тангутском переводе (= Kitajskaja klassika v tangutskom perevode) [Chinese Classics in Translation]. Moscow. Kyčanov, E. I. (Е. И. Кычанов) Словарь тангутского (Си Ся) языка (= Slovarʹ tangutskogo (Si Sja) jazyka) [-Russian-English-Chinese Dictionary]. St. Petersburg and Kyoto. Lǐ Fànwén ( 李範文 ) 同音研究 (= Tóngyīn Yánjiū). Yinchuan. Lǐ Fànwén ( 李範文 ) 夏漢字典 (= Xià-Hàn Zìdiàn). Beijing. Lǐ Fànwén ( 李範文 ) 夏漢字典 (= Xià-Hàn Zìdiàn). Beijing.

12 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N Nakajima Motoki ( 中嶋幹起 ) et al 電脳処理 文海宝韻 研究 (= Dennō shori Bunkai Hōin kenkyū). Tokyo. Nevskij, N. A. (Н. А. Невский) Тангутская филология: Исследования и словарь (= skaja filologija: Issledovanija i slovarʹ) [ philology: Researches and dictionary]. Moscow. Nishida Tatsuo ( 西田龍雄 ) 西夏文小字典 (= Seikabun Shōjiten). In 西夏語の研究 (= Seikago no kenkyū) [A Study of the Hsi-Hsia Language] ( ) vol.2. Tokyo. Shǐ Jīnbō ( 史金波 ) et al 文海研究 (= Wénhǎi Yánjiū). Beijing. Sofronov M. V. (М. В. Софронов) Грамматика тангутского языка (= Grammatika tangutskogo jazyka). Moscow.

13 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 PROPOSAL SUMMARY FORM TO ACCOMPANY SUBMISSIONS FOR ADDITIONS TO THE REPERTOIRE OF ISO/IEC Please fill all the sections A, B and C below. Please read Principles and Procedures Document (P & P) from for guidelines and details before filling this form. Please ensure you are using the latest Form from See also for latest Roadmaps. Form number: N3452-F (Original ; Revised , , , , , , , , , , , , ) A. Administrative 1. Title: Final proposal for encoding the script in the SMP of the UCS 2. Requester's name: China, Ireland, and UK 3. Requester type (Member body/liaison/individual contribution): National Body contribution 4. Submission date: Requester's reference (if applicable): 6. Choose one of the following: This is a complete proposal: Yes (or) More information will be provided later: B. Technical - General 1. Choose one of the following: a. This proposal is for a new script (set of characters): Yes Proposed name of script: b. The proposal is for addition of character(s) to an existing block: No Name of the existing block: 2. Number of characters in proposal: 6, Proposed category (select one from below - see section 2.2 of P&P document): A-Contemporary B.1-Specialized (small collection) B.2-Specialized (large collection) C-Major extinct D-Attested extinct E-Minor extinct F-Archaic Hieroglyphic or Ideographic X G-Obscure or questionable usage symbols 4. Is a repertoire including character names provided? Yes a. If Yes, are the names in accordance with the "character naming guidelines" Yes b. Are the character shapes attached in a legible form suitable for review? Yes 5. Who will provide the appropriate computerized font (ordered preference: True Type, or PostScript format) for publishing the standard? Jing Yongshi and Michael Everson If available now, identify source(s) for the font (include address, , ftp-site, etc.) and indicate the tools used: Michael Everson, Fontographer. 6. References: a. Are references (to other character sets, dictionaries, descriptive texts etc.) provided? Yes b. Are published examples of use (such as samples from newspapers, magazines, or other sources) of proposed characters attached? No 7. Special encoding issue Does the proposal address other aspects of character data processing (if applicable) such as input, presentation, sorting, searching, indexing, transliteration etc. (if yes please enclose information)? Yes 8. Submitters are invited to provide any additional information about Properties of the proposed Character(s) or Script that will assist in correct understanding of and correct linguistic processing of the proposed character(s) or script. Examples of such properties are: Casing information, Numeric information, Currency information, Display behaviour information such as line breaks, widths etc., Combining behaviour, Spacing behaviour, Directional behaviour, Default Collation behaviour, relevance in Mark Up contexts, Compatibility equivalence and other Unicode normalization related information. See the Unicode standard at for such information on other scripts. Also see and associated Unicode Technical Reports for information needed for consideration by the Unicode Technical Committee for inclusion in the Unicode Standard.

14 JTC1/SC2/WG2 N C. Technical - Justification 1. Has this proposal for addition of character(s) been submitted before? Yes If Yes explain See N Has contact been made to members of the user community (for example: National Body, user groups of the script or characters, other experts, etc.)? Yes If Yes, available relevant documents: 3. Information on the user community for the proposed characters (for example: size, demographics, information technology use, or publishing use) is included? No Reference: 4. The context of use for the proposed characters type of use; common or rare) Rare Reference: 5. Are the proposed characters in current use by the user community? Yes If Yes, where? Reference: 6. After giving due considerations to the principles in the P&P document must the proposed characters be entirely in the BMP? No If Yes, is a rationale provided? If Yes, reference: 7. Should the proposed characters be kept together in a contiguous range (rather than being scattered)? Yes 8. Can any of the proposed characters be considered a presentation form of an existing character or character sequence? No If Yes, is a rationale for its inclusion provided? If Yes, reference: 9. Can any of the proposed characters be encoded using a composed character sequence of either existing characters or other proposed characters? No If Yes, is a rationale for its inclusion provided? If Yes, reference: 10. Can any of the proposed character(s) be considered to be similar (in appearance or function) to an existing character? No If Yes, is a rationale for its inclusion provided? If Yes, reference: 11. Does the proposal include use of combining characters and/or use of composite No sequences? If Yes, is a rationale for such use provided? If Yes, reference: Is a list of composite sequences and their corresponding glyph images (graphic symbols) provided? If Yes, reference: 12. Does the proposal contain characters with any special properties such as control function or similar semantics? No If Yes, describe in detail (include attachment if necessary) 13. Does the proposal contain any Ideographic compatibility character(s)? No If Yes, is the equivalent corresponding unified ideographic character(s) identified? If Yes, reference:

15 Date: FF A 170B 170C 170D 170E 170F A 1700B 1700C 1700D 1700E 1700F A 1701B 1701C 1701D 1701E 1701F A 1702B 1702C 1702D 1702E 1702F A 1703B 1703C 1703D 1703E 1703F A 1704B 1704C 1704D 1704E 1704F A 1705B 1705C 1705D 1705E 1705F A 1706B 1706C 1706D 1706E 1706F A 1707B 1707C 1707D 1707E 1707F A 1708B 1708C 1708D 1708E 1708F A 1709B 1709C 1709D 1709E 1709F 170A0 170A1 170A2 170A3 170A4 170A5 170A6 170A7 170A8 170A9 170AA 170AB 170AC 170AD 170AE 170AF 170B0 170B1 170B2 170B3 170B4 170B5 170B6 170B7 170B8 170B9 170BA 170BB 170BC 170BD 170BE 170BF 170C0 170C1 170C2 170C3 170C4 170C5 170C6 170C7 170C8 170C9 170CA 170CB 170CC 170CD 170CE 170CF 170D0 170D1 170D2 170D3 170D4 170D5 170D6 170D7 170D8 170D9 170DA 170DB 170DC 170DD 170DE 170DF 170E0 170E1 170E2 170E3 170E4 170E5 170E6 170E7 170E8 170E9 170EA 170EB 170EC 170ED 170EE 170EF 170F0 170F1 170F2 170F3 170F4 170F5 170F6 170F7 170F8 170F9 170FA 170FB 170FC 170FD 170FE 170FF A B C D E F

16 Date: FF A 171B 171C 171D 171E 171F A 1710B 1710C 1710D 1710E 1710F A 1711B 1711C 1711D 1711E 1711F A 1712B 1712C 1712D 1712E 1712F A 1713B 1713C 1713D 1713E 1713F A 1714B 1714C 1714D 1714E 1714F A 1715B 1715C 1715D 1715E 1715F A 1716B 1716C 1716D 1716E 1716F A 1717B 1717C 1717D 1717E 1717F A 1718B 1718C 1718D 1718E 1718F A 1719B 1719C 1719D 1719E 1719F 171A0 171A1 171A2 171A3 171A4 171A5 171A6 171A7 171A8 171A9 171AA 171AB 171AC 171AD 171AE 171AF 171B0 171B1 171B2 171B3 171B4 171B5 171B6 171B7 171B8 171B9 171BA 171BB 171BC 171BD 171BE 171BF 171C0 171C1 171C2 171C3 171C4 171C5 171C6 171C7 171C8 171C9 171CA 171CB 171CC 171CD 171CE 171CF 171D0 171D1 171D2 171D3 171D4 171D5 171D6 171D7 171D8 171D9 171DA 171DB 171DC 171DD 171DE 171DF 171E0 171E1 171E2 171E3 171E4 171E5 171E6 171E7 171E8 171E9 171EA 171EB 171EC 171ED 171EE 171EF 171F0 171F1 171F2 171F3 171F4 171F5 171F6 171F7 171F8 171F9 171FA 171FB 171FC 171FD 171FE 171FF A B C D E F

17 Date: FF A 172B 172C 172D 172E 172F A 1720B 1720C 1720D 1720E 1720F A 1721B 1721C 1721D 1721E 1721F A 1722B 1722C 1722D 1722E 1722F A 1723B 1723C 1723D 1723E 1723F A 1724B 1724C 1724D 1724E 1724F A 1725B 1725C 1725D 1725E 1725F A 1726B 1726C 1726D 1726E 1726F A 1727B 1727C 1727D 1727E 1727F A 1728B 1728C 1728D 1728E 1728F A 1729B 1729C 1729D 1729E 1729F 172A0 172A1 172A2 172A3 172A4 172A5 172A6 172A7 172A8 172A9 172AA 172AB 172AC 172AD 172AE 172AF 172B0 172B1 172B2 172B3 172B4 172B5 172B6 172B7 172B8 172B9 172BA 172BB 172BC 172BD 172BE 172BF 172C0 172C1 172C2 172C3 172C4 172C5 172C6 172C7 172C8 172C9 172CA 172CB 172CC 172CD 172CE 172CF 172D0 172D1 172D2 172D3 172D4 172D5 172D6 172D7 172D8 172D9 172DA 172DB 172DC 172DD 172DE 172DF 172E0 172E1 172E2 172E3 172E4 172E5 172E6 172E7 172E8 172E9 172EA 172EB 172EC 172ED 172EE 172EF 172F0 172F1 172F2 172F3 172F4 172F5 172F6 172F7 172F8 172F9 172FA 172FB 172FC 172FD 172FE 172FF A B C D E F

18 Date: FF A 173B 173C 173D 173E 173F A 1730B 1730C 1730D 1730E 1730F A 1731B 1731C 1731D 1731E 1731F A 1732B 1732C 1732D 1732E 1732F A 1733B 1733C 1733D 1733E 1733F A 1734B 1734C 1734D 1734E 1734F A 1735B 1735C 1735D 1735E 1735F A 1736B 1736C 1736D 1736E 1736F A 1737B 1737C 1737D 1737E 1737F A 1738B 1738C 1738D 1738E 1738F A 1739B 1739C 1739D 1739E 1739F 173A0 173A1 173A2 173A3 173A4 173A5 173A6 173A7 173A8 173A9 173AA 173AB 173AC 173AD 173AE 173AF 173B0 173B1 173B2 173B3 173B4 173B5 173B6 173B7 173B8 173B9 173BA 173BB 173BC 173BD 173BE 173BF 173C0 173C1 173C2 173C3 173C4 173C5 173C6 173C7 173C8 173C9 173CA 173CB 173CC 173CD 173CE 173CF 173D0 173D1 173D2 173D3 173D4 173D5 173D6 173D7 173D8 173D9 173DA 173DB 173DC 173DD 173DE 173DF 173E0 173E1 173E2 173E3 173E4 173E5 173E6 173E7 173E8 173E9 173EA 173EB 173EC 173ED 173EE 173EF 173F0 173F1 173F2 173F3 173F4 173F5 173F6 173F7 173F8 173F9 173FA 173FB 173FC 173FD 173FE 173FF A B C D E F

19 Date: FF A 174B 174C 174D 174E 174F A 1740B 1740C 1740D 1740E 1740F A 1741B 1741C 1741D 1741E 1741F A 1742B 1742C 1742D 1742E 1742F A 1743B 1743C 1743D 1743E 1743F A 1744B 1744C 1744D 1744E 1744F A 1745B 1745C 1745D 1745E 1745F A 1746B 1746C 1746D 1746E 1746F A 1747B 1747C 1747D 1747E 1747F A 1748B 1748C 1748D 1748E 1748F A 1749B 1749C 1749D 1749E 1749F 174A0 174A1 174A2 174A3 174A4 174A5 174A6 174A7 174A8 174A9 174AA 174AB 174AC 174AD 174AE 174AF 174B0 174B1 174B2 174B3 174B4 174B5 174B6 174B7 174B8 174B9 174BA 174BB 174BC 174BD 174BE 174BF 174C0 174C1 174C2 174C3 174C4 174C5 174C6 174C7 174C8 174C9 174CA 174CB 174CC 174CD 174CE 174CF 174D0 174D1 174D2 174D3 174D4 174D5 174D6 174D7 174D8 174D9 174DA 174DB 174DC 174DD 174DE 174DF 174E0 174E1 174E2 174E3 174E4 174E5 174E6 174E7 174E8 174E9 174EA 174EB 174EC 174ED 174EE 174EF 174F0 174F1 174F2 174F3 174F4 174F5 174F6 174F7 174F8 174F9 174FA 174FB 174FC 174FD 174FE 174FF A B C D E F

20 Date: FF A 175B 175C 175D 175E 175F A 1750B 1750C 1750D 1750E 1750F A 1751B 1751C 1751D 1751E 1751F A 1752B 1752C 1752D 1752E 1752F A 1753B 1753C 1753D 1753E 1753F A 1754B 1754C 1754D 1754E 1754F A 1755B 1755C 1755D 1755E 1755F A 1756B 1756C 1756D 1756E 1756F A 1757B 1757C 1757D 1757E 1757F A 1758B 1758C 1758D 1758E 1758F A 1759B 1759C 1759D 1759E 1759F 175A0 175A1 175A2 175A3 175A4 175A5 175A6 175A7 175A8 175A9 175AA 175AB 175AC 175AD 175AE 175AF 175B0 175B1 175B2 175B3 175B4 175B5 175B6 175B7 175B8 175B9 175BA 175BB 175BC 175BD 175BE 175BF 175C0 175C1 175C2 175C3 175C4 175C5 175C6 175C7 175C8 175C9 175CA 175CB 175CC 175CD 175CE 175CF 175D0 175D1 175D2 175D3 175D4 175D5 175D6 175D7 175D8 175D9 175DA 175DB 175DC 175DD 175DE 175DF 175E0 175E1 175E2 175E3 175E4 175E5 175E6 175E7 175E8 175E9 175EA 175EB 175EC 175ED 175EE 175EF 175F0 175F1 175F2 175F3 175F4 175F5 175F6 175F7 175F8 175F9 175FA 175FB 175FC 175FD 175FE 175FF A B C D E F

21 Date: FF A 176B 176C 176D 176E 176F A 1760B 1760C 1760D 1760E 1760F A 1761B 1761C 1761D 1761E 1761F A 1762B 1762C 1762D 1762E 1762F A 1763B 1763C 1763D 1763E 1763F A 1764B 1764C 1764D 1764E 1764F A 1765B 1765C 1765D 1765E 1765F A 1766B 1766C 1766D 1766E 1766F A 1767B 1767C 1767D 1767E 1767F A 1768B 1768C 1768D 1768E 1768F A 1769B 1769C 1769D 1769E 1769F 176A0 176A1 176A2 176A3 176A4 176A5 176A6 176A7 176A8 176A9 176AA 176AB 176AC 176AD 176AE 176AF 176B0 176B1 176B2 176B3 176B4 176B5 176B6 176B7 176B8 176B9 176BA 176BB 176BC 176BD 176BE 176BF 176C0 176C1 176C2 176C3 176C4 176C5 176C6 176C7 176C8 176C9 176CA 176CB 176CC 176CD 176CE 176CF 176D0 176D1 176D2 176D3 176D4 176D5 176D6 176D7 176D8 176D9 176DA 176DB 176DC 176DD 176DE 176DF 176E0 176E1 176E2 176E3 176E4 176E5 176E6 176E7 176E8 176E9 176EA 176EB 176EC 176ED 176EE 176EF 176F0 176F1 176F2 176F3 176F4 176F5 176F6 176F7 176F8 176F9 176FA 176FB 176FC 176FD 176FE 176FF A B C D E F

22 Date: FF A 177B 177C 177D 177E 177F A 1770B 1770C 1770D 1770E 1770F A 1771B 1771C 1771D 1771E 1771F A 1772B 1772C 1772D 1772E 1772F A 1773B 1773C 1773D 1773E 1773F A 1774B 1774C 1774D 1774E 1774F A 1775B 1775C 1775D 1775E 1775F A 1776B 1776C 1776D 1776E 1776F A 1777B 1777C 1777D 1777E 1777F A 1778B 1778C 1778D 1778E 1778F A 1779B 1779C 1779D 1779E 1779F 177A0 177A1 177A2 177A3 177A4 177A5 177A6 177A7 177A8 177A9 177AA 177AB 177AC 177AD 177AE 177AF 177B0 177B1 177B2 177B3 177B4 177B5 177B6 177B7 177B8 177B9 177BA 177BB 177BC 177BD 177BE 177BF 177C0 177C1 177C2 177C3 177C4 177C5 177C6 177C7 177C8 177C9 177CA 177CB 177CC 177CD 177CE 177CF 177D0 177D1 177D2 177D3 177D4 177D5 177D6 177D7 177D8 177D9 177DA 177DB 177DC 177DD 177DE 177DF 177E0 177E1 177E2 177E3 177E4 177E5 177E6 177E7 177E8 177E9 177EA 177EB 177EC 177ED 177EE 177EF 177F0 177F1 177F2 177F3 177F4 177F5 177F6 177F7 177F8 177F9 177FA 177FB 177FC 177FD 177FE 177FF A B C D E F

23 Date: FF A 178B 178C 178D 178E 178F A 1780B 1780C 1780D 1780E 1780F A 1781B 1781C 1781D 1781E 1781F A 1782B 1782C 1782D 1782E 1782F A 1783B 1783C 1783D 1783E 1783F A 1784B 1784C 1784D 1784E 1784F A 1785B 1785C 1785D 1785E 1785F A 1786B 1786C 1786D 1786E 1786F A 1787B 1787C 1787D 1787E 1787F A 1788B 1788C 1788D 1788E 1788F A 1789B 1789C 1789D 1789E 1789F 178A0 178A1 178A2 178A3 178A4 178A5 178A6 178A7 178A8 178A9 178AA 178AB 178AC 178AD 178AE 178AF 178B0 178B1 178B2 178B3 178B4 178B5 178B6 178B7 178B8 178B9 178BA 178BB 178BC 178BD 178BE 178BF 178C0 178C1 178C2 178C3 178C4 178C5 178C6 178C7 178C8 178C9 178CA 178CB 178CC 178CD 178CE 178CF 178D0 178D1 178D2 178D3 178D4 178D5 178D6 178D7 178D8 178D9 178DA 178DB 178DC 178DD 178DE 178DF 178E0 178E1 178E2 178E3 178E4 178E5 178E6 178E7 178E8 178E9 178EA 178EB 178EC 178ED 178EE 178EF 178F0 178F1 178F2 178F3 178F4 178F5 178F6 178F7 178F8 178F9 178FA 178FB 178FC 178FD 178FE 178FF A B C D E F

24 Date: FF A 179B 179C 179D 179E 179F A 1790B 1790C 1790D 1790E 1790F A 1791B 1791C 1791D 1791E 1791F A 1792B 1792C 1792D 1792E 1792F A 1793B 1793C 1793D 1793E 1793F A 1794B 1794C 1794D 1794E 1794F A 1795B 1795C 1795D 1795E 1795F A 1796B 1796C 1796D 1796E 1796F A 1797B 1797C 1797D 1797E 1797F A 1798B 1798C 1798D 1798E 1798F A 1799B 1799C 1799D 1799E 1799F 179A0 179A1 179A2 179A3 179A4 179A5 179A6 179A7 179A8 179A9 179AA 179AB 179AC 179AD 179AE 179AF 179B0 179B1 179B2 179B3 179B4 179B5 179B6 179B7 179B8 179B9 179BA 179BB 179BC 179BD 179BE 179BF 179C0 179C1 179C2 179C3 179C4 179C5 179C6 179C7 179C8 179C9 179CA 179CB 179CC 179CD 179CE 179CF 179D0 179D1 179D2 179D3 179D4 179D5 179D6 179D7 179D8 179D9 179DA 179DB 179DC 179DD 179DE 179DF 179E0 179E1 179E2 179E3 179E4 179E5 179E6 179E7 179E8 179E9 179EA 179EB 179EC 179ED 179EE 179EF 179F0 179F1 179F2 179F3 179F4 179F5 179F6 179F7 179F8 179F9 179FA 179FB 179FC 179FD 179FE 179FF A B C D E F

25 Date: AFF 17A00 17A0 17A1 17A2 17A3 17A4 17A5 17A6 17A7 17A8 17A9 17AA 17AB 17AC 17AD 17AE 17AF 17A00 17A01 17A02 17A03 17A04 17A05 17A06 17A07 17A08 17A09 17A0A 17A0B 17A0C 17A0D 17A0E 17A0F 17A10 17A11 17A12 17A13 17A14 17A15 17A16 17A17 17A18 17A19 17A1A 17A1B 17A1C 17A1D 17A1E 17A1F 17A20 17A21 17A22 17A23 17A24 17A25 17A26 17A27 17A28 17A29 17A2A 17A2B 17A2C 17A2D 17A2E 17A2F 17A30 17A31 17A32 17A33 17A34 17A35 17A36 17A37 17A38 17A39 17A3A 17A3B 17A3C 17A3D 17A3E 17A3F 17A40 17A41 17A42 17A43 17A44 17A45 17A46 17A47 17A48 17A49 17A4A 17A4B 17A4C 17A4D 17A4E 17A4F 17A50 17A51 17A52 17A53 17A54 17A55 17A56 17A57 17A58 17A59 17A5A 17A5B 17A5C 17A5D 17A5E 17A5F 17A60 17A61 17A62 17A63 17A64 17A65 17A66 17A67 17A68 17A69 17A6A 17A6B 17A6C 17A6D 17A6E 17A6F 17A70 17A71 17A72 17A73 17A74 17A75 17A76 17A77 17A78 17A79 17A7A 17A7B 17A7C 17A7D 17A7E 17A7F 17A80 17A81 17A82 17A83 17A84 17A85 17A86 17A87 17A88 17A89 17A8A 17A8B 17A8C 17A8D 17A8E 17A8F 17A90 17A91 17A92 17A93 17A94 17A95 17A96 17A97 17A98 17A99 17A9A 17A9B 17A9C 17A9D 17A9E 17A9F 17AA0 17AA1 17AA2 17AA3 17AA4 17AA5 17AA6 17AA7 17AA8 17AA9 17AAA 17AAB 17AAC 17AAD 17AAE 17AAF 17AB0 17AB1 17AB2 17AB3 17AB4 17AB5 17AB6 17AB7 17AB8 17AB9 17ABA 17ABB 17ABC 17ABD 17ABE 17ABF 17AC0 17AC1 17AC2 17AC3 17AC4 17AC5 17AC6 17AC7 17AC8 17AC9 17ACA 17ACB 17ACC 17ACD 17ACE 17ACF 17AD0 17AD1 17AD2 17AD3 17AD4 17AD5 17AD6 17AD7 17AD8 17AD9 17ADA 17ADB 17ADC 17ADD 17ADE 17ADF 17AE0 17AE1 17AE2 17AE3 17AE4 17AE5 17AE6 17AE7 17AE8 17AE9 17AEA 17AEB 17AEC 17AED 17AEE 17AEF 17AF0 17AF1 17AF2 17AF3 17AF4 17AF5 17AF6 17AF7 17AF8 17AF9 17AFA 17AFB 17AFC 17AFD 17AFE 17AFF A B C D E F

26 Date: BFF 17B00 17B0 17B1 17B2 17B3 17B4 17B5 17B6 17B7 17B8 17B9 17BA 17BB 17BC 17BD 17BE 17BF 17B00 17B01 17B02 17B03 17B04 17B05 17B06 17B07 17B08 17B09 17B0A 17B0B 17B0C 17B0D 17B0E 17B0F 17B10 17B11 17B12 17B13 17B14 17B15 17B16 17B17 17B18 17B19 17B1A 17B1B 17B1C 17B1D 17B1E 17B1F 17B20 17B21 17B22 17B23 17B24 17B25 17B26 17B27 17B28 17B29 17B2A 17B2B 17B2C 17B2D 17B2E 17B2F 17B30 17B31 17B32 17B33 17B34 17B35 17B36 17B37 17B38 17B39 17B3A 17B3B 17B3C 17B3D 17B3E 17B3F 17B40 17B41 17B42 17B43 17B44 17B45 17B46 17B47 17B48 17B49 17B4A 17B4B 17B4C 17B4D 17B4E 17B4F 17B50 17B51 17B52 17B53 17B54 17B55 17B56 17B57 17B58 17B59 17B5A 17B5B 17B5C 17B5D 17B5E 17B5F 17B60 17B61 17B62 17B63 17B64 17B65 17B66 17B67 17B68 17B69 17B6A 17B6B 17B6C 17B6D 17B6E 17B6F 17B70 17B71 17B72 17B73 17B74 17B75 17B76 17B77 17B78 17B79 17B7A 17B7B 17B7C 17B7D 17B7E 17B7F 17B80 17B81 17B82 17B83 17B84 17B85 17B86 17B87 17B88 17B89 17B8A 17B8B 17B8C 17B8D 17B8E 17B8F 17B90 17B91 17B92 17B93 17B94 17B95 17B96 17B97 17B98 17B99 17B9A 17B9B 17B9C 17B9D 17B9E 17B9F 17BA0 17BA1 17BA2 17BA3 17BA4 17BA5 17BA6 17BA7 17BA8 17BA9 17BAA 17BAB 17BAC 17BAD 17BAE 17BAF 17BB0 17BB1 17BB2 17BB3 17BB4 17BB5 17BB6 17BB7 17BB8 17BB9 17BBA 17BBB 17BBC 17BBD 17BBE 17BBF 17BC0 17BC1 17BC2 17BC3 17BC4 17BC5 17BC6 17BC7 17BC8 17BC9 17BCA 17BCB 17BCC 17BCD 17BCE 17BCF 17BD0 17BD1 17BD2 17BD3 17BD4 17BD5 17BD6 17BD7 17BD8 17BD9 17BDA 17BDB 17BDC 17BDD 17BDE 17BDF 17BE0 17BE1 17BE2 17BE3 17BE4 17BE5 17BE6 17BE7 17BE8 17BE9 17BEA 17BEB 17BEC 17BED 17BEE 17BEF 17BF0 17BF1 17BF2 17BF3 17BF4 17BF5 17BF6 17BF7 17BF8 17BF9 17BFA 17BFB 17BFC 17BFD 17BFE 17BFF A B C D E F