In the name of God, the most merciful Electromagnetic Radiation Measurement

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1 In the name of God, the most merciful Electromagnetic Radiation Measurement In these slides, many figures have been taken from the Internet during my search in Google. Due to the lack of space and diversity of references, most of the references have not been cited here. I would like to sincerely thank all of these useful references for their valuable help.

2 Electromagnetic Spectrum: Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Light sensors are usually called Photo-sensors or Photo-detectors.

3 Reminder: Electrical Measurements Measurable independent and semi-independent electrical quantities comprise: Voltage Electric current Electrical resistance and electrical conductance Electrical reactance and susceptance Magnetic flux Electrical charge by the means of electrometer Magnetic field by the means of Hall sensor Electric field Electrical power by the means of electricity meter S-matrix by the means of network analyzer (electrical) Electrical power spectrum by the means of spectrum analyzer Measurable dependent electrical quantities comprise: Inductance Capacitance Electrical impedance defined as vector sum of electrical resistance and electrical reactance Electrical admittance, the reciprocal of electrical impedance Phase between current and voltage and related power factor Electrical spectral density Electrical phase noise Electrical amplitude noise Transconductance Transimpedance Electrical power gain Voltage gain Current gain Frequency Propagation delay

4 Radio Spectrum (Radio Frequency, or RF) rifevideos.com

5 RF Measurement (Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Measurement) Antenna as sensor/actuator Animated diagram of a half-wave dipole antenna receiving energy from a radio wave. The antenna consists of two metal rods connected to a receiver R. The electric field (E, green arrows) of the incoming wave pushes the electrons in the rods back and forth, charging the ends alternately positive (+) and negative ( ). Since the length of the antenna is one half the wavelength of the wave, the oscillating field induces standing waves of voltage (V, represented by red band) and current in the rods. The oscillating currents (black arrows) flow down the transmission line and through the receiver (represented by the resistance R). Handheld EMF meter (10Hz - 10kHz) Electric field probe FP2000 (range 100 khz 2500 MHz) Microwave Antenna

6 Optical Spectrum Visible Band IR Band

7 Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor Thermal IR Band Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the 'sensor face'. At the core of a PIR sensor is a solid state sensor or set of sensors, made from pyroelectric materials materials which generate temporary voltage when they are heated. PIR Motion Sensor HC-SR501

8 As the temperature decreases, the peak of the black-body radiation curve moves to lower intensities and longer wavelengths. The black-body radiation graph is also compared with the classical model of Rayleigh and Jeans. Blackbody-radiation-curves-at-different-selected-temperatures-as-derived

9 Photodiode Near- and Mid- IR Bands

10 Near IR Band Frequency Response of a silicon photodiode I-V characteristic of a photodiode. The linear load lines represent the response of the external circuit: I=(Applied bias voltage-diode voltage)/total resistance. The points of intersection with the curves represent the actual current and voltage for a given bias, resistance and illumination.

11 BPW41 Silicon Photodiode Near-IR vs. Mid-IR Photodetector

12 Mid IR Band

13 Phototransistor Near- and Mid- IR Bands Electronic symbol for a phototransistor

14 BPV 11 PNZ 150 Silicon NPN Phototransistor

15 Example Modules

16 Photo-resistor (or light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-conductive cell or Photocell) Visible Light Band

17 Visible Light Band PDV P8001

18

19 Solar cell

20 Charge-coupled Device (CCD) In recent years CCD has become a major technology for Digital Imaging. In a CCD image sensor, pixels are represented by p-doped metal-oxide-semiconductors (MOS) capacitors. These capacitors are biased above the threshold for inversion when image acquisition begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface; the CCD is then used to read out these charges. Although CCDs are not the only technology to allow for light detection, CCD image sensors are widely used in professional, medical, and scientific applications where high-quality image data are required.

21

22 Active-pixel Sensor (APS) or image sensor or CMOS Sensor An active-pixel sensor (APS) is an image sensor consisting of an integrated circuit containing an array of pixel sensors, each pixel containing a photodetector and an active amplifier.

23 CMOS Camera x1040 Pixel Resolution Description: The TCM8240MD is a high quality, very small 1.3 mega-pixel color camera from Toshiba with the standard data+i2c interface. The nice thing is that we have a good supplier of these cameras, so they should be around for some time. This camera is also unique in that it offers on-board JPEG compression

24 Color Detector Module

25

26 UV Sensor Lower Ultraviolet Band UVM 30A

27 Ionizing Radiation Measurement Higher UV, X and Gamma Bands Gamma rays, X-rays, and the higher ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum are ionizing, whereas the lower ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and also the lower part of the spectrum below UV, including visible light (including nearly all types of laser light), infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are all considered non-ionizing radiation. The Geiger Müller counter is an instrument used for measuring ionizing radiation used widely in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics and the nuclear industry.

28 x-ray detectors Gamma Scout Alert Radiation Detector and Geiger Counter XR-100CR Si-PIN X-Ray Detector

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