SYNCHRONOUS AND RESONANT DC/DC CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY,
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1 SYNCHRONOUS AND RESONANT DC/DC CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY, FACTOR, AND MATHEMATICAL ENERGY MODELING Fang Lin Luo NanyangTechnological University Singapore HongYe NanyangTechnological University Singapore Uf&) Taylor &. Francis >V J Taylor &i Francis Group Boca Raton London New York A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
2 Contents 1 Synchronous Rectifier DC/DC Converters Introduction Fiat Transformer Synchronous Rectifier Luo-Converter Transformer Is in Magnetizing Process Switching-On Transformer Is in Demagnetizing Process Switching-Off Summary Active Clamped Synchronous Rectifier Luo-Converter Transformer Is in Magnetizing Switching-On Transformer Is in Demagnetizing Switching-Off Summary Double Current Synchronous Rectifier Luo-Converter Transformer Is in Magnetizing Switching-On Transformer Is in Demagnetizing Switching-Off Summary Zero-Current-Switching Synchronous Rectifier Luo-Converter Transformer Is in Magnetizing Resonant Period Transformer Is in Demagnetizing Switching-Off Summary Zero-Voltage-Switching Synchronous Rectifier Luo-Converter Transformer Is in Magnetizing Resonant Period Transformer Is in Demagnetizing Switching-Off Summary 16 Bibliography 17 2 Multiple Energy-Storage Element Resonant Power Converters Introduction 19
3 2.1.1 Two-Element RPC Three-Element RPC Four-Element RPC Bipolar Current and Voltage Source Bipolar Voltage Source Two Voltage Source Circuit One Voltage Source Circuit Bipolar Current Source Two Voltage Source Circuit One Voltage Source Circuit A Two-Element RPC Analysis Input Impedance Current Transfer Gain Operation Analysis Simulation Results Experimental Results 38 Bibliography 38 3 Il-CLL Current Source Resonant Inverter Introduction Pump Circuits Current Source Resonant Circuit Load Summary Mathematic Analysis Input Impedance Components' Voltages and Currents Simplified Impedance and Current Gain Power Transfer Efficiency Simulation Results Discussion Function of the Il-CLL Circuit Applying Frequency to this Il-CLL CSRI Explanation of g > DC Current Component Remaining Efficiency 55 Bibliography 55 4 Cascade Double T-CL Current Source Resonant Inverter Introduction Mathematic Analysis Input Impedance Components, Voltages, and Currents Simplified Impedance and Current Gain 60
4 4.2.4 Power Transfer Efficiency Simulation Result ß = \,f= 33.9 khz, T = 29.5 us ß = ,/= 48.0 khz, T = us ß = 1.59,/= 54 khz, T = us Experimental Result Discussion Function of the Double T-CL Circuit Applying Frequency to This Double T-CL CSRI Explanation of g > 1 73 Bibliography 73 5 Cascade Reverse Double T-LC Resonant Power Converter Introduction Steady-State Analysis of Cascade Reverse Double T-LCRPC Topology and Circuit Description Classical Analysis on AC Side Basic Operating Principles Equivalent Load Resistance Equivalent AC Circuit and Transfer Functions Analysis of Voltage Transfer Gain and the Input Impedance Simulation and Experimental Results Simulation Studies Experimental Results Resonance Operation and Modeling Operating Principle, Operating Modes, and Equivalent Circuits State-Space Analysis Small-Signal Modeling of Cascade Reverse Double T-LC RPC Small-Signal Modeling Model Diagram Nonlinear State Equation Harmonie Approximation Extended Describing Function Harmonie Balance Perturbation and Linearization Equivalent Circuit Model Closed-Loop System Design Discussion Characteristics of Variable-Parameter Resonant Converter Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) 108 Bibliography 114 Appendix: Parameters Used in Small-Signal Modeling 116
5 6 DC Energy Sources for DC/DC Converters Introduction Single-Phase Half-Wave Diode Rectifier Resistive Load Inductive Load Pure Inductive Load Back EMF Plus Resistor Load Back EMF Plus Inductor Load Single-Phase Bridge Diode Rectifier Resistive Load Back EMF Load Capacitive Load Three-Phase Half-Bridge Diode Rectifier Resistive Load Back EMF Load (0.5 J2V in < E < /2VJ Back EMF Load (E < 0.5 /2VJ Three-Phase Full-Bridge Diode Rectifier with Resistive Load Thyristor Rectifiers Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier with Resistive Load Single-Phase Half-Wave Thyristor Rectifier with Inductive Load Single-Phase Half-Wave Thyristor Rectifier with Pure Inductive Load Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier with Back EMF Plus Resistive Load Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier with Back EMF Plus Inductive Load Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier with Back EMF Plus Pure Inductor Single-Phase Full-Wave Semicontrolled Rectifier with Inductive Load Single-Phase Full-Controlled Rectifier with Inductive Load Three-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier with Resistive Load Three-Phase Half-Wave Thyristor Rectifier with Inductive Load Three-Phase Full-Wave Thyristor Rectifier with Resistive Load Three-Phase Full-Wave Thyristor Rectifier with Inductive Load 153 Bibliography Control Circuit: EMI and Application Examples of DC/DC Converters Introduction 157
6 7.2 Luo-Resonator Circuit Explanation Calculation Formulae A Design Example Discussion EMI, EMS, and EMC EMI/EMC Analysis Comparison to Hard-Switching and Soft-Switching Measuring Method and Results Designing Rule to Minimize EMI/EMC Some DC/DC Converter Applications A 5000 V Insulation Test Bench MIT 42/14 V 3 KW DC/DC Converter IBM 1.8 V/200 A Power Supply 171 Bibliography Energy Factor (EF) and Mathematical Modeling for Power DC/DC Converters Introduction Pumping Energy (PE) Energy Quantization Energy Quantization Function Stored Energy (SE) Stored Energy in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) Stored Energy (SE) Capacitor-Inductor Stored Energy Ratio (CIR) Energy Losses (EL) Stored Energy Variation on Inductors and Capacitors (VE) Stored Energy in Discontinuous Conduction Mode(DCM) Energy Factor (EF) Variation Energy Factor (EF V ) Time Constant t and Damping Time Constant x d Time Constant t Damping Time Constant x rf Time Constants Ratio t, Mathematical Modeling for Power DC/DC Converters Examples of Applications A Bück Converter in CCM Bück Converter without Energy Losses (r L = 0 Q.) Bück Converter with Small Energy Losses (r L = 1.5 Ü.) Bück Converter with Energy Losses (r L = 4.5 Q.) 192
7 Bück Converter with Large Energy Losses (r L = 6 Q) A Super-Lift Luo-Converter in CCM A Boost Converter in CCM (No Power Losses) A Buck-Boost Converter in CCM (No Power Losses) Positive Output Luo-Converter in CCM (No Power Losses) Small Signal Analysis A Bück Converter in CCM without Energy Losses (r L = 0) Buck-Converter with Small Energy Losses (r L = 1.5 ü) Super-Lift Luo-Converter with Energy Losses (r L = 0.12 Q.) 218 Bibliography 223 Appendix A: A Second-Order Transfer Function 225 AI Very Small Damping Time Constant 225 A2 Small Damping Time Constant 226 A3 Critical Damping Time Constant 228 A4 Large Damping Time Constant 228 Appendix B: Some Calculation Formulas Derivations 231 Bl Transfer Function of Bück Converter 231 B2 Transfer Function of Super-Lift Luo-Converter 231 B3 Simplified Transfer Function of Super-Lift Luo-Converter B4 Time Constants x and x d, and Ratio t, 232 Index 235
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