Chapter 11 Satellite Systems

Transcription

1 Chapter 11 Satellite Systems Adapted from class notes by Prof. Leszek T. Lilien, CS, Western Michigan University and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal & Qing-An Zeng, University of Cincinnati Most slides based on publisher s slides for 1 st and 2 nd edition of: Introduction to Wireless and Mobile Systems by Agrawal & Zeng 2003, 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 1 Outline Introduction Types of Satellite Characteristic of Satellite Systems Satellite System Infrastructures Call Setup GPS Limitations of GPS Beneficiaries of GPS Applications of GPS Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 2 1

2 Introduction Satellites being above the earth can cover a larger area. Source: IEEE Spectrum 2010 Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 3 Introduction (cont.) The information to be transmitted from a mobile user should be correctly received by a satellite and forwarded to one of the earth stations (ESs). Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 4 2

3 Satellite Transmission Line of Sight (LOS) Picture source: Internet, 2006 Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 5 Satellite Communication (35786km) WCB/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An The McGraw-Hill Zeng. All rights Companies, reserved Inc.,

4 Satellite Transmission Process satellite transponder dish 35,786 km dish uplink station downlink station WCB/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An The McGraw-Hill Zeng. All rights Companies, reserved Inc., Dish at Sunset Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 8 4

5 Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 9 Parabolic Dish Antenna WCB/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An The McGraw-Hill Zeng. All rights Companies, reserved Inc.,

6 衛星通訊的碟形天線 Copyright Source: 2016, Dharma 顏春煌 P., Agrawal 行動與無線通訊 and Qing-An, 金禾 Zeng. All rights reserved 11 Satellite Receiver Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 12 6

7 自製數位天線 數位電視天線 自己做, 收訊更 Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 13 Application Areas of Satellite System Traditionally Remote Sensing satellites ( 福衛二 五號遙測衛星 ) 13 公尺天線 (1993) 888km(103m14R)(2004) 6.1 公尺天線 (2003) Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 14 7

8 Application Areas of Satellite System Meteorological satellites ( 福衛三 七號氣象衛星 ) 三 km(6 pcs)(2006) 七 km(13 pcs)(2015/2017) Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 15 Application Areas of Satellite System Radio and TV broadcast satellites Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 16 8

9 Application Areas of Satellite System Traditionally Military satellites Satellites for navigation and localization (e.g GPS) 20180km(31/32/72 pcs) (5 meters) Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 17 Application Areas of Satellite System Telecommunications Global telephone connections ( 中新一 二號衛星 ) Backbone for global networks Connections for communication in remote places Global mobile communication 36000km(15y; 5090kg)(2011) 1.jpg Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 18 9

10 Picture source: 新知識 Copyright - 通訊, 錦繡 2016,,2001 Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 21 電視轉播訊號的通路 Copyright Source: 2016, Dharma 顏春煌 P., Agrawal 行動與無線通訊 and Qing-An, 金禾 Zeng. All rights reserved 22 10

11 Satellite Orbits Geosynchronous Orbit vs. Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 23 Types of Satellite Systems Four different types of satellite orbits have been identified depending on the shape and diameter of each orbit: GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) at 36,000 kms above earth s surface. (almost all TV and radio broadcast satellite, many weather satellites and backbone satellites) LEO (Low Earth Orbit) at kms above earth s surface. (e.g., paging, tracking and lowrate two-way messaging systems) MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit) at kms above earth s surface. (e.g., GPS) HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit). Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 24 11

12 Orbits of Different Satellites (GPS) Iridium) p. 262 ( 頁 288) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 25 Earth-Satellite Parameters Copyright By 2016, Prof. Dharma Natalija P. Vlajic, Agrawal CSE, and York Qing-An University, Zeng. All CArights reserved 26 12

13 GEO Systems One kind of the geosynchronous satellites By Prof. Natalija Copyright Vlajic, CSE, 2016, York Dharma University, P. Agrawal CA and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 27 GEO Systems (Cont.) By Prof. Natalija Copyright Vlajic, CSE, 2016, York Dharma University, P. Agrawal CA and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 28 13

14 GEO Systems (Cont.) Copyright By 2016, Prof. Dharma Natalija P. Vlajic, Agrawal CSE, and York Qing-An University, Zeng. All CArights reserved 29 LEO and MEO Orbits Alternatives to geostationary orbits LEO: Low earth orbiting ( Km) Stronger signals Propagation time is smaller Coverage can be better localized Needs more satellites (66 for Iridium system) MEO: Medium earth orbiting (>10,000Km) Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 30 14

15 LEO Systems Copyright By 2016, Prof. Dharma Natalija P. Vlajic, Agrawal CSE, and York Qing-An University, Zeng. All CArights reserved 31 LEO Systems (cont.) Copyright By 2016, Prof. Dharma Natalija P. Vlajic, Agrawal CSE, and York Qing-An University, Zeng. All CArights reserved 32 15

16 History of Satellite Systems Copyright By 2016, Prof. Dharma Natalija P. Vlajic, Agrawal CSE, and York Qing-An University, Zeng. All CArights reserved 33 History of Satellite Systems Copyright By 2016, Prof. Dharma Natalija P. Vlajic, Agrawal CSE, and York Qing-An University, Zeng. All CArights reserved 34 16

17 Teledesic Example 288 satellite constellation. Each satellite makes a complete orbit in 100 minutes. Use of unique ATMlike protocol. Utilize ISLs (Intersatellite Links) via lasers. Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 37 OneWeb 衛星網路讓全球網路無死角 日本的軟體銀行集團 (SoftBank) 決定出資 10 億美金, 投資美國衛星網路公司 OneWeb ( 美德法 ), 使得從太空提供全球電腦網路 (internet), 在 2017 年開始量產衛星, 一年可完成 648 顆世界最新的網路信衛星 每一顆重量小於 75 公斤, 功耗 300 瓦 648 顆衛星將在 1,200 公里高, 布置於傾角 87.9 度總計有 18 個軌道面, 因此能夠涵蓋全球 17

18 NASA-Eyes on the earth 3D Copyright Source: , Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 39 NASA-Eyes on the earth 3D Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 40 18

19 Copyright Source: , Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 41 Copyright Source: , Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 42 19

20 Copyright Source: , Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 43 Copyright Source: , Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 44 20

21 The Largest Satellite International Space Station The International Space Station (ISS) is larger than a football field. Weighing in at 450 tons (that's just shy of 900,000 pounds)(2011) Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

22 CubeSat Ncube-2, a Norwegian CubeSat (10 cm cube) A CubeSat is made up of multiples of cm cubic units. CubeSats have a mass of no more than 1.33 kilograms per unit, CubeSats are most commonly put in orbit by deployers on the International Space Station. Academia accounted for the majority of CubeSat launches until 2013, when over half of launches were for non-academic purposes. Copyright , Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 47 火星 87,000,000km(290 光秒 ; 好奇號 253 天 ) 月球近地點 km 大氣磁層頂 57000km GEO 35800km(24hrs) 太空站 350km GPS 20000km(12hrs) ARRC HTTP > 100km LEO < 2000km 雲層 ( 對流層 ) < 12km 國際長程民航機 10.6km( 三萬五千英呎 ) Space wave Ionosphere ( km) Mesosphere (50-80 km) Stratosphere (12-50 km) Eart h Troposphere (0-12 km) Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 48 22

23 (The J-Track 3-D page is no longer available.) Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 49 Earth-satellite Parameters for a Stable Orbiting Path p. 262 ( 頁 288) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 50 23

24 Earth-Satellite Parameters (Cont.) Copyright By 2016, Prof. Dharma Natalija P. Vlajic, Agrawal CSE, and York Qing-An University, Zeng. All CArights reserved 51 Inclination( 傾斜角 ) The plane of the satellite orbit with respect to earth p. 263 ( 頁 289) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 54 24

25 Elevation( 仰角 ) and Footprint Satellite Coverage (Footprint): area on the Earth where the satellite signal can be received p. 264 ( 頁 290) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 55 Intensity Level of the Footprint of GEO Satellites p. 264 ( 頁 290) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 56 25

26 Satellite Beam Geometry p. 265 ( 頁 291) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 57 Satellite Communication Delay p. 265 ( 頁 291) Fig Copyright By 2016, Prof. Dharma Natalija P. Vlajic, Agrawal CSE, and York Qing-An University, Zeng. All CArights reserved 58 26

27 Variation of Delay in MS as a Function of Elevation Angle p. 266 ( 頁 292) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 59 Different Frequency Bands Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 60 27

28 Different Frequency Bands (cont.) p. 266 ( 頁 292) Table 11.1 Downlink Uplink Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 61 Different Frequency Bands (Cont d) C band: 4(downlink) - 6(uplink) GHz the first to be designated and has become overcrowded because of terrestrial microwave networks Ku band: 12(downlink) -14(uplink) GHz rain interference is the major problem Ka band: 19(downlink) - 29(uplink) GHz equipment needed to use the band is still very expensive Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 62 28

29 Different Frequency Bands (cont.) Copyright By 2016, Prof. Dharma Natalija P. Vlajic, Agrawal CSE, and York Qing-An University, Zeng. All CArights reserved 63 Atmospheric Attenuation Copyright By 2016, Prof. Dharma Natalija P. Vlajic, Agrawal CSE, and York Qing-An University, Zeng. All CArights reserved 65 29

30 Atmospheric Attenuation (cont.) p. 267 ( 頁 293) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 66 Satellite System Infrastructure p. 268 ( 頁 296) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 69 30

31 Satellite Path Diversity p. 270 ( 頁 296) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 70 p. 272 ( 頁 298) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 71 31

32 Global Positioning System (GPS) Used in applications such as military targeting, navigation, tracking down stolen vehicles, guiding civilians to the nearest hospital, exact location of the callers for E-911 emergency. GPS system consists of a network of 24 orbiting satellites called NAVSTAR placed in 6 different orbital paths with 4 satellites in orbital plane. The orbital period of these satellites is 12 hours. The first GPS satellite was launched in Feb Each satellite is expected to last approx. 7.5 years. Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 72 GPS Nominal Constellation of 24 Satellites in 6 Orbital Planes p. 274 ( 頁 301) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 73 32

33 GPS Master Control and Monitor Station Network p. 275 ( 頁 301) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 74 The Triangulation Technique [ 2002 IEEE] p. 276 ( 頁 303) Fig Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 75 33

34 The Triangulation Technique (cont.) One GPS Two GPSs A r A A B r A r B A sphere A cycle Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 76 The Triangulation Technique (cont.) Three GPSs A r A r B r C B C Two points Earth 4 顆 GPS 衛星信號才能精準 3D 定位 I m here! Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 77 34

35 GLONASS(Global Navigation Satellite System) Copyright , Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 78 衛星導航定位系統 Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) 美國全球定位系統 GPS 俄羅斯 GLONASS 中國北斗系統 (Beidou) 預計於 2020 年全面運作 歐盟 Galileo sat-nav system 預計於 2020 年全面運作 法國的 Doris, 印度的 IRNSS Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 79 35

36 A-GPS (Assisted GPS) Assisted GPS, generally abbreviated as A- GPS or agps, is a system which can, under certain conditions, improve the startup performance of a GPS satellite-based positioning system. Many mobile phones combine A-GPS and other location services including Wi-Fi Positioning System and cell-site triangulation and sometimes a hybrid positioning system Source: Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 80 室內定位技術 2011 年日本業者提出的 IMES(Indoor MEssaging System): 延伸 GPS 2013 年 Apple ibeacon(via BLE) Copyright , Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 81 36

37 Homework #4 (Due in two weeks)-1: P10.2 如何區分各種不同類型的換手? 請說明 P10.15 為何在 CDMA 中有近遠問題, 但在 FDMA 中卻沒有? P11.1 使用高度橢圓型軌道背後的理由是什麼? 請詳加說明 P11.2 若衛星距離地表 850km, 而傾角為 35, 則衛星與地面上 MS 之間的傳遞延遲為何? (Inclination Elevation) Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 82 Homework #4 (Due in two weeks)-2: P11.10 衛星的軌道角度與仰角有何差異? P11.11 LEO 與 GEO 的優缺點為何? P11.12 請比較衛星系統與蜂巢式系統, 以及陸地衛星系統之間 (inter-terrestrial satellite system) 之間的時間延遲? 亦比較功率 覆蓋面積, 以及傳輸速率 註 : P11.10 十分, 其他每題 15 分 Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 83 37

38 End of Chapter 11 Questions? Thank you! Copyright 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 84 38