Microwave Medical Imaging

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1 Microwave Medical Imaging Raquel Conceição Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering (IBEB), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 7 th FP, Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship, REA grant EPSRC: EP/J007293/1

2 Medical Microwave Imaging Radar Advantages: - non-invasive - non-ionising (MW) - low-power - potentially low-cost - comfortable no compression, quick - differences in dielectric properties between the constituent tissues of the healthy and cancer masses at MW frequencies in shallow parts of the body

3 Medical Microwave Imaging Radar First studies date back from late 1990s: - Hagness et al (1998), Two Dimensional FDTD Analysis of a Pulsed Microwave Confocal System for Breast Cancer Detection: Fixed-Focus and Antenna-Array Sensors - Fear et al (1999), Microwave System for Breast Tumor Detection Applications include: - Breast cancer detection - Stroke detection - Bladder volume control - Lung edema - Bone analysis

4 -> How does Medical Microwave Imaging Radar work? (examples given for breast MWI)

5 Antennas at different locations surrounding the breast

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7

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9 Artefact Removal algorithms (remove the skin response): Average Subtraction Differential Rotation Adaptive Filtering Subtract the average of all the stored waveforms from each of the original backscattered signals Li et al Subtract the rotated measurements from original stored waveforms Klemm et al The artefact in each channel is estimated as a filtered combination of the signal in all other channels Bond et al

10 Artefact Removal algorithms (remove the skin response): Other algorithms include: Wiener Filter Entropy-based Time Windowing Frequency Domain Skin-Artefact Removal Neighbourhood based Skin Subtraction Root Least Squares Filter Hybrid Artefact Removal Independent Component Analysis Artefact Removal Algorithm

11 Beamformer algorithms Data independent beamformers: Delay and Sum Time shift and sum the backscattered signals Hagness et al.

12 Beamformer algorithms Data independent beamformers: Delay and Sum Time shift and sum the backscattered signals Hagness et al. Delay Multiply and Sum Channel Ranked Delay and Sum Additional pairing multiplication procedure after time shifting Lim et al. Gives extra weighting to signals with shorter propagation distances O Halloran et al.

13 Beamformer algorithms Data independent beamformers: Coherence Weighted Beamformers Extension of DAS beamformer by introducing an additional weighting factor called the Quality Factor (QF) Klemm et al Microwave Space-Time (MIST) Beamformer Compensation for frequencydependent propagation effects to better spatially focus the backscattered signals Bond et al

14 Beamformer algorithms Adaptive beamforming: Minimum Variance Capon beamformer Haykin et al Multistatic Adaptive Microwave Imaging Xie et al Transmitter-Grouping Robust Capon beamformer Byrne et al Wideband Time-Domain Adaptive Beamforming Byrne et al

15 Beamformer algorithms Path Dielectric Estimation Techniques Multiple Signal Classification Time-Of-Flight Sarafianou et al Transmission Coefficient Method Bourqui et al Optimisation Based Propagation Technique Guo et al

16 Creation of an energy profile of the breast High-energy regions may indicate the presence of tumours

17 -> How to simulate radar Microwave Imaging? (examples given for breast MWI)

18 Electromagnetic propagation in the breast is simulated with Finite-Difference Time- Domain (FDTD) modelling.

19 Breast models have a typical resolution of 0.5 mm. Different tissues are present, such as: normal (adipose and fibroglandular) tissue, skin and tumour tissue. Tissues are mapped into a 3D FDTD grid a Debye formulation is used to attribute the appropriate dielectric properties to each tissue: ε permittivity of the free space Δε relative permittivity τ relaxation time constant σs conductivity

20 University of Bristol

21 University of Bristol/ Micrima

22 -> Example of radar Microwave Imaging prototypes

23 Multistatic-based prototype University of Bristol array of antennas

24 Monostatic-based prototype University of Calgary single scanning antenna

25 Imaging: Confocal Microwave Imaging Consultant s report Microwave Image University of Calgary

26 Imaging: Confocal Microwave Imaging Consultant s report Microwave Image University of Calgary

27 To sum up: Presentation of monostatic and multistatic radar microwave imaging systems Break-down of radar Microwave Imaging: i) UWB pulse, ii) skin-artefact removal, iii) beamforming Simulation and patient results Small scale studies indicate significant dielectric contrast between healthy and cancer tissue

28 This work has been developed in the framework of COST Action TD1301, MiMed. The goal of this COST Action is to accelerate the technological, clinical and commercialisation progress in the area of medical Microwave Imaging and therapeutical techniques. Action website: We are a network of over 200 researchers from: 25 COST countries (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EL, ES, FR, HR, IE, IL, IT, MT, NL, NO, PT, RO, RS, SE, SO, TR, UK), 1 NNC (RU) and 3 IPC countries (CA, CN, US)

29 This work has been developed in the framework of COST Action TD1301, MiMed. The goal of this COST Action is to accelerate the technological, clinical and commercialisation progress in the area of medical Microwave Imaging and therapeutical techniques.

30

31 Thank you! Questions?

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