Electrical Engineering 40 Introduction to Microelectronic Circuits

Transcription

1 Electrical Engineering 40 Introduction to Microelectronic Circuits Instructor: Prof. Andy Neureuther EECS Department University of California, Berkeley Lecture 1, Slide 1 Introduction Instructor: Prof. Andy Neureuther Office: 509 Cory Hall Office hours: M1, W3, F10 neureuth@eecs.berkeley.edu Phone: (510) Emergencies: Charlotte Jones, 558 Cory, Background Research area is Integrated Circuit Fabrication Technology and Technology Computer Aided Design Modeling and simulation of optical imaging, electromagnetic scattering, photoresist materials Projects Phase-Shifting Masks as precision instruments Linking Process effects to CAD Lecture 1, Slide 2 1

2 EE 40 Course Overview EECS 40: One of five EECS core courses (with 20, 61A, 61B, and 61C) introduces hardware side of EECS prerequisite for EE105, EE130, EE141, EE150 Prerequisites: Math 1B, Physics 7B Course involves three hours of lecture, one hour of discussion and three hours of lab work each week. Course content: Fundamental circuit concepts and analysis techniques of electric circuits Integrated-circuit devices and technology CMOS digital integrated circuits Text Book Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, third edition, Allan R. Hambley, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005 A few pages of notes on digital circuits will be circulated in class. Lecture 1, Slide 3 Key Data from Course Information Sheet Weekly HW: Assignment on web on Monday, starting 8/29/05 Due 8 days later at 5 PM on Tuesdays in 240 Cory Quizes and Exams: Quizes in class: Sep 28 and Nov 2, 2005 Exams in class: Oct 5 and Nov 9, 2005 Final Exam: 8-11AM, Dec 19, 2005 Grading Labs: 18 %; Midterm 1 and 2: 18 % each; Final: 36 %; Homework 10 % Lecture 1, Slide 4 2

3 Announcements Discussion and Lab Sessions start first week Get acquainted and have individual dialog Consolidation required in both Lab $ Disc Hold your slot or obtain slot in another section If you are not present you drop in priority You may be able to start in EE 105 EECS will take a fresh look at your transfer Based on experience, mastery, study program Prepare detailed assesment in writing Prepare intended program of study 05/06 & 06/07 Take calculator based written/oral quiz Lecture 1, Slide 5 Lecture #1 OUTLINE Course overview Introduction: integrated circuits Energy and Information Analog vs. digital signals Reading: Hambley 1.1, through pp 340 Lecture 1, Slide 6 3

4 IC Technology Advancement Moore s Law : # of transistors/chip doubles every years achieved through miniaturization Technology Scaling Investment Better Performance/Cost Market Growth Lecture 1, Slide 7 Why is Nano hot? Lecture 1, Slide 8 4

5 Why is Nano Hot? Lecture 1, Slide 9 Benefit of Transistor Scaling Generation: Intel386 DX Processor 1.5µ 1.0µ 0.8µ 0.6µ 0.35µ 0.25µ smaller chip area lower cost Intel486 DX Processor Pentium Processor Pentium II Processor more functionality on a chip better system performance Lecture 1, Slide 10 5

6 Putting it in Scale Lecture 1, Slide 11 Energy and Information Electrical circuits function to condition, manipulate, transmit, receive electrical power (energy) and/or information represented by electrical signals Energy System Examples: electrical utility system, power supplies that interface battery to charger and cell phone/laptop circuitry, electric motor controller, etc. Information System Examples: computer, cell phone, appliance controller, etc. Lecture 1, Slide 12 6

7 Analog vs. Digital Signals Most (but not all) observables are analog think of analog vs. digital watches but the most convenient way to represent & transmit information electronically is to use digital signals think of telephony Analog-to-digital (A/D) & digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion is essential (and nothing new) think of a piano keyboard Lecture 1, Slide 13 Analog Signals may have direct relationship to information presented in simple cases, are waveforms of information vs. time in more complex cases, may have information modulated on a carrier, e.g. AM or FM radio Amplitude Modulated Signal Signal in microvolts Time in microseconds Lecture 1, Slide 14 7

8 Analog Signal Example: Microphone Voltage V in microvolts Voltage with normal piano key stroke 50 microvolt 440 Hz signal t in milliseconds V in microvolts Voltage with soft pedal applied 25 microvolt 440 Hz signal t in milliseconds 50 microvolt 220 Hz signal V in microvolts t in milliseconds Analog signal representing piano key A, below middle C (220 Hz) Lecture 1, Slide 15 Digital Signal Representations Binary numbers can be used to represent any quantity. We generally have to agree on some sort of code, and the dynamic range of the signal in order to know the form and the number of binary digits ( bits ) required. Example 1: Voltage signal with maximum value 2 Volts Binary two (10) could represent a 2 Volt signal. To encode the signal to an accuracy of 1 part in 64 (1.5% precision), 6 binary digits ( bits ) are needed Example 2: Sine wave signal of known frequency and maximum amplitude 50 µv; 1 µv resolution needed. Lecture 1, Slide 16 8

9 Reminder About Binary and Decimal Numbering Systems = 1x2 5 +1x2 4 +0x2 3 +0x x x2 0 = = = 4x x10 0 =? x ? x 16 0 =? x 3 2 +? X 3 1 +? X 3 0 Lecture 1, Slide 17 Example 2 (continued) Possible digital representation for the sine wave signal: Analog representation: Digital representation: Amplitude in µv Binary number Lecture 1, Slide 18 9

10 Why Digital? (For example, why CDROM audio vs. vinyl recordings?) Digital signals can be transmitted, received, amplified, and re-transmitted with far less degradation. Digital information is easily and inexpensively stored (in RAM, ROM, etc.), with arbitrary accuracy. Complex logical functions are easily expressed as binary functions (e.g. in control applications). Digital signals are easy to manipulate (as we shall see). Lecture 1, Slide 19 Digital Representations of Logical Functions Digital signals offer an easy way to perform logical functions, using Boolean algebra. Variables have two possible values: true or false usually represented by 1 and 0, respectively. All modern control systems use this approach. Example: Hot tub controller with the following algorithm Turn on the heater if the temperature is less than desired (T < Tset) and the motor is on and the key switch to activate the hot tub is closed. Suppose there is also a test switch which can be used to activate the heater. Lecture 1, Slide 20 10

11 Hot Tub Controller Example Series-connected switches: A = thermostatic switch B = relay, closed if motor is on C = key switch Test switch T used to bypass switches A, B, and C Simple Schematic Diagram of Possible Circuit C B A 110V T Heater Lecture 1, Slide 21 Truth Table for Hot Tub Controller A B C T H Lecture 1, Slide 22 11

12 Basic logical functions: Notation for Logical Expressions AND: dot Example: X = A B OR: + sign Example: Y = A+B NOT: bar over symbol Example: Z = A Any logical expression can be constructed using these basic logical functions Additional logical functions: Inverted AND = NAND: AB (only 0 when Aand B= 1) Inverted OR = NOR: A + B (only 1whenA= B= 0) Exclusive OR: A B (only 1 whena,bdiffer) i.e.,a+ BexceptA B The most frequently used logical functions are implemented as electronic building blocks called gates in integrated circuits Lecture 1, Slide 23 Hot Tub Controller Example (cont d) First define logical values: closed switch = true, i.e. boolean 1 open switch = false, i.e. boolean 0 Logical Statement: Heater is on (H = 1) if A and B and C are 1, or if T is 1. Logical Expression: H=1 if (A and B and C are 1) or (T is 1) Boolean Expression: H = (A B C ) + T Lecture 1, Slide 24 12