Using GNSS for optical frequency and wavelength measurements

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1 Using GNSS for optical frequency and wavelength measurements Stephen Lea, Guilong Huang, Helen Margolis, and Patrick Gill National Physical Laboratory Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK

2 outline of talk introduction to femtosecond combs optical frequency metrology revolutionised enabling technology for optical clocks brief summary of work at NPL wide variety of optical standards measured H-maser/caesium fountain reference world-leading optical frequency measurement GPS referenced transportable comb compact femtosecond laser reference frequency from GPS-disciplined LO

3 mode-locked laser comb δ - function FT t f train of δ - fns τ R FT f R t f

4 carrier envelope offset frequency time domain E(t) φ 2 φ t frequency domain I(f) f 0 1/ f R = τ R 2πf 0 = φ f R f R f f n =nf R + f 0

5 measuring the offset frequency f 0 SHG f beat f mode m 1 mode m 2 =2m1 m 1 -th mode: f 1 = m 1 f R + f 0 SHG: 2f 1 = 2m 1 f R + 2f 0 m 2 -th mode: f 2 = m 2 f R + f 0 m 2 = 2m 1 : f beat = f 0

6 measuring an optical frequency f 0 stabilised laser ν opt mode m f f R Cs primary standard (SI Hertz) H-maser (short-term stability) f rf synthesisers and counters ν opt =mf R + f 0 +f

7 femtosecond laser mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser tilt dispersion compensation prisms pump light translation power/au wavelength domain: 30 nm FWHM time domain: 30 fs pulse wavelength/nm

8 repetition rate stabilisation mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser tilt dispersion compensation prisms pump light translation 10 db Σpf R rf frequency/ghz

9 octave span comb mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser microstructure fibre tilt dispersion compensation prisms pump light translation f R

10 carrier offset frequency stabilisation mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser tilt dispersion compensation prisms translation microstructure fibre pump light f R f 0 SHG ~1060 nm ~530 nm carrier envelope offset frequency f0 (not servoed) delay line grating λ/2 PBS

11 optical frequency measurement mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser tilt dispersion compensation prisms translation f R microstructure fibre f 0 SHG ~1060 nm ~530 nm pump light PBS λ/2 from optical standard grating λ/2 PBS delay line grating f

12 Ti:sapphire-based comb the most intensively used femtosecond comb in the world? measurements of over half-a-dozen stabilized laser systems ranging from optical clock transitions in single cold trapped ions Sr + and Yb + to stabilized 88 MHz repetition rate yellow HeNe comb span ~ nm H-maser/Cs fountain reference breadboard system; water cooling

13 frequency calibrations in addition to measuring in-house standards, we have calibrated laser systems for users in academia and industry scientific laser system iodine-stabilised diode laser at 656 nm from the University of Sussex, for high-precision spectroscopy of He + industrial laser stabilised yellow HeNe at 594 nm

14 transportable fs comb off-site fs comb measurements lower accuracy often adequate (cf. HeNe) possibility of comb comparisons mode-locked Cr:LiSAF laser comb spectrum centred ~ 850 nm diode-pumped at 670 nm, 500 mw compact configuration possible (laser under development) GPS referencing 10 MHz reference frequency from GPS-disciplined LO in lieu of H-maser

15 GPS-referenced measurements tests with Ti:sapphire-based comb referenced to 10 MHz local oscillator (LO) steered by GPS compare optical frequency measurements using a GPS-disciplined standard quartz LO and a GPS-disciplined rubidium oscillator steering a low-phasenoise quartz LO

16 GPS-referenced measurements fractional frequency offset/ frequency measurement 10 khz 674 nm ECDL stabilised to ULE cavity log[σy(τ)] Allan deviation standard quartz rubidium + low-phase-noise quartz rubidium time/s log[τ/s]

17 GPS-referenced measurements fractional frequency offset/ frequency measurement 1 khz 674 nm ECDL stabilised to ULE cavity log[σy(τ)] Allan deviation standard quartz rubidium + low-phase-noise quartz rubidium time/s log[τ/s]

18 GPS-referenced measurements fractional frequency offset/ frequency measurement 1 khz 674 nm ECDL stabilised to ULE cavity time/s low-phase-noise quartz LO gives adequate short-term stability for comb measurements 1 x s offset [GPS - H-maser] < 5 x over 1 hour averaging time compare 1 x (50 khz) limit of interferometric measurements

19 Summary H-maser/Cs referenced comb optical frequency measurement revolutionized enabling technology for representation of the SI second using optical frequency standards future redefinition of the second? GPS referenced transportable comb demonstrated: u ~ few khz with GPS referenced comb outlook: compact, diode-pumped Cr:LiSAF fs laser acknowledgements: thanks to Philip Baker and Alan Turner (Rapco Electronics Ltd); this work is funded by the DTI as part of the NMS Length Programme

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