Contents. About the Authors. Abbreviations and Symbols

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Dorothy Sullivan
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1 About the Authors Preface Abbreviations and Symbols xi xiii xv 1 Principal Laws and Methods in Electrical Machine Design Electromagnetic Principles Numerical Solution The Most Common Principles Applied to Analytic Calculation Flux Line Diagrams Flux Diagrams for Current-Carrying Areas Application of the Principle of Virtual Work in the Determination of Force and Torque Maxwell s Stress Tensor; Radial and Tangential Stress Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance Per Unit Values Phasor Diagrams 43 Bibliography 45 2 Windings of Electrical Machines Basic Principles Salient-Pole Windings Slot Windings End Windings Phase Windings Three-Phase Integral Slot Stator Winding Voltage Phasor Diagram and Winding Factor Winding Analysis Short Pitching Current Linkage of a Slot Winding Poly-Phase Fractional Slot Windings Phase Systems and Zones of Windings Phase Systems Zones of Windings 98

2 vi Contents 2.10 Symmetry Conditions Base Windings First-Grade Fractional Slot Base Windings Second-Grade Fractional Slot Base Windings Integral Slot Base Windings Fractional Slot Windings Single-Layer Fractional Slot Windings Double-Layer Fractional Slot Windings Single- and Two-Phase Windings Windings Permitting a Varying Number of Poles Commutator Windings Lap Winding Principles Wave Winding Principles Commutator Winding Examples, Balancing Connectors AC Commutator Windings Current Linkage of the Commutator Winding and Armature Reaction Compensating Windings and Commutating Poles Rotor Windings of Asynchronous Machines Damper Windings 150 Bibliography Design of Magnetic Circuits Air Gap and its Magnetic Voltage Air Gap and Carter Factor Air Gaps of a Salient-Pole Machine Air Gap of Nonsalient-Pole Machine Equivalent Core Length Magnetic Voltage of a Tooth and a Salient Pole Magnetic Voltage of a Tooth Magnetic Voltage of a Salient Pole Magnetic Voltage of Stator and Rotor Yokes No-Load Curve, Equivalent Air Gap and Magnetizing Current of the Machine Magnetic Materials of a Rotating Machine Characteristics of Ferromagnetic Materials Losses in Iron Circuits Permanent Magnets in Rotating Machines History and Characteristics of Permanent Magnets Operating Point of a Permanent Magnet Circuit Application of Permanent Magnets in Electrical Machines Assembly of Iron Stacks Magnetizing Inductance 221 Bibliography 224

3 vii 4 Flux Leakage Division of Leakage Flux Components Leakage Fluxes Not Crossing an Air Gap Leakage Fluxes Crossing an Air Gap Calculation of Flux Leakage Air-Gap Leakage Inductance Slot Leakage Inductance Tooth Tip Leakage Inductance End Winding Leakage Inductance Skewing Factor and Skew Leakage Inductance 250 Bibliography Resistances DC Resistance Influence of Skin Effect on Resistance Analytical Calculation of Resistance Factor Critical Conductor Height Methods to Limit the Skin Effect Inductance Factor Calculation of Skin Effect Using Circuit Analysis Double-Sided Skin Effect 274 Bibliography Main Dimensions of a Rotating Machine Mechanical Loadability Electrical Loadability Magnetic Loadability Air Gap 297 Bibliography Design Process and Properties of Rotating Electrical Machines Asynchronous Motor Current Linkage and Torque Production of an Asynchronous Machine Impedance and Current Linkage of a Cage Winding Characteristics of an Induction Machine Equivalent Circuit Taking Asynchronous Torques and Harmonics into Account Synchronous Torques Selection of the Slot Number of a Cage Winding Construction of an Induction Motor Cooling and Duty Types Examples of the Parameters of Three-Phase Industrial Induction Motors 348

4 viii Contents Asynchronous Generator Asynchronous Motor Supplied with Single-Phase Current Synchronous Machine Inductances of a Synchronous Machine in Synchronous Operation and in Transients Loaded Synchronous Machine and Load Angle Equation RMS Value Phasor Diagrams of a Synchronous Machine No-Load Curve and Short-Circuit Test Asynchronous Drive Asymmetric-Load-Caused Damper Currents Shift of Damper Bar Slotting from the Symmetry Axis of the Pole V Curve of a Synchronous Machine Excitation Methods of a Synchronous Machine Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines Synchronous Reluctance Machines DC Machines Configuration of DC Machines Operation and Voltage of a DC Machine Armature Reaction of a DC Machine and Machine Design Commutation Doubly Salient Reluctance Machine Operating Principle of a Doubly Salient Reluctance Machine Torque of an SR Machine Operation of an SR Machine Basic Terminology, Phase Number and Dimensioning of an SR Machine Control Systems of an SR Motor Future Scenarios for SR Machines 425 Bibliography Insulation of Electrical Machines Insulation of Rotating Electrical Machines Impregnation Varnishes and Resins Dimensioning of an Insulation Electrical Reactions Ageing Insulation Practical Insulation Constructions Slot Insulations of Low-Voltage Machines Coil End Insulations of Low-Voltage Machines Pole Winding Insulations Low-Voltage Machine Impregnation Insulation of High-Voltage Machines Condition Monitoring of Insulation Insulation in Frequency Converter Drives 453 Bibliography 455

5 ix 9 Heat Transfer Losses Resistive Losses Iron Losses Additional Losses Mechanical Losses Heat Removal Conduction Radiation Convection Thermal Equivalent Circuit Analogy between Electrical and Thermal Quantities Average Thermal Conductivity of a Winding Thermal Equivalent Circuit of an Electrical Machine Modelling of Coolant Flow Solution of Equivalent Circuit Cooling Flow Rate 495 Bibliography 496 Appendix A 497 Appendix B 501 Index 503

EE 350: Electric Machinery Fundamentals

EE 350: Electric Machinery Fundamentals Lecture Schedule See Time Table Course Type, Semester Fundamental Engineering, Fifth Credit Hours Three + One Pre-requisite Physics Instructor Dr. Muhammad Asghar