Next Generation AMI. Reji Kumar Pillai President India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF)
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1 Next Generation AMI Reji Kumar Pillai President India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF)
2 Introduction Electromechanical Meters Electronic Meters AMR and Prepaid Meters Smart Meters Today s scenario: Gateways/DCU/Aggregators are common entities in AMI Limitations in various last mile connectivity options Reliability, scalability, latency, total cost of ownership
3 Characteristics of communication technologies for smart grids Bandwidth Latency Reliability Availability Scalability Interoperability Operating frequency Range of communications Power consumption of the device Technology life-cycle Regulatory compliance Cyber security Total cost of ownership Selection of technology will depend on application. Mission critical applications (SCADA, DA, WAMS) reliability, latency and security will be key Non-mission critical applications (AMR, AMI, EV) cost will be crucial.
4 Snapshot of available communication technologies/protocols Technology/ Protocol Last Mile/NAN/FAN HAN Backhaul/WAN and Backbone Wireless 6LoWPAN-based RF mesh, ZigBee, Wi-Fi 6LoWPAN-based RF mesh, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Z-Wave, NFC Cellular, Satellite, LPWA, Long Wave Radio, TVWS, Private Microwave Radio links (P2P and P2MP) Wired PLC, Ethernet, Serial interfaces (RS-232, RS-422, RS-485), DSL PLC, Ethernet, Serial interfaces (RS-232, RS-422, RS-485) Optical Fiber, Ethernet, PLC, DSL
5 Comparison of popular PLC protocols last mile Protocol Country/region of deployment No. of devices Architecture deployed Meters and More Italy, Spain, Brazil, Montenegro Over 40 Million PLC in the last mile up to the DCU TWACS Mainly deployed in US, Puerto Over 11 Million PLC till the substation Rico, Mexico, Dominican Republic PRIME Utilities: Iberdrola Gas Natural Fenosa Energa EDP Latvenergo HC Energia ASEME CIDE 7 Million PLC in the last mile up to the DCU OSGP Sweden. Russia Finland U.S.A. Denmark Austria Netherlands Germany Switzerland Over 4 Million PLC in the last mile up to the DCU G3-PLC France, Netherlands, Japan Over 4 Million PLC in the last mile up to the DCU
6 Popular wireless protocols last mile RF mesh networks in the sub-ghz frequency bands for last mile connectivity ZigBee RF mesh, 6LoWPAN-based RF mesh and proprietary mesh networks are popular
7 Snapshot of Specifications of Frequency Bands in India
8 Frequency Band Characteristics Applications MHz Maximum effective radiated power = 10mW Indoor applications only Maximum channel bandwidth = 10 KHz Inbuilt antenna MHz Maximum transmitted power = 1W Maximum effective radiated power = 4W Maximum channel bandwidth = 200 KHz MHz Maximum transmitted power = 1 W (in a spread of 10 MHz or higher) GHz and GHz Maximum effective radiated power = 4 W Maximum antenna height = 5 meters above the roof-top of an existing authorized building Maximum mean effective isotropic radiated power = 200 mw Maximum mean effective isotropic radiated power density = 10 mw/mhz in any 1 MHz band. Inbuilt antenna GHz Maximum transmitted power = 1 W (in a spread of 10 MHz or higher) Maximum effective isotropic radiated power = 4 W respectively. Any application Any application Indoor applications only Any application
9 Comparison of Popular Communication Technologies for Smart Metering 21 Sep 2012 WG <no> : <WG Title>
10 SMART METERING COMMUNICATION OPTIONS Communications options Advantages Disadvantages GPRS Mature technology Limited coverage (data network is poor in villages) Rapid deployment Limited reliability (cellular operators only guarantee Communication modules are low cost and standardised performance on best effort basis) Best solution to get meter readings automatically from Short technology lifecycle (2G => EDGE => 3G => LTE select set of customers scattered over a large Limited scalability (50 million smart meters would geographical area need additional towers) and spectrum High operating cost - monthly recurring cost to cellular operators per SIM card Most benefits of AMI cannot be achieved except meter reads RF Mesh Lightweight (communication stack size) Scalable (only DCUs/Gateways are needed) Negligible operating cost Can be used in multiple frequency bands (2.4 GHz and 865 MHz) Relatively long technology lifecycle (v/s GPRS) Other electrical network elements such as DT monitoring devices, street light controllers, RTU/FRTUs for distribution automation etc. can also be connected to the same RF Mesh network Best solution as of now for deriving most benefits of AMI such as: outage detection and faster restoration, remote load curtailment when needed, demand response signals, ToU tariff signals, online (almost real-time) energy auditing, detection of phase-imbalances etc. Several options for backhaul (WAN) connectivity 21 Sep 2012 WG <no> : <WG Title> Initial cost of building the RF mesh network high Trained engineers required to setup the RF Mesh network
11 Communications Advantages options PLC Ready infrastructure (power cables) Communications possible in challenging environments such as underground installations, metal-shielded cases etc. Relatively long technology lifecycle (v/s GPRS) Good option for new residential colonies and newly electrified villages with new electrical network designed and built for PLC applications Broadband PLC (BPL) can offer telephone and internet connections as well to customers Disadvantages Requires good quality power cables with crimped joints (in India mostly aluminium wires are have twisted joints which are not good for PLC) Requires filters to clean the communication signal (from noise) High total cost of ownership due to initial and on-going line conditioning and maintenance Communication not possible in case of power outage (unless batteries are used in the modules and repeaters which is expensive) Requires Bespoke engineering and trained manpower for O&M every time new connections are added, all devices in that node need to be tuned (re-set) Wi-Fi Use existing infrastructure (broadband internet connections in buildings and public places) to create Wi-Fi hotspots in meter rooms and public places; or share the customers broadband connectivity Very low total cost of ownership o DCUs, Gateways, Routers not required o Low cost communication modules o Negligible operating cost Mature technology and standardised equipment available DISCOMs need not deploy telecom engineers to maintain and manage the communications network Easy to implement Relatively long technology lifecycle (v/s GPRS) Idea is relatively new (ISGF proposed in 2015) and few field trials are being undertaken now Interference due to other devices operating in 2.4 GHz frequency band 21 Sep 2012 WG <no> : <WG Title>
12 Popular Communication Architectures for AMI
13 Architecture used by Enel (Italy)
14 Architecture used by CenterPoint Energy (USA)
15 Typical architecture used for RF mesh network as last mile
16 Typical architecture used for RF mesh canopy networks
17 ISGF vision on communications architecture for next generation AMI
18 Advantages of Wi-Fi for AMI No intermediate elements such as Data Concentrator Units (DCUs) and Gateways Low Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) No intermediate elements Less expensive NIC Wi-Fi is mature, standardised and has a long technology life cycle DISCOMs don t need to maintain and manage the communication network Easy to implement for multiple applications such as electricity, gas and water metering, home automation etc. using a common communication medium 21 Sep 2012 WG <no> : <WG Title>
19 Conclusion Traditional AMI architectures use DCU/Gateways Increase Total Cost of Ownership Fail to provide reliable, scalable and interoperable last mile connectivity Internet is ubiquitous and hence can connect to Smart meters Smart appliances HES Utility applications Home broadband internet can be used for providing last mile connectivity for AMI No need to use DCU/Gateways Reliable, scalable and interoperable last mile connectivity
20 Thank you!
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