Improved Performance of STATIC Compensator for Grid Connected Wind System Using IRP Theory
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1 smsamspublications.com Vol.1.Issue.1 15 Improved Performance of STATIC Compensator for Grid Connected Wind System Using IRP Theory Research Article ISSN: N.Saida Naik, Assistant Professor Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, PSCMR College of Engineering&Technology, India B.SHANKER, Assistant Professor Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Bapatla Engineering College, INDIA Abstract- The sources such as wind and solar are expected to be promising energy sources when it is connected to the power grid. The power from above energy sources varies due to environmental conditions. Due to the fluctuation nature of the wind, the wind power injection into an electric grid affects the power quality. The influence of the wind sources in the grid system concerns the power quality such as the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, and harmonics. In this paper power quality issues such as active power, reactive power and harmonics have been considered when wind turbine is installed to grid side. A Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to improve the above power quality issues. The battery energy storage is used to maintain constant real power from variable wind power. Here two control schemes such as Bang-Bang controller and Instantaneous real and reactive power theory have been proposed to STATCOM and compared the two schemes for effectiveness of the controllers. The operation of the STATCOM with two control schemes for maintaining the power quality of the grid connected wind energy system is investigated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Keywords: STATCOM, power quality, wind generating system, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Bang Bang controller, and Instantaneous real reactive power theory I.INTRODUCTION Injecting wind power into the power system grid effects power quality problems such as reactive power compensation, voltage regulation, hormones produced in the grid. We know that induction generators reactive problems may come due to non liner loads balanced and unbalanced loads some kind of power electronic devices such as arc lamps welding machines etc. this all are switching actions harmonics will present in the system so that complete grid effects and also it effects on source side. Both electric utilities and end users of electric power
2 are increasingly concerned about the quality of power. Power quality can be defined as any power problem manifested in voltage, and frequency those results in failure or mal operation of the customer equipment [1]. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality []. The group of devices used for mitigation of power quality problems is known by the name of Custom Power Devices (CPDs). The family of compensating devices mainly has the following members: Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) and Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). The work analyses the Performance of STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM) with a battery energy storage system (BESS) connected at the point of common coupling of wind energy generating system and the existing power system to mitigate the power quality issues [1]. During the normal operation, wind turbine produces a continuous variable output power. The main power quality issues are voltage sag, swell, flickers, harmonics etc [3]. One of the simple methods of running a wind generating system is to use the induction generator connected directly to the grid. The induction generator has inherent advantages of cost effectiveness and robustness. However, induction generators require reactive power for magnetization. When the generated Active power of an induction generator is varied due to wind, absorbed reactive power and terminal voltage of an induction generator can be significantly affected. Here proposing a STATCOM based control technology for mitigating the power quality issues when we are integrating wind farms to the grid. In the event of increasing grid disturbance, a battery energy storage system is required to compensate the fluctuation generated by wind turbine. Here two control schemes for STATCOM is designed and smsamspublications.com Vol.1.Issue.1 15 compared: Bang- Bang Current controller and Instantaneous real and reactive power theory. II. TOPOLOGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT The STATCOM is a three- phase voltage source inverter Having the capacitance on its DC link and connected at the point of common coupling. The STATCOM injects a Compensating of variable magnitude and frequency component at the bus of common coupling [1].The wind energy system and STATCOM with BESS is connected to the grid. The controlled voltage source inverter based STATCOM injects the into the grid in such a way that the source (grid ) are harmonic free and they are in phase-angle with respect to source voltage. The injected will cancel out the reactive part and harmonic part of the induction generator and load, thus it improves the power quality [4]. This injected generation is by proper closing and opening of the switches of voltage source inverter of STATCOM and is different for the two control schemes proposed. For this the grid voltages are sensed and are synchronized in generating the command for the inverter. A. Wind Energy Generating System. In this configuration, wind energy generation is based on constant speed topologies with pitch control turbine.
3 Fig (1) System operational scheme in grid system. The induction generator is used in the proposed scheme because of its simplicity, it does not require a separate field circuit, it can accept constant and variable loads, and has natural protection against short circuit. The available power of wind energy system is presented as: (1) P wind = 1 ρav 3 wind Where ρ = air density (kg/m3), A = area swept out by Turbine blade (m ), V wind = wind speed m s It is not possible to extract all kinetic energy of wind. Thus extracts a fraction of the power called power coefficient Cp of the wind turbine, and is given by () P mec h = C p P wind The mechanical power produced by wind turbine is given By P mec h = 1 πrv3 c p (3) Where, R = Radius of the blade (m). The battery energy storage system (BESS) is used as an energy storage element for the purpose of voltage regulation [1].The BESS will naturally maintain dc capacitor voltage constant and is best suited in STATCOM since it rapidly injects or absorbs reactive power to stabilize the grid system. When power fluctuation occurs in the system, the BESS is used to level the power smsamspublications.com Vol.1.Issue.1 15 fluctuation by charging and discharging operation. The battery is connected in parallel to the dc capacitor of STATCOM. B. System Operation: The shunt connected STATCOM with battery energy storage is connected at the interface of the induction generator and non-linear load at the PCC [4]. The Fig.1 represents the system working scheme in grid system. The STATCOM output is different according to the control strategy, so as to maintain the power quality norms in the grid system. The control strategies for STATCOM are the Bang- Bang controller and Instantaneous real and reactive power theory. A single STATCOM using insulated gate bipolar transistors is proposed to have reactive power support to the induction generator and to the nonlinear load in the grid system. C. Control Scheme: The first control scheme approach is based on Injecting the s into the grid using bangbang Controller [1].The controller uses a hysteresis Controlled technique as shown in Fig. Using such technique, the controller keeps the control system variable between the boundaries of hysteresis area and gives correct switching signals for STATCOM operation. The controller block receives reference and actual as inputs and are subtracted so as to activate the operation of STATCOM in control mode [5].The second control scheme is Instantaneous real and reactive power theory. D. Grid Synchronisation: In the three-phase balance system, the RMS source Voltage amplitude is calculated from the source phase Voltages ( V sa, V sb, V sc ) and is expressed as sample template (sampled peak voltage),v sm
4 smsamspublications.com Vol.1.Issue.1 15 V sm = 3 V sa + V sb + V sc (4) The in-phase unit vectors are obtained from source voltage in each phases and the RMS value of unit vector is shown below. U sa = V sa V sm (5) U sb = V sb V sm U sc = V sc V sm The in-phase reference s generated are derived using in-phase unit voltage template as shown below. (6) i sa = I U sa, i sb = I U sb, i sc = I U sc Where I is proportional to magnitude of filtered source voltage for respective phases. This ensures that the source is controlled to be sinusoidal [6]. E. Bang-Bang Current Controller: It is implemented in the control scheme. The reference is generated as in equation (6).The actual are detected by sensors and are subtracted for obtaining a error for a hysteresis based bang-bang controller. Thus the ON/OFF switching signals for IGBTs of STATCOM are derived from hysteresis controller [1].The switching function SA for phase a is expressed as : i sa i sa < HB = S A = 1 (7) i sa i sa > HB = S A = This is same for phases b and c. Fig Control scheme F. INSTANTANEOUS REAL AND REACTIVE POWER THEORY (IRP Theory): Instantaneous P-Q Theory was initially proposed by Akagi. This theory is based on the transformation of three phase quantities to two phase quantities in α-β frame and the Instantaneous active and reactive power is calculated in this frame. Sensed inputs ( V sa, V sb, and V sc ) & i La, i Lb, i Lc are fed to the controller and these quantities are processed to generate reference commands (i fa, i fb, i fc ) which are fed to a hysteresis based PWM controller to generate switching pulses(g 1,g and g 3 ) for STATCOM. The system terminal voltages are given as V sa = V m sin ωt (8) V sb = V m sin ωt π V sc = V m sin ωt + π The respective load are given as i La = I Lan sin n ωt θ an (11) 3 3 (9) (1)
5 smsamspublications.com Vol.1.Issue.1 15 i Lb = I Lbn sin n ωt π (1) 3 θ bn V α V β = V sa V sb V sc (14) i Lc = I Lcn sin n ωt + π (13) 3 θ cn In a, b and c coordinates a, b and c axes are fixed on the same plane apart from each other by π/3. i α i β = i La i Lb i Lc (15) Reference Current control strategy: The control scheme of the STATCOM must calculate the reference signals from each phase of the inverter using instantaneous realreactive power compensator. The block diagram as shown in Fig.3 that control scheme generates the reference required to compensate the source harmonics and reactive power of induction generator. The PI controller is tried to maintain the dc-bus voltage across the capacitor constant of the inverter. This instantaneous realpower compensator with PI-controller is used to extracts reference value of to be compensated Figure 3: Reference generator using Instantaneous real and reactive power theory. These phases can be transformed into α-β coordinates using Clarke s transformation as follows. Where α and β axes are the orthogonal coordinates. Conventional instantaneous power for three phase circuit can be defined as P = V α I α + V β I β (16) Where p is equal to conventional equation p = V sa I sa + V sb I sb + V sc I sc (17) Similarly, the instantaneous reactive power is defined as q = V β I α V α I β (18) Therefore in matrix form, instantaneous real and reactive power are given as p q = V α V β i α (19) V β V α iβ The α-β s can be obtained as v α v = 1 v α v β p β v β v α q () Where = v α + v β Instantaneous active and reactive powers p and q can be decomposed into an average (dc) and oscillatory component p = p + p (1) q = q + q () Where p and q are the average dc part and p and q are the oscillatory (ac) part of these real and reactive instantaneous power. Reference
6 smsamspublications.com Vol.1.Issue.1 15 s are calculated to compensate the instantaneous oscillatory component of the instantaneous active and reactive power. Therefore the reference compensating s i fα and i fβ in α β coordinate can be expressed as i sα i = 1 sβ v α v β v β v α q p (3) 5. Load parameter 6. Wind turbine capacitance=6μf Switching frequency=khz Nonlinear load 6.5KW Base wind speed=11 m/s Pitch angle(β)= deg A. Voltage Source Inverter Operation The oscillatory part of real power p and reactive power q is obtained by using 4th order low pass Butterworth filter of cut-off frequency 5 Hz. These s can be transformed in abc quantities to find reference s in a-b-c coordinates using reverse Clarke s transformation. i sa i sb i sc = i sα i (4) sβ III.SYSTEM PERFORMANCE: The proposed control scheme is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. The simulation parameters used for the system is given Table:1 System parameters S.L Parameters Ratings No 1. Grid voltage 3 phase,415v,5hz. Induction Motor/Gener ator 3.35 kva,415v,5hz, Speed=15rpm,Rs=Ω Rr=Ω,Ls=.6H,Lr=. 6H 3. Line series.5mh Inductance 4. Inverter Parameters DC link voltage=8v DC link The three phase injected into the grid from the STATCOM will cancel out the distortion caused by the nonlinear load and wind generator. The IGBT based three phase inverter is connected to grid through the transformer. The generation of switching signals from reference is simulated within hysteresis band of.8 for Bang-Bang controller [1]. The choice of narrow hysteresis band switching in the system improves the quality. The choice of the band depends on the operating voltage and the interfacing transformer impedance. The compensated for the nonlinear load and demanded reactive power is provided by the inverter. The real power transfer from the batteries is also supported by the controller of this inverter. The three phase inverter injected are shown in fig 5 B. STATCOM Performance under Load Variations The wind energy generating system is connected to the grid having the nonlinear load. The bangbang controller and instantaneous real and reactive power theory for STATCOM is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The main SIMULINK diagram of the control schemes with STATCOM is shown in fig 4 The nonlinear load used a bridge rectifier with RL load. The load parameters are varied arbitrarily to see the operation of the bang-bang controller and Instantaneous real and
7 DC voltage(volts) com A B C a b c International Journal of Computer Science & Mechatronics smsamspublications.com Vol.1.Issue.1 15 reactive power theory implemented for STATCOM. 1 source Discrete, Ts = 5e-6 s powergui L6 1 load Vac L Aa Aa A + Vac1 Vac L1 L Bb C c Bb C c B C VI Three-Phase Breaker VI1 Nonlinear load -1 Constant 5 inverter Measuremntes + - v V3 Scope Scope3 + - v V Stat Goto1 Repeating Sequence L5 L4 L3 Fig 4. Matlab/Simulink Model of STATCOM power circuit. Aa Bb C c VI3 g A B C + Universal Bridge1 - Cdc DC Voltage Source + - v V1 aa bb cc VI [Vdc] Goto Vdc1 Goto Scope1 Tm A B C Control Cikcuit m induction generator Gate time induction generator time Fig.6. (a) Load Current (b) Source Current. (c) Wind generator (Induction generator). (d) Inverter Injected Current Fig.5. Three phase injected inverter Current time(sec) Fig 7. DC link voltage. The performance of the system is measured by switching ON the STATCOM at time T= s to.s and the swiching OFF the STATCOM at time T=.s to.3s.the load and source s are shown in Fig.6 (a) and Fig.8 (b) respectively. While the injected from STATCOM is shown in Fig.6 (d) and the generated from wind generator at PCC is shown in Fig.6(c). When STATCOM controller is made ON, it starts to mitigate the reactive demand as well as harmonic [1].The additional demand is fulfill by STATCOM compensator
8 power power power power International Journal of Computer Science & Mechatronics with the help of BESS. This can be easily seen in the source (grid ).Because whatever changes occurs in the load or induction generator occurs it can t be seen in the source and it is free from harmonics also smsamspublications.com Vol.1.Issue.1 15 The period of.1s to.s and.3s to.6s in providing the necessary real and reactive power for load.this is a burden for source. x 14 source power Table: %THD of source with and without STATCOM by using Bang Bang controller. S.N Current THD(% o ) 1. Load Current 7.6. Wind Generator Current Injected inverter.1 4. Source Current(without 7.65 STATCOM) 5. Source Current (with 3.7 STATCOM) The DC link voltage regulates the source in the grid system, so the DC link voltage is maintained constant across the capacitor [1] as in Fig.7.System is analyses and performance of the system is evaluated. One of the easiest measurements of harmonics is the total harmonic distortion (THD) measurement through FFT analysis. The Fourier analysis of waveforms with and without using Bang-Bang controller is performed and the THD obtained for the source at PCC without STATCOM is 7.6% and the THD of source (grid ) is only 3.7% as shown in Table 3. The injected s also have harmonics and it cancel out reactive and harmonic part produced by the induction generator and the non-linear load. Thus it improves the power quality. The real and reactive power of the wind energy system, STATCOM, grid and in load indicates the performance of STATCOM for different conditions of the system as shown in Fig 8. When the output of the wind generating system is reducing from.1s to.45s, the real and reactive power for load is provided by STATCOM and the source real and reactive power is increased for x 14 load power compensator induction generator time Fig.8. Real and reactive power for (a) load (b)source (c)statcom (d) wind energy generating system. Fig.9. FFT analysis of source by using bang bang controller C. Implementation Using Instantaneous real and reactive power theory: The model of this system is also developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK. To investigate the performance of the system a load variation is inserted at time T=.1 s and the STATCOM is ON from time T=.1s. Fig.1. shows the load, inverter injected, wind generator and source. Whatever changes occurs in the load or induction generator occurs it can t be seen in the source and it is free from harmonics by the suitable operation of
9 real and reactive powers of induction generator induction generator (A) real and reactive powers of inverter real and reactive powers of non linear load inverter (A) real and reactive powers of source non linear load (A) source (A) International Journal of Computer Science & Mechatronics STATCOM by using instantaneous real and reactive power theory smsamspublications.com Vol.1.Issue.1 15 S.NO CURRENT %THD 1. Load 7.4. Injected inverter Current 3. Induction generator Source (without) Source x x x time(s) Fig.1. (a) Load Current (b) Source Current. (c) Wind generator (Induction generator). (d) Inverter Injected Current Analysis of the system by reducing the output of the wind generating system output is also carried out. Output is reducing at time T=.1s to.45s and restoring at time T=.45s, STATCOM is ON from T=.s and OFF at time T=.7 s and again ON at time T=.8s. From Fig 11, it can be observed that the induction generator remains constant by the operation of STATCOM even though the output of wind generating system is varied. Fig.1. shows the load, source, wind generator, and inverter when the output of wind generating system is reducing from.1 s to.45s and the STATCOM is OFF from. s to.3s. Table: 3 %THD of source with and without STATCOM by using Instantaneous real reactive power theory time(s) Fig.11. Real and reactive power for (a) load (b)source (c)statcom (d) wind energy generating system. Fig.1. FFT analysis of source The above fig show the source FFT analysis by using Instantaneous real reactive power theory.
10 The waveform before and after the STATCOM operation is analysed.without using instantaneous real and reactive power theory for STATCOM the source THD is 7.41%, and using instantaneous real and reactive power theory the source (grid ) THD is reduced to.53% as shown in Table 3. It indicates that when we are using Instantaneous real and reactive power theory the harmonics are reduced more as compared to Bang Bang controller. D. Comparison of Two Control Schemes for STATCOM: Results of two control schemes are summarized in the table below. From this table:4 we can conclude that the % THD reduces more with instantaneous real and reactive power theory. Table: 4 Comparison of two control schemes: S.No Type of Controller Bang-Bang 1. controller(%thd in source ). instantaneous real and reactive power theory(%thd in source ) smsamspublications.com Vol.1.Issue.1 15 %THD 3.7%.53%. Without load variations, by using BANG- BANG controller the %THD in the source reduced from 7.4% to 3.7% and by using instantaneous real and reactive power theory in source % THD is reduced from 7.4% to.53%. V. CONCLUSION The STATCOM-based control scheme for power quality improvement in grid connected wind generating system with non linear loads has been presented effectively by reducing the %THD of source. The STATCOM has been designed in Matlab/Simulink by using the Bang - Bang control technique and instantaneous real and reactive power theory. The % THD of source has been reduced from 7.41 to 3% by using Bang - Bang control technique and by using instantaneous real and reactive power theory, the source %THD is reduced from 7.41% to.53%. The THD analysis revealed that the instantaneous real and reactive power theory is good as compared to bang-bang controller. The instantaneous real and reactive power theory is simpler and has faster response REFERENCES [1] Sharad W. Mohod, Mohan V. Aware A STATCOM control scheme for grid connected wind energy system for power quality improvement IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 4, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 1 [] C. Han, A. Q. Huang, M. Baran, S. Bhattacharya, and W. Litzenberger, STATCOM impact study on the integration of a large wind farm into a weak loop power system, IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 3, no. 1,pp. 6 3, Mar. 8. [3] M. I. Milands, E. R. Cadavai, and F. B. Gonzalez, Comparison of control strategies for shunt active power filters in three phase four wire system, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol., no. 1, pp. 9 36, Jan. 7. [4] Sharad W. Mohod, Member, IEEE, and Mohan V. Aware Micro wind power generator with battery storage IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO. 1, MARCH 1 [5] H. Akagi, E. H. Watanabe, and M. Aredes, Instantaneous Power Theory and Applications to Power Conditioning, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 7. [6] H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, and A. Nabae, "Instantaneous reactive power compensator comprising switching devices without energy storage components," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-, no. 3, pp ,Mar [7] G.D. Marques, "A comparison of active power filter control methods in unbalanced and non-sinusoidal conditions, " Proc. 4lh IEEE Annual Conf. IECON '98, vol.l, pp , 1998.
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