Introduction to the History of Television and Radio Why$is$RTF$worth$studying?$

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1 Find something that you love to do and never stop doing that thing unless you find something else you love more. Introduction to the History of Television and Radio Why$is$RTF$worth$studying?$ Television and radio are major facets of US history and culture because they teach us about American ideals and identities o Shows models of gender identities, racial backgrounds, sexual orientations, etc. o Establishes a national definition of American culture Medium: a means through which communication is conveyed to the public Hilmes: It is important to question history. Think about historians who are making a lot of choices based on their own social upbringing Many things have to be left out in a historical survey, so concepts are oversimplified History: the past + historiography (researching and constructing a story of the past) The historian makes choices about what to include and what to leave out Influenced by and influences cultural memory o Evident in historians areas of focus and choice of omissions o Ex. in the sitcoms of the late 1950s, where all American families stay in surburbia, have stay-at-home mothers, are financially prosperous, and are all white. This, however, is not true for many real families o Stories about minorities are often left out! Ex. Pedro J. Gonzales, a radio broadcaster in LA that was one of the first to broadcast in Spanish in the 1930s and 1940s! Was seen as threatening to local politicians due to his influences on his following Media historians may privilege/use one or more of: o Text-focused history! Narrative, genre, cinematic elements, symbolism, etc. o Industrial history! Focus on production: budget, interaction and role within the production company/network, marketing of media texts, influence of graphic novels on TV and film o Social history! How larger society is related to its social context! Ex. social factors related to popularity of zombie films and TV o Audience-focused history! Focus on who is watching or listening and how they view the program! Motivation behind following the program o Technologically determinist history! Technology drives progress

2 o! Great man narrative: great inventors who have made TV/radio possible! Explores how history evolves (rather than why)! Ex. Lee DeForest, Edwin Howard Armstrong, David Sarnoff, the three men crucial to the birth and popularity of radio Culturally determinist history! Focus: sociocultural factors that drive media history! Tend to explore why rather than how! Ex. the white bias of film stock: when photography was first developed, the film stock was created to show contrast (white skin) over using dark skin as subjects It was because of social hierarchy that film stock was created with the white bias rather than anything else Lee DeForest: called himself the father of radio but most of his discoveries were not original Probably most responsible for the popularization of radio Holds more than 300 patents Radio waves were discovered in the1880s Edwin Howard Armstrong David Sarnoff: Russian immigrant that created a communications production company Backdrop$to$the$Rise$of$Radio$ What we can learn from radio history It was once the primary news and entertainment medium Strongly influenced TV and film Can offer a voice to the underrepresented Evolution of US radio Progressive Era: 1890s-1920s o Rising immigration: 30 million in one decade! Led to nativism: prejudice against immigrants o Racial and suffrage inequalities o Industrialization o Poverty for some! No social support from the government o Progressivism o WW1 from o Rise of mass media! Printing press invented in the late 1840s to make newspapers possible! Phonograph invented in 1877 to record and play sound! Telegraph for wired communication in the late 1840s

3 Who were progressives? o Wanted to solve social problems with resources such as education o Saw assimilation as the key to equality! Suffragists: movement for women s rights, etc.! Early social workers and founders of service organizations o Populists opposed their efforts Debates over mass culture o Mass culture is vulnerable to suggestion and mob culture! Could now be exposed to dangerous content o Radio resulted in the first time the mass audience was diverse regarding SES and culture o These concerns arose again with different forms of media Before$radio$ Vaudeville was the main form of entertainment for people Appealed primarily to middle class Needs that radio had to fulfill Transmitting sound across distance o Guglielmo Marconi ( ) invents the spark gap device in 1894 as essentially a wireless telegraph, a precursor to the radio o Tried to sell to Italy first (who rejected him), but Britain agreed! Wanted to use ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship due to it being an island o Founds British Marconi company in 1897 o Became standard with 400+ wireless stations in 1913 along US East Coast! Two-way receivers (more like telephone than radio) Transmission of voices o Reginald Fessenden ( ) invents heterodyne, a wireless phone with AM! Sold patent to United Fruit (which needed radio for product transport) o First voice transmission in 1906 o Later stolen by Lee DeForest Enhancing sound quality o Lee DeForest ( ) invents the Audion tube! Sold patent to AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph) o Edwin Howard Armstrong amplified and improves sound through the Audion tube o Results in patent disputes between the two Radio,$pre;commercial$ Inventors wanted it to be point-to-point communication over broadcasting 1900s+: rise of radio amateurs Hobbyists can make crystal radio sets to transmit and receive sound

4 Over 10,000 by the 1910s DX-ing (distance transmitting and listening) was very popular Generally young white men Pre-WWI radio users Amateur operators Private companies o Include shipping, communication, or electronic companies o GE, Westinghouse, United Fruit, etc. Government, esp. Navy o Could improve communication within parties Educators and interest groups o Could reach people in rural areas o Universities are pioneers in radio use So many parties using radio leads to clatter of the air o Most complaints from Navy and private companies Radio Act of 1912 All radio stations had to be licensed by the federal government Ships had to monitor radio waves for distress signals o Comes about in part from the Titanic disaster of 1912 Amateurs confined to certain low frequency radio waves Impact of WWI on radio development ( ) Department of War and Navy take control of radio, including technology patents Many radio developers are drafted to service First portable radios developed Post-WWI Government forms the Radio Corporation of America to control radio design and manufacture AT&T, General Electric (Marconi), Westinghouse, United Fruit (wireless telegraph) David Sarnoff served as the RCA s first general manager o Began as an assistant and telegraph operator o Used the Titanic disaster for self-promotion o Introduces the idea of the radio as the music box Chapter 2: Before Broadcasting Technological determinism: technology exists and is inevitably improved to its current state o Stories told in this way can easily be told again, including as a great man narrative! Invention and progress stem from the actions of a handful of powerful, creative, influential men driven by their actions, personal characteristics, feuds, etc.

5 o Leaves out important details, including the culture and social issues surrounding the invention/product, and the influences of it Social$context:$The$Progressive$Era$ 1980s-1920s: child labor, no Social Security, high crime rate, Jim Crow laws, KKK presence, etc. Immigration and Nativism No immigration restrictions existed, so many immigrants came to the US as they pleased Nativist organizations sprang up, including the KKK and American First party Significant urbanization was occurring o Urban residents made up 70% of the population by 1920 o Living conditions (crowding, disease, crime, poverty) were poor Racial minorities were strongly discriminated against o Could not cote, own property, find the best jobs, etc. Progressive Intervention, Popular Resistance Theorists believed that the only to improve troubling conditions was through scientific approach, combining sociology with social work, education, and legislative reform Ex. John Dewey, Jane Addams Believed that America s strength relied on cultural assimilation through communication o Education was the primary way to promote assimilation Opposed by Populists, who did not want to conform o Was a huge part of gaining women s suffrage, which in turn opened other cultural assumptions to reconsideration (ex. the gendering of labor, control of reproduction, etc.) o New media now addressed women, which was controversial World War I The War demanded unity among citizens, especially immigrants Cultural items were Americanized: foreign things were viewed with much suspicion Isolationism: the US tried to distance itself from European items, ideas, etc. Committee on Public Information was created in 1917 for American propaganda o Led to some fear and suspicion of the media s efforts The$Rise$of$Popular$Media$ By the 1910s, scientific inventions allowed for the development of the telegraph, telephone, mechanized printing, photography, nascent motion picture Subsequent rise in advertising helped fund media o Led to concerns about mass influence because ads could reach an unprecedented number of people Media became more directed towards the general public rather than just the wealthy

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