Exercise 3-3. Multiple-Source Jamming Techniques EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
|
|
- August Joseph
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Exercise 3-3 Multiple-Source Jamming Techniques EXERCISE OBJECTIVE To introduce multiple-source jamming techniques. To differentiate between incoherent multiple-source jamming (cooperative jamming), and coherent multiplesource jamming. To demonstrate two types of cooperative jamming: blinking jamming, and formation jamming. DISCUSSION Multiple-source jamming techniques can greatly increase a jammer s effectiveness against a tracking radar. These techniques involve the use of more than one jamming source (a source can be a jammer, a decoy, or as simple as a reflector) transmitting toward the radar. They induce an artificial glint onto their combined signal or that of a radar echo, effectively changing the apparent angle-of-arrival of the signal received by the radar. Multiple-source jamming is effective only if the jamming sources intercept the main beam(s) of the tracking radar antenna. Otherwise, if some sources are located outside of the main beam(s), the jamming signal becomes a beacon for the radar. Multiple-source jamming techniques exploit a fundamental weakness found in monopulse radar, and more specifically, in all angle-tracking radar including sequential lobing and conical scan radar. An angle-tracking radar cannot protect itself from artificial glint by simply correcting for a weakness in the radar s design, as is true with jamming techniques such as cross-polarization jamming. Phase Relationship between Jamming Sources The phase characteristics of the jamming signals transmitted by the platforms in a group of spatially dispersed jammers can be categorized as either coherently related, or incoherently related. Multiple-source jamming techniques are more effective when conducted coherently. When multiple-source coherent jamming is performed, a constant relationship over time exists between the phases of the jamming signals. In the case of incoherent multiple-source jamming, there is a time-varying relationship between the phases of the multiple sources. When performed coherently, it is possible for multiple source jamming to make the apparent angle-of-arrival of the signal from the jamming sources to lie in a direction outside of the solid angle in which they are contained. This is done by appropriately adjusting the phase relationship between the jamming signals. This implies that coherent multiple-source jamming can be performed with the jamming sources contained within a relatively small solid angle. For example, an airplane with a repeater jammer located on each wing tip. By adjusting the delay in one of the repeaters, the apparent angle-of-arrival of the combined signal can be made to appear as if it were originating outside of the solid angle formed by the repeaters. The coherence between the signals of the different sources is much easier to maintain when the two sources are located on a single platform. When the 3-49
2 sources are spatially distributed a common reference signal must be used to maintain coherence. The implementation of incoherent multiple-source jamming (also known as cooperative jamming) can take a different form completely to that of the coherent version. Whereas it is easier for the coherent technique to be implemented from onboard a single platform, for the incoherent technique it is often easier for its implementation to be carried out by multiple platforms. The essential reason that incoherent multiple-source jamming is performed by more than one platform is that it is impossible to make the apparent angle-of-arrival of the jamming sources lie in a direction outside of the solid angle in which they are contained. That is, the apparent angle-of-arrival of the combined jamming signal will always lie within the solid angle containing the jammers. Therefore, to create a large angular tracking error, incoherent multiple-source jamming must be implemented within the widest possible solid angle. As stated previously, however, the sources cannot be located outside of the radar antenna main beam(s) otherwise the jammer s signal becomes a beacon. Two of the most common examples of incoherent multiple-source jamming (cooperative jamming) techniques are blinking jamming and formation jamming. In blinking jamming, which is illustrated in Figure 3-19, a noise or repeater jamming signal is cooperatively transmitted toward a radar antenna. The signal is turned on and then off, one at a time, by several closely grouped platforms. Formation jamming is implemented by positioning two or more closely spaced platforms that are transmitting a false-target jamming signal toward a tracking radar. It is important to note that both blinking and formation jamming can be implemented coherently. However, because the techniques involve multiple independent platforms it is often difficult to do so. Figure Blinking jamming. Blinking Jamming The effectiveness of blinking jamming against a specific radar depends entirely on the on-off commutation rate (the blinking rate) between the jammers. The ideal situation for a group of jamming platforms, i.e., the situation that is the most effective at deceiving the radar s angle tracking, is when the blinking rate is on the order of the bandwidth of the radar s angle tracking servomechanism. At this rate, typically between 0.1 Hz and 10 Hz, significant amplitude perturbations are induced into the 3-50
3 radar s angle error signal causing the radar antenna to oscillate in angle erratically. If too low a blinking rate is used, then the radar antenna has time to settle on each of the jammer s angular positions, an undesired situation from the point of view of the jammers. In this case, each jamming signal acts as a beacon signaling to the radar the angular positions of each jammer. If too high a blinking rate is used, then the radar angle tracking servomechanism tends to average the angular perturbations produced by the jammers, minimizing the possible tracking error (antenna oscillation). A radar able to change its angle tracking servo bandwidth, using a bandwidth limiter circuit, can render blinking jamming ineffective. Formation Jamming Recall that formation jamming was stated as taking the form of multiple closely spaced platforms transmitting a false-target jamming signal. The parameters that are involved in producing the angular error created by formation jamming are more apparent than those responsible for creating blinking jamming s angular deception. Consider Figure 3-20 which shows two platforms conducting formation jamming against a tracking radar. The important parameters related to formation jamming can be characterized as follows: I. The relative amplitude of each jammer s false-target signal. II. III. IV. The angle ( ) between the radar antenna s pointing axis and a perpendicular to the midpoint of the line between the jammers. The distance (L) between the jammer s. The range (R) between the tracking radar and the midpoint of the line between the jammer s. Figure Formation jamming geometry. The jamming signals are combined with each other and the radar echoes from the sources, before being received by the radar. The superposition of the phase characteristics of these signals before radar reception is what induces artificial glint onto the signal being tracked by the radar. As the radar s looking angle to the jammers changes, and as the various signal strengths (from one jammer, from another, from the radar) change, then the apparent direction of arrival of the 3-51
4 composite signal experiences a displacement. Thus, effective formation jamming causes the angle-of-arrival of the composite false-target signal received by the radar to wander back and forth between the jammers. Procedure Summary During the first part of the exercise, you will set up and calibrate the Tracking Radar. You will also position the Target Positioning System with respect to the Tracking Radar. During the second part of the exercise, you will set up the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer to be able to demonstrate blinking noise jamming (a form of incoherent cooperative jamming) against the Tracking Radar. By conducting blinking noise jamming against the Tracking Radar, you will approximate the value of the angle tracking servomechanism s bandwidth. You will observe the relationship between the radar antenna s angular tracking error (erratic oscillations) and the commutation rate of the blinking jamming signal. During the third part of the exercise, you will set up the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer to be able to conduct coherent formation jamming against the Tracking Radar. PROCEDURE Setting Up the Tracking Radar G 1. Before beginning this exercise, the main elements of the Tracking Radar Training System (i.e., the antenna and its pedestal, the target table, the RTM and its power supply, the training modules, and the host computer) must be set up as shown in Appendix A. On the Radar Transmitter, make sure that the RF POWER switch is set to the STANDBY position. On the Antenna Controller, make sure that the MANual ANTENNA ROTATION MODE push button is depressed and the SPEED control is set to the 0 position. Turn on all modules and make sure the POWER ON LED's are lit. G 2. Turn on the host computer, start the LVRTS software, select Tracking Radar, and click OK. This begins a new session with all settings set to their default values and with all faults deactivated. If the software is already running, click Exit in the File menu and then restart the LVRTS software to begin a new session. G 3. Connect the modules as shown on the Tracking Radar tab of the LVRTS software. For details of connections to the Reconfigurable Training Module, refer to the RTM Connections tab of the software. 3-52
5 Note: Make the connections to the Analog/Digital Output Interface (plug-in module 9632) only if you wish to connect a conventional radar PPI display to the system or obtain an O-scope display on a conventional oscilloscope. Note: The SYNC. TRIGGER INPUT of the Dual-Channel Sampler and the PULSE GENERATOR TRIGGER INPUT of the Radar Transmitter must be connected directly to OUTPUT B of the Radar Synchronizer without passing through BNC T-connectors. Connect the hand control to a USB port of the host computer. G 4. Make the following settings: On the Radar Transmitter RF OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY CAL. PULSE GENERATOR PULSE WIDTH... 1 ns On the Radar Synchronizer / Antenna Controller PRF Hz PRF MODE SINGLE ANTENNA ROTATION MODE... PRF LOCK. DISPLAY MODE POSITION On the Dual-Channel Sampler RANGE SPAN m In the LVRTS software System Settings: Log./Lin. Mode Lin. Gain as required Radar Display Settings: Range m G 5. Connect the cable of the target table to the connector located on the rear panel of the Target Controller. Make sure that the surface of the target table is free of any objects and then set its POWER switch to the I (on) position. Place the target table so that its grid is located approximately 1.2 m from the Rotating-Antenna Pedestal, as shown in Figure Make sure that the metal rail of the target table is correctly aligned with the shaft of the Rotating-Antenna Pedestal. 3-53
6 Figure Position of the Rotating-Antenna Pedestal and target table. G 6. Calibrate the Tracking Radar Training System according to the instructions in Appendix B. Set the RF POWER switch on the Radar Transmitter to the STANDBY position. Make sure that the Tracking Radar is adjusted as follows: Operating Frequency GHz Pulse-Repetition Frequency single, 288 Hz Pulse Width ns Observation Range m Blinking Jamming G 7. Remove the semi-cylinder target, used for the Tracking Radar calibration, from the target table mast. Turn off the target table. Move the metal rail to either end of the target table. The metal rail will not be used during the exercise. Place the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer support (part number ), provided with the Connection Leads and Accessories, onto the target table. Position it so that it is in the center of the target table grid. Place a fixed target mast (part number 30409) onto the target table. Position the mast at the target table grid coordinates X = 35 cm, Y = 26 cm. 3-54
7 G 8. Install the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer onto its support (in the horizontal position) using the long support shaft (part number ). Align the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer so that its horn antennas are facing the Tracking Radar antenna and aligned with the shaft of the Rotating- Antenna Pedestal. The longitudinal axis of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer should be aligned with the shaft of the Rotating-Antenna Pedestal. Rotate the infrared receiver on the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer toward the direction from which you will use the remote controller. Install the Power Supply (Model 9609) of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer on the shelf located under the surface of the target table. Connect the Power Supply line cord to a wall outlet. Connect the power cable of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer to the multi-pin connector located on top of the Power Supply. G 9. Assemble a small horn antenna (part number 9535), a waveguide-to-sma coaxial adaptor (part number ), and a support pin (part number ) as shown in Figure Note that two quick-lock fasteners (part number 28132) are required to join together the small horn antenna and the waveguide-to-sma coaxial adaptor. Install the horn antenna assembly on the fixed mast located on the target table. Figure Horn antenna assembly. G 10. Remove the 50- load connected to the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer COMPLEMENTARY RF OUTPUT. Using a medium-length ( 75 cm) SMA cable (part number ), make a connection between the RF input of the horn antenna assembly installed on the fixed mast, and the COMPLEMENTARY RF OUTPUT of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer. 3-55
8 Orient the pointing direction of the horn antenna assembly toward the shaft of the Rotating-Antenna Pedestal. G 11. On the Radar Transmitter, depress the RF POWER push button. The RF POWER ON LED should start to flash on and off. This indicates that RF power is being radiated by the Dual Feed Parabolic Antenna. In LVRTS, turn off the AGC of the Radar Target Tracker. Turn on the Power Supply of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer. Turn the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer on. Note that the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer status indicates that the Repeater is on. Adjust the remote controller settings to match the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer status (the Repeater is on, all else is off). G 12. Make sure the radar antenna axis is aligned with the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer. This can be done by observing the O-Scope Display of the Tracking Radar while adjusting the radar antenna orientation so that the amplitude of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer's repeated echo signal is the same for both positions of the antenna main beam. G 13. Observing the O-Scope Display, set the Gain of the MTI Processor so that the amplitude of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer's repeated echo signal is approximately 0.20 V. Note the range of the repeated echo signal, as read-off from the O-Scope Display. G 14. Using the remote controller, turn the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer Repeater off. G 15. Retract the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer's target positioning arm and place the large (20 x 20 cm) metal plate target at its tip. Orient the metal plate target so that it squarely faces the Tracking Radar antenna. The target should be perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer. Using the target positioning arm while observing the O-Scope Display, adjust the distance of the metal plate target so that the range of its echo signal matches the range of the repeated echo signal you noted previously (refer to Figure 3-23). If necessary, slightly readjust the orientation of the metal plate target so that the amplitude of its echo signal on the O-Scope Display is approximately the same for both positions of the radar antenna main beam. 3-56
9 Figure Adjusting the target positioning arm of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer. G 16. Observing the O-Scope Display, set the Gain of the MTI Processor so that the amplitude of the metal plate target echo (Radar Jamming Pod Trainer's natural radar echo) is approximately 0.2 V. Lock the Tracking Radar onto the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer's natural radar echo. G 17. Using the remote controller, make the following adjustments to the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer: Noise On Frequency GHz Frequency Bandwidth GHz Frequency Modulation Triangle Attenuation db Attenuation db AM/Blinking On Modulation Frequency Hz Modulation Internal Repeater Off RGPO Off False Targets (FT) Off The Radar Jamming Pod Trainer is now generating a blinking noise jamming signal that is transmitted by the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer horn antenna (jamming source 1) and by the horn antenna assembly (jamming source 2). The noise jamming signal is transmitted by one source at a time. The commutation rate between the two sources is at a frequency of 5.0 Hz. At this value, the blinking rate is greater than the radar angle tracking servo bandwidth. 3-57
10 G 18. Using the remote controller, and while observing the O-Scope Display, slowly decrease the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer Noise Attenuation level until the amplitude of the noise spikes induced in the video signal is as high as possible, without causing the Tracking Radar to unlock. Once the Noise Attenuation level has been adjusted properly, the amplitude of the noise spikes should exceed that of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer's natural radar echo. Observe that the blinking jamming has almost no effect on the angular position of the radar antenna. You may note, however, the presence of a slight angular offset when compared to the previous angular position of the radar antenna. Furthermore, some very slight angular pertubations may occur due to the high level of noise induced in the radar receiver. Briefly explain why the blinking jamming does not induce significant angular tracking pertubations. G 19. Using the remote controller, decrease the Blinking jamming frequency of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer in steps until it is equal to 0.25 Hz. While decreasing the blinking rate, observe the effects that the blinking jamming signal has on the radar antenna s angular tracking. Note: If the Tracking Radar unlocks when decreasing the blinking jamming frequency, slightly increase the Noise Attenuation level to decrease the amount of noise induced in the radar receiver, temporarily turn the blinking noise jamming off, lock the Tracking Radar onto the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer's natural radar echo, turn the blinking noise jamming on again, and repeat step 19. At what blinking jamming frequencies are the largest angular tracking pertubations (radar antenna oscillations) induced in the radar? What can be said about the value of the angle tracking servomechanism bandwidth? 3-58
11 Describe the antenna s angular tracking when the blinking rate is significantly less than the frequencies you recorded above. G 20. Using the remote controller, make the following adjustments to the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer: Noise Off AM/Blinking Off Repeater Off RGPO Off False Targets (FT) Off Unlock the Tracking Radar. Formation Jamming G 21. Remove the large metal plate target from the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer target positioning arm. G 22. Remove the connection between the horn antenna assembly and the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer. Move the fixed target mast located on the target table to grid coordinates X = 36 cm, Y = 5 cm. Move the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer support to target table grid coordinates X = 45 cm, Y = 35 cm. Align the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer horn antennas with the shaft of the Rotating-Antenna Pedestal. The longitudinal axis of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer should be aligned with the shaft of the Rotating-Antenna Pedestal. Place a second fixed target mast (part number 30409) onto the target table. Position the mast at the target table grid coordinates X = 48 cm, Y = 5 cm. G 23. Build a second horn antenna assembly. If necessary, refer to step 9 of this exercise when making the assembly. Install the second horn antenna assembly onto the second fixed mast located at target table coordinates X = 48 cm, Y = 5 cm. This horn antenna assembly should be located in front of the transmitting horn antenna of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer. The Radar Jamming Pod Trainer and the two horn antenna assemblies should be placed as shown in Figure
12 Figure Position of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer and the two horn antenna assemblies on the target table grid. G 24. Connect the two RF outputs of the power divider assembly to the RF inputs of the two horn antenna assemblies. If necessary, refer to Figure Orient the pointing direction of both horn antenna assemblies toward the shaft of the Rotating-Antenna Pedestal. G 25. Connect the COMPLEMENTARY RF OUTPUT of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer to the RF input of the power divider assembly (part number 33213) supplied with the Connection Leads and Accessories. If necessary, refer to Figure G 26. Using the remote controller, make the following adjustments to the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer settings: Noise Off AM/Blinking On Modulation Frequency Hz Modulation External Repeater On RGPO Off False Targets (FT) Off The formation jamming setup described by procedure steps 21 to 25, closely spaces two transmitting antennas (the analog of two jamming sources) within the main beam of the Tracking Radar. 3-60
13 By enabling the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer Repeater and by transmitting the repeated echo signal through the COMPLEMENTARY RF OUTPUT, the transmitting antennas act as two repeater jammers producing a false target signal in a coherent formation jamming position. G 27. Make sure the radar antenna axis is aligned with the direction between the two horn antenna assemblies, i.e., with the receiving horn antenna of the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer. Observe the combined repeated echo signal on the O-Scope Display. Readjust the Gain of the MTI Processor so that the amplitude of the combined repeated echo signal, which may not be the same for both positions of the radar antenna main beam, is approximately 0.25 V. Note: The Radar Jamming Pod Trainer repeated echo signal (combined repeated echo signal) appears at a range greater than normal because of the additional propagation delay due to the power divider assembly. Slightly vary the range and orientation of either one of the horn antenna assemblies while observing the combined repeated echo signal on the O-Scope Display. Describe what happens. Briefly explain why. What does this imply about the apparent angle of arrival of the combined repeated echo signal, as perceived by the Tracking Radar? G 28. Observing the O-Scope Display, slightly vary the range and orientation of the horn antenna assemblies in an attempt to equalize the amplitude of the combined repeated echo signal for both positions of the radar antenna main beam, and maximize the amplitude of the echo signal. Observing the O-Scope Display, set the Gain of the MTI Processor so that the amplitude of the combined repeated echo signal is between 0.4 and 0.5 V. Figure 3-25 is example of what you might observe on the O-Scope Display. 3-61
14 Figure Combined repeated echo signal observed on the O-Scope Display. G 29. Make sure the DISPLAY MODE on the Antenna Controller is set to POSITION. This setting will permit you to quantitatively verify the extent of any jamming induced angle tracking errors. Lock the Tracking Radar onto the combined repeated echo signal coming from the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer. The radar antenna should remain aligned with a point located somewhere between the two horn antenna assemblies. While observing the radar antenna and the POSITION DISPLAY on the Antenna Controller, slightly vary the range and orientation of the horn antenna assemblies. Note: It may take some time before you will be successful in inducing an effect on angular tracking. Try various combinations of range and orientation of the horn antenna assemblies. On the other hand, the radar antenna may start to oscillate when you vary the range and orientation of the horn antenna assemblies. If this occurs, slightly vary the range of one of the horn antenna assemblies until the antenna oscillation (hunting) ceases. 3-62
15 Describe what occurs to the radar antenna s angular tracking as the position of either one of the horn antenna assemblies (jamming sources) is varied. Briefly explain why. G 30. Turn off the Tracking Radar and the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer. Disconnect all cables and remove all accessories. CONCLUSION In this exercise, you demonstrated that noise blinking jamming, when conducted against the Tracking Radar, induces angular tracking pertubations (radar antenna oscillations). You saw that the amplitude of the radar antenna oscillations depends on the commutation frequency (blinking rate) used by the multiple jammers performing the blinking jamming. You showed that the amplitude of the induced radar antenna oscillations is maximized when the blinking rate is on the order of the bandwidth of the Tracking Radar's angular tracking servomechanism. You conducted coherent formation jamming against the Tracking Radar by transmitting the Radar Jamming Pod Trainer repeated echo signal through two closely spaced horn antennas (situation similar to two jamming sources located within the main beam of a tracking radar antenna). You saw that when the position of either one of the transmitting antennas is modified, the apparent angle of arrival of the combined repeated echo signal, as perceived by the Tracking Radar, fluctuates. You demonstrated that when the Tracking Radar is locked onto the combined repeated echo signal, the radar antenna wanders between the angular positions of the two antennas transmitting the repeated echo signal. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is the difference between formation and blinking jamming? 3-63
16 2. Briefly explain how multiple-source jamming techniques are conducted, and how they affect a radar s angular tracking. 3. What are the differences between the coherent implementation of a multiplesource jamming technique and its incoherent implementation? 4. Briefly explain the effects of blinking jamming on a tracking radar when the blinking rate is equal, more than, and less than the bandwidth of the radar s angle tracking servomechanism. 5. Briefly describe how formation jamming induces artificial glint onto the signal being tracked by the radar. 3-64
Deceptive Jamming Using Amplitude-Modulated Signals
Exercise 3-1 Deceptive Jamming Using Amplitude-Modulated Signals EXERCISE OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the effect of AM noise and repeater inverse gain jamming, two angular deceptive EA used against sequential
More informationFrequency Agility and Barrage Noise Jamming
Exercise 1-3 Frequency Agility and Barrage Noise Jamming EXERCISE OBJECTIVE To demonstrate frequency agility, a radar electronic protection is used against spot noise jamming. To justify the use of barrage
More informationExercise 3-2. Cross-Polarization Jamming EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Exercise 3-2 Cross-Polarization Jamming EXERCISE OBJECTIVE To introduce the concept of antenna polarization. To demonstrate the effect of crosspolarization jamming on a tracking radar s angular error signal.
More informationExercise 1-5. Antennas in EW: Sidelobe Jamming and Space Discrimination EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Exercise 1-5 Antennas in EW: Sidelobe Jamming EXERCISE OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that noise jamming can be injected into a radar receiver via the sidelobes of the radar antenna. To outline the effects of
More informationExercise 4. Angle Tracking Techniques EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Exercise 4 Angle Tracking Techniques EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the principles of the following angle tracking techniques: lobe switching, conical
More informationExercise 6. Range and Angle Tracking Performance (Radar-Dependent Errors) EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Exercise 6 Range and Angle Tracking Performance EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the radardependent sources of error which limit range and angle tracking
More informationExercise 4-1. Chaff Clouds EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Exercise 4-1 Chaff Clouds EXERCISE OBJECTIVE To demonstrate chaff as a method of denying target information to a radar. To verify whether MTI processing is an effective anti-chaff processing technique
More informationExercise 8. Troubleshooting a Radar Target Tracker EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Exercise 8 Troubleshooting a Radar Target Tracker EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to apply an efficient troubleshooting procedure in order to locate instructor-inserted
More informationExercise 1-4. The Radar Equation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS
Exercise 1-4 The Radar Equation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the different parameters in the radar equation, and with the interaction between these
More informationStealth Technology: The Quest for Reduced RCS
Exercise 2-3 Stealth Technology: The Quest for Reduced RCS EXERCISE OBJECTIVE To introduce the basic material and design principles associated with radar stealth technology. To use these principles to
More informationExercise 1-3. Radar Antennas EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS. Antenna types
Exercise 1-3 Radar Antennas EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the role of the antenna in a radar system. You will also be familiar with the intrinsic characteristics
More informationExercise 2-6. Target Bearing Estimation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Exercise 2-6 EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to evaluate the position of the target relative to a selected beam using the A-scope display. You will be able to
More informationThe Discussion of this exercise covers the following points:
Exercise 3-2 Frequency-Modulated CW Radar EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with FM ranging using frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FM-CW) radar. DISCUSSION
More informationExercise 2-1. Beamwidth Measurement EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Exercise 2-1 Beamwidth Measurement EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to evaluate the -3 db beamwidth of the Phased Array Antenna. You will use a reference cylindrical
More informationRadar Training System ( )
Radar Training System 593353 (8096-00) LabVolt Series Datasheet Festo Didactic en 120 V - 60 Hz 01/2019 Table of Contents General Description 2 Topic Coverage 2 Features & Benefits 2 List of Available
More informationCourseware Sample F0
Telecommunications Radar Courseware Sample 28923-F0 TELECOMMUNICATIONS RADAR COURSEWARE SAMPLE by the Staff of Lab-Volt (Quebec) Ltd Copyright 2001 Lab-Volt Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication
More informationRadar Training System
Radar Training System LabVolt Series Datasheet Festo Didactic en 120 V - 60 Hz 06/2018 Table of Contents General Description 2 Topic Coverage 2 Features & Benefits 2 List of Available Training Systems
More informationExercise 2-2. Antenna Driving System EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION
Exercise 2-2 Antenna Driving System EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the mechanical aspects and control of a rotating or scanning radar antenna. DISCUSSION
More informationINTRODUCTION. Basic operating principle Tracking radars Techniques of target detection Examples of monopulse radar systems
Tracking Radar H.P INTRODUCTION Basic operating principle Tracking radars Techniques of target detection Examples of monopulse radar systems 2 RADAR FUNCTIONS NORMAL RADAR FUNCTIONS 1. Range (from pulse
More informationKULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING
KULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION LABORATORY (ECE 4103) EXPERIMENT NO 3 RADIATION PATTERN AND GAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISH (PARABOLIC)
More informationP a g e 1 ST985. TDR Cable Analyzer Instruction Manual. Analog Arts Inc.
P a g e 1 ST985 TDR Cable Analyzer Instruction Manual Analog Arts Inc. www.analogarts.com P a g e 2 Contents Software Installation... 4 Specifications... 4 Handling Precautions... 4 Operation Instruction...
More informationTelecommunications Radar Courseware Sample
Telecommunications Radar Courseware Sample 38542-F0 Order no.: 38542-00 First Edition Revision level: 08/2015 By the staff of Festo Didactic Festo Didactic Ltée/Ltd, Quebec, Canada 2006 Internet: www.festo-didactic.com
More informationFaculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering BEE4233 Antenna and Propagation. LAB 1: Introduction to Antenna Measurement
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering BEE4233 Antenna and Propagation LAB 1: Introduction to Antenna Measurement Mapping CO, PO, Domain, KI : CO2,PO3,P5,CTPS5 CO1: Characterize the fundamentals
More informationAntenna and Propagation
Antenna and Propagation This courseware product contains scholarly and technical information and is protected by copyright laws and international treaties. No part of this publication may be reproduced
More informationExercise 2-1. PAM Signals EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Signal sampling DISCUSSION
Exercise 2-1 PAM Signals EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the generation of both natural and flat-top sampled PAM signals. You will verify how the frequency
More informationManual for Hyperion Receivers 1. Binding Step 1. Power up the receiver in bind mode
- This is not a Horizon Hobbies DSM2, DSMX product, and is not manufactured or endorsed by Horizon Hobbies LLC. DSM2, and DSMX are registered trademarks of Horizon Hobbies LLC. Manual for Hyperion Receivers
More informationThe Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Filtering Aperture distortion
Exercise 3-1 PAM Signals Demodulation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise you will be able to demonstrate the recovery of the original message signal from a PAM signal using the PAM
More informationDSTS-3B DEPTHSOUNDER TEST SET OPERATOR S MANUAL
Page 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION DSTS-3B DEPTHSOUNDER TEST SET OPERATOR S MANUAL The DSTS-3B is a full-featured test set designed for use with all types of echo sounders from small flashers to large commercial
More informationExercise 2-2. Spectral Characteristics of PAM Signals EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION. Sampling
Exercise 2-2 Spectral Characteristics of PAM Signals EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the spectral characteristics of PAM signals. You will be able to
More informationComputer Tools for Data Acquisition
Computer Tools for Data Acquisition Introduction to Capstone You will be using a computer to assist in taking and analyzing data throughout this course. The software, called Capstone, is made specifically
More informationUsing Frequency Diversity to Improve Measurement Speed Roger Dygert MI Technologies, 1125 Satellite Blvd., Suite 100 Suwanee, GA 30024
Using Frequency Diversity to Improve Measurement Speed Roger Dygert MI Technologies, 1125 Satellite Blvd., Suite 1 Suwanee, GA 324 ABSTRACT Conventional antenna measurement systems use a multiplexer or
More informationHarmonic Reduction using Thyristor 12-Pulse Converters
Exercise 5 Harmonic Reduction using Thyristor 12-Pulse Converters EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will understand what a thyristor 12- pulse converter is and how it operates.
More information1 SINGLE TGT TRACKER (STT) TRACKS A SINGLE TGT AT FAST DATA RATE. DATA RATE 10 OBS/SEC. EMPLOYS A CLOSED LOOP SERVO SYSTEM TO KEEP THE ERROR SIGNAL
TRACKING RADARS 1 SINGLE TGT TRACKER (STT) TRACKS A SINGLE TGT AT FAST DATA RATE. DATA RATE 10 OBS/SEC. EMPLOYS A CLOSED LOOP SERVO SYSTEM TO KEEP THE ERROR SIGNAL SMALL. APPLICATION TRACKING OF AIRCRAFT/
More informationMAKING TRANSIENT ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS
MAKING TRANSIENT ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS Roger Dygert, Steven R. Nichols MI Technologies, 1125 Satellite Boulevard, Suite 100 Suwanee, GA 30024-4629 ABSTRACT In addition to steady state performance, antennas
More informationYou will need the following pieces of equipment to complete this experiment: Wilkinson power divider (3-port board with oval-shaped trace on it)
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECE422H1S: RADIO AND MICROWAVE WIRELESS SYSTEMS EXPERIMENT 1:
More informationRadar Systems Engineering Lecture 15 Parameter Estimation And Tracking Part 1
Radar Systems Engineering Lecture 15 Parameter Estimation And Tracking Part 1 Dr. Robert M. O Donnell Guest Lecturer Radar Systems Course 1 Block Diagram of Radar System Transmitter Propagation Medium
More informationAntenna Training and Measuring System
Antenna Training and Measuring System LabVolt Series Datasheet Festo Didactic en 120 V - 60 Hz 05/2018 Table of Contents General Description 2 Antennas 5 Features & Benefits 7 List of Equipment 8 List
More informationModBox - Spectral Broadening Unit
ModBox - Spectral Broadening Unit The ModBox Family The ModBox systems are a family of turnkey optical transmitters and external modulation benchtop units for digital and analog transmission, pulsed and
More informationFFP-C Fiber Fabry-Perot Controller OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS. Version 1.0 MICRON OPTICS, INC.
FFP-C Fiber Fabry-Perot Controller OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS Version 1.0 MICRON OPTICS, INC. 1852 Century Place NE Atlanta, GA 30345 USA Tel (404) 325-0005 Fax (404) 325-4082 www.micronoptics.com Page 2 Table
More informationExperiment 1: Instrument Familiarization (8/28/06)
Electrical Measurement Issues Experiment 1: Instrument Familiarization (8/28/06) Electrical measurements are only as meaningful as the quality of the measurement techniques and the instrumentation applied
More informationECE 2274 Lab 1 (Intro)
ECE 2274 Lab 1 (Intro) Richard Dumene: Spring 2018 Revised: Richard Cooper: Spring 2018 Forward (DO NOT TURN IN) The purpose of this lab course is to familiarize you with high-end lab equipment, and train
More informationModel 310H Fast 800V Pulse Generator
KEY FEATURES Temperature Stability +/-5ppm 100 V to 800 V into 50 Ω
More informationDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Laboratory Experiment 1. Function Generator and Oscilloscope
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory Experiment 1 Function Generator and Oscilloscope The purpose of this first laboratory assignment is to acquaint you with the function generator
More informationA NEW GENERATION PROGRAMMABLE PHASE/AMPLITUDE MEASUREMENT RECEIVER
GENERAL A NEW GENERATION PROGRAMMABLE PHASE/AMPLITUDE MEASUREMENT RECEIVER by Charles H. Currie Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. 3845 Pleasantdale Road Atlanta, Georgia 30340 A new generation programmable, phase-amplitude
More information4GHz / 6GHz Radiation Measurement System
4GHz / 6GHz Radiation Measurement System The MegiQ Radiation Measurement System (RMS) is a compact test system that performs 3-axis radiation pattern measurement in non-anechoic spaces. With a frequency
More informationIntroduction to Oscilloscopes Instructor s Guide
Introduction to Oscilloscopes A collection of lab exercises to introduce you to the basic controls of a digital oscilloscope in order to make common electronic measurements. Revision 1.0 Page 1 of 25 Copyright
More informationGMR 420/620/1220 xhd2 Series Installation Instructions
GMR 420/620/1220 xhd2 Series Installation Instructions To obtain the best performance and to avoid damage to your boat, install the device according to these instructions. Read all installation instructions
More informationSwitched Mode Power Supply Measurements
Power Analysis 1 Switched Mode Power Supply Measurements AC Input Power measurements Safe operating area Harmonics and compliance Efficiency Switching Transistor Losses Measurement challenges Transformer
More informationA3 Pro INSTRUCTION MANUAL. Oct 25, 2017 Revision IMPORTANT NOTES
A3 Pro INSTRUCTION MANUAL Oct 25, 2017 Revision IMPORTANT NOTES 1. Radio controlled (R/C) models are not toys! The propellers rotate at high speed and pose potential risk. They may cause severe injury
More informationExercise 8. The Four-Quadrant Chopper EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION. The Four-Quadrant Chopper
Exercise 8 The Four-Quadrant Chopper EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the operation of the four-quadrant chopper. DISCUSSION OUTLINE The Discussion of
More informationPractical Antennas and. Tuesday, March 4, 14
Practical Antennas and Transmission Lines Goals Antennas are the interface between guided waves (from a cable) and unguided waves (in space). To understand the various properties of antennas, so as to
More informationGentec-EO USA. T-RAD-USB Users Manual. T-Rad-USB Operating Instructions /15/2010 Page 1 of 24
Gentec-EO USA T-RAD-USB Users Manual Gentec-EO USA 5825 Jean Road Center Lake Oswego, Oregon, 97035 503-697-1870 voice 503-697-0633 fax 121-201795 11/15/2010 Page 1 of 24 System Overview Welcome to the
More informationSet No.1. Code No: R
Set No.1 IV B.Tech. I Semester Regular Examinations, November -2008 RADAR SYSTEMS ( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics & Telematics) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any
More informationExperiment 1: Instrument Familiarization
Electrical Measurement Issues Experiment 1: Instrument Familiarization Electrical measurements are only as meaningful as the quality of the measurement techniques and the instrumentation applied to the
More informationLecture 3 SIGNAL PROCESSING
Lecture 3 SIGNAL PROCESSING Pulse Width t Pulse Train Spectrum of Pulse Train Spacing between Spectral Lines =PRF -1/t 1/t -PRF/2 PRF/2 Maximum Doppler shift giving unambiguous results should be with in
More informationLLS - Introduction to Equipment
Published on Advanced Lab (http://experimentationlab.berkeley.edu) Home > LLS - Introduction to Equipment LLS - Introduction to Equipment All pages in this lab 1. Low Light Signal Measurements [1] 2. Introduction
More informationRadar observables: Target range Target angles (azimuth & elevation) Target size (radar cross section) Target speed (Doppler) Target features (imaging)
Fundamentals of Radar Prof. N.V.S.N. Sarma Outline 1. Definition and Principles of radar 2. Radar Frequencies 3. Radar Types and Applications 4. Radar Operation 5. Radar modes What What is is Radar? Radar?
More informationB. Equipment. Advanced Lab
Advanced Lab Measuring Periodic Signals Using a Digital Oscilloscope A. Introduction and Background We will use a digital oscilloscope to characterize several different periodic voltage signals. We will
More informationNow we re going to put all that knowledge to the test and apply your cyber skills in a wireless environment.
We are devoting a good portion of this course to learning about wireless communications systems and the associated considerations, from modulation to gain to antennas and signal propagation. Why? Because
More informationExercise 3. Differential QAM (DQAM) EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION. Review of phase ambiguity
Exercise 3 Differential QAM (DQAM) EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the use of differential encoding, using the ITU-T V.22 bis recommendation, to overcome
More informationExternal Source Control
External Source Control X-Series Signal Analyzers Option ESC DEMO GUIDE Introduction External source control for X-Series signal analyzers (Option ESC) allows the Keysight PXA, MXA, EXA, and CXA to control
More informationRadiation characteristics of an array of two dipole antennas
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). EEE 434: Microwave Engineering Laboratory Experiment No.: A2 Radiation characteristics
More informationThe Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Angular position control block diagram and fundamentals. Power amplifier 0.
Exercise 6 Motor Shaft Angular Position Control EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to associate the pulses generated by a position sensing incremental encoder with
More informationCX-1X Mini Heading-Hold Gyro System. Copyright 2014 KY MODEL Company Limited.
CX-1X2000 Mini Heading-Hold Gyro System INSTRUCTION MANUAL www.copterx.com Copyright 2014 KY MODEL Company Limited. MENU 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Table of content Introduction Features Specifications
More informationEXPERIMENT NUMBER 2 BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE OPERATIONS
1 EXPERIMENT NUMBER 2 BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE OPERATIONS The oscilloscope is the most versatile and most important tool in this lab and is probably the best tool an electrical engineer uses. This outline guides
More informationC-COM Satellite Systems Inc. Page 1 of 39
Page 1 of 39 inetvu Fly-75V & Fly-98G/H/V & Fly-981 User Manual The inetvu brand and logo are registered trademarks of C-COM Satellite Systems, Inc. Copyright 2006 C-COM Satellite Systems, Inc. 1-877-iNetVu6
More informationEULAMBIA ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES LTD. User Manual EAT-EOM-CTL-2. Alexandros Fragkos
EULAMBIA ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES LTD User Manual Alexandros Fragkos (alexandros.fragkos@eulambia.com) 11/28/2016 28/11/2016 User Manual User Manual 28/11/2016 Electro-Optic Modulator Bias Control Unit v2.0
More informationNotes on Experiment #1
Notes on Experiment #1 Bring graph paper (cm cm is best) From this week on, be sure to print a copy of each experiment and bring it with you to lab. There will not be any experiment copies available in
More informationGetting Started. MSO/DPO Series Oscilloscopes. Basic Concepts
Getting Started MSO/DPO Series Oscilloscopes Basic Concepts 001-1523-00 Getting Started 1.1 Getting Started What is an oscilloscope? An oscilloscope is a device that draws a graph of an electrical signal.
More informationSEMASPEC Provisional Test Method for Evaluating the Electromagnetic Susceptibility of Thermal Mass Flow Controllers
SEMASPEC Provisional Test Method for Evaluating the Electromagnetic Susceptibility of Thermal Mass Flow Controllers Technology Transfer 92071231B-STD and the logo are registered service marks of, Inc.
More informationElectromagnetic Effects, original release, dated 31 October Contents: 17 page document plus 13 Figures. Enclosure (1)
Electromagnetic Effects, original release, dated 31 October 2005 Contents: 17 page document plus 13 Figures Enclosure (1) Electromagnetic effects. 1. Purpose. To ensure that the addition of fiber optic
More informationTektronix Inc. DisplayPort Standard. Revision Tektronix MOI for Cable Tests (DSA8200 based sampling instrument with IConnect software)
DisplayPort Standard Revision 1.0 05-20-2008 DisplayPort Standard Tektronix MOI for Cable Tests (DSA8200 based sampling instrument with IConnect software) 1 Table of Contents: Modification Records... 4
More informationSpectrum Analyzers 2680 Series Features & benefits
Data Sheet Features & benefits n Frequency range: 9 khz to 2.1 or 3.2 GHz n High Sensitivity -161 dbm/hz displayed average noise level (DANL) n Low phase noise of -98 dbc/hz @ 10 khz offset n Low level
More informationGrid-Tied Home Energy Production Using a Solar or Wind Power Inverter without DC-to-DC Converter
Exercise 3 Grid-Tied Home Energy Production Using a Solar or Wind Power Inverter without DC-to-DC Converter EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with grid-tied
More informationLVTX-10 Series Ultrasonic Sensor Installation and Operation Guide
LVTX-10 Series Ultrasonic Sensor Installation and Operation Guide M-5578/0516 M-5578/0516 Section TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction... 1 2 Quick Guide on Getting Started... 2 Mounting the LVTX-10 Series
More informationOptical Pumping Control Unit
(Advanced) Experimental Physics V85.0112/G85.2075 Optical Pumping Control Unit Fall, 2012 10/16/2012 Introduction This document is gives an overview of the optical pumping control unit. Magnetic Fields
More informationThe oscilloscope and RC filters
(ta initials) first name (print) last name (print) brock id (ab17cd) (lab date) Experiment 4 The oscilloscope and C filters The objective of this experiment is to familiarize the student with the workstation
More informationPXIe Contents CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
CALIBRATION PROCEDURE PXIe-5632 This document contains the verification and adjustment procedures for the PXIe-5632 Vector Network Analyzer. Refer to ni.com/calibration for more information about calibration
More informationGUIDED WEAPONS RADAR TESTING
GUIDED WEAPONS RADAR TESTING by Richard H. Bryan ABSTRACT An overview of non-destructive real-time testing of missiles is discussed in this paper. This testing has become known as hardware-in-the-loop
More informationFrequency Diversity Radar
Frequency Diversity Radar In order to overcome some of the target size fluctuations many radars use two or more different illumination frequencies. Frequency diversity typically uses two transmitters operating
More informationExercise 7. The Buck/Boost Chopper EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION. The Buck/Boost Chopper
Exercise 7 The Buck/Boost Chopper EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the operation of the buck/boost chopper. DISCUSSION OUTLINE The Discussion of this
More informationModel 305 Synchronous Countdown System
Model 305 Synchronous Countdown System Introduction: The Model 305 pre-settable countdown electronics is a high-speed synchronous divider that generates an electronic trigger pulse, locked in time with
More informationInstruction manual for T3DS software. Tool for THz Time-Domain Spectroscopy. Release 4.0
Instruction manual for T3DS software Release 4.0 Table of contents 0. Setup... 3 1. Start-up... 5 2. Input parameters and delay line control... 6 3. Slow scan measurement... 8 4. Fast scan measurement...
More information2 Oscilloscope Familiarization
Lab 2 Oscilloscope Familiarization What You Need To Know: Voltages and currents in an electronic circuit as in a CD player, mobile phone or TV set vary in time. Throughout the course you will investigate
More informationThe Single-Phase PWM Inverter with Dual-Polarity DC Bus
Exercise 2 The Single-Phase PWM Inverter with Dual-Polarity DC Bus EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the singlephase PWM inverter with dual-polarity dc
More informationUSER OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL
46 Robezu str. LV-1004 Riga Latvia Phone: +371-7-065-100, Fax: +371-7-065-102 Mm-wave Division in St. Petersburg, Russia Phone: +7-812-326-5924, Fax: +7-812-326-1060 USER OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL
More informationIntroduction to Lab Instruments
ECE316, Experiment 00, 2017 Communications Lab, University of Toronto Introduction to Lab Instruments Bruno Korst - bkf@comm.utoronto.ca Abstract This experiment will review the use of three lab instruments
More informationBR2 Lap Beacon Manual
MoTeC BR2 Lap Beacon Manual Contents Introduction... 1 Overview... 3 Operation...3 Orientation...5 Range...5 Alignment...5 Verifying Operation...6 Split Beacon Use...6 Configuration - Quick Start... 7
More informationCheck our knowledge base at
USER MANUAL Check our knowledge base at http://support.paralinx.net TABLE OF CONTENTS PARALINX ARROW-X 3 05 Safety Instructions 16 Receiver LED Status 06 Overview 17 Quick Start Guide 07 Package Contents
More informationExercise 2. The Buck Chopper EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. The buck chopper DISCUSSION
Exercise 2 The Buck Chopper EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the operation of the buck chopper. DISCUSSION OUTLINE The Discussion of this exercise covers
More informationBROADBAND GAIN STANDARDS FOR WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS
BROADBAND GAIN STANDARDS FOR WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS James D. Huff Carl W. Sirles The Howland Company, Inc. 4540 Atwater Court, Suite 107 Buford, Georgia 30518 USA Abstract Total Radiated Power (TRP) and
More informationUser Guide MRM-70R/MRM-70B DIVERSITY RECEIVER MODULE. The MRM-70R/MRM-70B is a single channel, frequency agile, wireless microphone receiver module.
User Guide MRM-70R/MRM-70B The MRM-70R/MRM-70B is a single channel, frequency agile, wireless microphone receiver module. All rights reserved. Do not copy or forward without prior approvals MIPRO. Specifications
More informationUltrasonic Level Transmitters (Optional Exercise)
Exercise 4-6 Ultrasonic Level Transmitters (Optional Exercise) EXERCISE OBJECTIVE In this exercise, you will study how ultrasonic level transmitters operate. You will measure level in a column using an
More informationLAB I. INTRODUCTION TO LAB EQUIPMENT
1. OBJECTIVE LAB I. INTRODUCTION TO LAB EQUIPMENT In this lab you will learn how to properly operate the oscilloscope Agilent MSO6032A, the Keithley Source Measure Unit (SMU) 2430, the function generator
More informationEMG4066:Antennas and Propagation Exp 1:ANTENNAS MMU:FOE. To study the radiation pattern characteristics of various types of antennas.
OBJECTIVES To study the radiation pattern characteristics of various types of antennas. APPARATUS Microwave Source Rotating Antenna Platform Measurement Interface Transmitting Horn Antenna Dipole and Yagi
More informationand GHz. ECE Radiometer. Technical Description and User Manual
E-mail: sales@elva-1.com http://www.elva-1.com 26.5-40 and 76.5-90 GHz ECE Radiometer Technical Description and User Manual November 2008 Contents 1. Introduction... 3 2. Parameters and specifications...
More information9. Microwaves. 9.1 Introduction. Safety consideration
MW 9. Microwaves 9.1 Introduction Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths of the order of 1 mm to 1 m, or equivalently, with frequencies from 0.3 GHz to 0.3 THz, are commonly known as microwaves, sometimes
More informationLab 12 Microwave Optics.
b Lab 12 Microwave Optics. CAUTION: The output power of the microwave transmitter is well below standard safety levels. Nevertheless, do not look directly into the microwave horn at close range when the
More informationLAB 7: THE OSCILLOSCOPE
LAB 7: THE OSCILLOSCOPE Equipment List: Dual Trace Oscilloscope HP function generator HP-DMM 2 BNC-to-BNC 1 cables (one long, one short) 1 BNC-to-banana 1 BNC-probe Hand-held DMM (freq mode) Purpose: To
More informationLTE. Tester of laser range finders. Integrator Target slider. Transmitter channel. Receiver channel. Target slider Attenuator 2
a) b) External Attenuators Transmitter LRF Receiver Transmitter channel Receiver channel Integrator Target slider Target slider Attenuator 2 Attenuator 1 Detector Light source Pulse gene rator Fiber attenuator
More information