ELEC Transmission i and

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1 ELEC-1104 Lecture 5: Transmission i and Distribution ib ti

2 Power System Layout

3 Transmission and Distribution The transmission system is to transmit a large amount of energy from the power stations s to the load centres. es. The distribution ib ti system is to take energy from the transmission network and supply it to the end consumers.

4 Transmission and Distribution To transmit a given power, the higher the voltage, the smaller is the current, and hence lower is the resistance sta loss. Power Voltage Current Loss = current 2 Resistance To raise the voltage, AC transformer is required. Hence the transmission i and distribution system normally operates in AC.

5 Three phase transmission Advantages of three phase transmission: Only 3 conductors are required to supply a 3-phase line, hence better transmission efficiency. The total t 3-phase power is constant t rather than pulsating, hence smoother operation. For a machine of given size, higher rating can be obtained with 3-phase design.

6 Transmission System The transmission network can take on different forms, it s a compromise between reliability tyand cost. The characteristic of the transmission network is that direction of energy flow is not fixed but depend on generation and load conditions.

7 Transmission System Transmission refers to the highest voltage levels in the system network and could vary from 132 kv (66 kv in HK) upward.» UHV above 750 kv» EHV 400 to 750 kv The higher level transmission network is The higher level transmission network is sometimes refer to as the grid.

8 Today s Transmission System Power plants may be far from the load (e.g. to avoid fuel transportation, building power plants near the coal mines). To enhance reliability of power supply, network structure is adopted for the transmission system. As the transmission capacity is increased (in GW order), the transmission voltage is getting higher and higher.

9 Today s Transmission System Standard voltages are used in each country, which h leads to standard d design of equipment (transformers, generators, motors, circuit breakers etc.) beneficial to investment, operation & maintenance. Higher voltage networks are built on top of existing networks, resulting in layers of transmission and sub-transmission systems.

10 Representation of a electric power system: One-line diagram One-line diagram -- for system diagram, and show parameters, connections. generator transformer impedance line bus (node) L C circuit breaker grounding load

11

12 Transmission lines

13 Distribution System Unlike transmission, the energy flow in distribution is always unidirectional. The sub-transmission system can be simply regarded as a high voltage level distribution. The distribution ib ti system can be divided id dinto:» Primary distribution (1.1~6.6 kv, 3-phase)» Secondary distribution (380/220V)

14 Distribution Domestic and small consumers normally received their supply from the service mains of secondary distribution system. Large consumers may receive their 3-phase supply directly from primary distribution at a higher voltage. V l i th i Very large consumers may receive their supply from the sub-transmission system.

15 Distribution The primary distribution system receives its supply from the distribution substations and branched outas 3-phase feeders. The feeders then branched out as sub- feeders and single-phase laterals. The laterals supply the service mains of the secondary distribution ib ti network through h distribution transformers.

16 Radial Distribution System distributor Distribution transformer feeder Sub-feeder Substation To consumers lateral

17 Ring Distribution System feeder Distribution transformer Substation distributor To consumers

18 Distribution system

19 D.C. vs A.C. in Utilization Most appliances can work equally well on A.C. or D.C. Electronic equipment work on low voltage D.C. (voltage reduction then rectification) AC A.C. motors are more efficient i tthan D.C. DC motors. Lighting at low frequency A.C. would flicker.

20 Average power 1 Power = VI ˆˆ 2 A.C. Transmission power factor A.C. generators are more efficient and can be designed for a higher generating voltage. Voltage drop caused by line inductance. Charging current to line capacitance reduces the useful current carrying capacity of lines.

21 A.C. Transmission Voltage level can be changed easily by the use of transformers. Current value passes through zero twice a cycle facilitates current interruption AC A.C. system must operate in synchronism, and hence can easily run into stability problems.

22 Average Power P dc = V dc I dc D.C. Transmission Not affected by line inductance nor capacitance No easy voltage transformation No easy way to cut off D.C. current

23 D.C. vs A.C. in Transmission D.C. transmission is more efficient. Operationally D.C. is not affected by line capacitance and inductance. D.C. has no stability problem. A.C. system is preferred mainly because of the readiness in transforming the system voltage from one level to another. The difficulty in the cut off of D.C. fault current also works against D.C.

24 H.V.D.C. Transmission To transmit large amount of power at high voltage, advantage of D.C. is significant. To integrate D.C. transmission with the A.C. system, expensive converter stations must be installed at both ends of the D.C. line. Becomes economically viable as distance of transmission i increases.

25 HVDC System

26 H.V.D.C. Applications To link up two A.C. system operating at different frequencies. As a asynchronous link within an A.C. system to improve stability. For submarine cables. For transmission of large amount of power over a long distance.

27 System Voltage To transmit a given power, the higher the voltage, the smaller is the current, and hence lower is the resistance sta loss. Power Voltage Current Loss = current 2 Resistance Hence for same loss, acceptable resistance Voltage i.e. conductorsize 2 resistance voltage

28 System Voltage On the other hand, there are costs that increases with system voltage.» Insulation costs» Transformer so coss costs» Supporting structure costs» Circuit it breaker and switch costs etc.

29 System Voltage Hence corresponding to the amount of power to be handled, there is a certain optimum system voltage. Thus the optimum transmission voltage for CLP is higher than HEC because the load capacity of CLP is greater than HEC. As we go down the distribution ib ti level, l the amount of power to be handled reduces, hence the voltage level el also reduces.

30 System Frequency Electromagnetic machines (generators, motors, transformers) voltage frequency flux For same system voltage, higher frequency lower flux smaller core size lower cost

31 Transmission lines System Frequency There is a component in voltage drop due to line inductance ΔV = (2πf L)I There is also a charging current supplied to line capacitance ΔI = (2πf C)V A lower frequency will reduce the voltage drop along the line and reduce the charging current to charge up the line capacitance.

32 System Frequency Lamp outputs varies at twice the supply frequency. Too low a frequency can cause lamp flickering. Motor speed varies directly with frequency. For constant torque, output frequency. Two main frequency employed: 50 Hz Hong Kong, China, Europe 60 Hz USA, Canada.

33 Power system network in Hong Kong The power system network in Hong Kong operates in» 3-phase A.C. at 50 Hz The highest transmission voltage is» 400 kv for CLP» 275 kv for HEC. The consumer voltage is» 380V/220 V line/phase voltage

34 Overhead Transmission Conductors are bare conductors with no insulation (insulated by air). Conductors are supported from supporting structures (steel towers) by insulator strings. There may be one 3-phase circuit (single circuit line) or two 3-phase circuits (double circuit line) supported by the same tower. Earth wire to protect line from lightning strike.

35 Corona discharge Overhead Transmission Corona is the ionization of air surrounding line conductors due to high voltage stress. Its occurence depends on:» System voltage» Conductor size» Conductor surface condition» Atmospheric condition

36 Corona discharge Overhead Transmission Corona is the ionization of air surrounding line conductors due to high voltage stress and would result in corona loss, radio interference as well as noise pollution. Concern of EM field on health hazards. Sight of supporting towers

37 Underground Transmission Energy is transmitted over insulated cables normally buried underground. At transmission voltage, cables are much more expensive than overhead lines. Commonly used insulations: Oil-filled paper Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) SF 6 Gas insulated ducts

38 Underground Transmission The conductors in underground cables are much closer together and hence the cable capacitance ce is much higher. Charging current to cable capacitance is a major operation concern. Systems with many cables may have excessive reactive power generation during light load periods.

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