OPTICAL GUIDED WAVES AND DEVICES

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OPTICAL GUIDED WAVES AND DEVICES Richard Syms John Cozens Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine McGRAW-HILL BOOK

1 OPTICAL GUIDED WAVES AND DEVICES Richard Syms John Cozens Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY London New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Hamburg Lisbon Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal New Delhi Panama Paris San Juan Säo Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

CONTENTS Acknowledgements ix 1. Overview 1 1.1 Guided wave optical devices 1 1.2 Rationale 7 2. Electromagnetic fields and plane waves 9 2.1 Maxwell's equations 9 2.

2 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ix 1. Overview Guided wave optical devices Rationale 7 2. Electromagnetic fields and plane waves Maxwell's equations The differential form of Maxwell's equations Harmonically-varying fields and the wave equation Plane waves Power flow The propagation of general time-varying signals Material effects Introduction The origin of the dielectric constant Material dispersion The origin of electrical conductivity Anisotropic media Non-linear effects The electro-optic effect Stress-related effects The optics of beams Scalar theory Spherical waves Lenses Diffraction theory 80

$VI CONTENTS 4.5 Fraunhofer diffraction 82 4.6 Fresnel diffraction and Gaussian beams 84 4.7 Transformation of Gaussian beams by lenses 88 4.8 Mirrors and resonators 92 5.$

3 VI CONTENTS 4.5 Fraunhofer diffraction Fresnel diffraction and Gaussian beams Transformation of Gaussian beams by lenses Mirrors and resonators Reflection and refraction at a single interface The behaviour of light at a dielectric interface Superposition of fields Boundary matching Electromagnetic treatment of the interface problem Modal treatment of the dielectric interface problem Surface plasma waves The slab waveguide Guided waves in a metal guide Guided waves in a slab dielectric waveguide Other types of mode The weak-guidance approximation The orthogonality of modes The power carried by a mode The expansion of arbitrary fields in terms of modes Application of the overlap principle Planar waveguide integrated optics Overview of planar waveguide components Phase matching at a single interface The FTIR beamsplitter The prism coupler Phase matching for guided modes Refractive optical components Gratings Gratings in guided wave optics Optical fibres and fibre devices Optical fibre types Loss in silica and fluoride glass fibre Step-index optical fibres Parabolic-index optical fibres Signal dispersion Mode conversion in fibres Coupling to fibres Fibre interconnects Fibre-based components 209

CONTENTS VÜ 9. Channel waveguide integrated optics 217 9.1 Channel waveguide types 217 9.2 Input and output coupling 222 9.3 Sources of propagation loss 224 9.4 Polarizers 227 9.5 Mirrors 228 9.

4 CONTENTS VÜ 9. Channel waveguide integrated optics Channel waveguide types Input and output coupling Sources of propagation loss Polarizers Mirrors Tapers and Y-junctions Phase modulators Frequency shifting and high-speed operation Interferometers Coupled mode devices Introduction The directional coupler basic principles The directional coupler theoretical analysis Solution of the equations at synchronism Asynchronous solution Fibre directional couplers Coupling between dissimilar waveguides Sidelobe suppression using tapered coupling The reflection grating filter basic principles The reflection grating filter theoretical analysis Solution of the equations at synchronism Asynchronous solution Fibre gratings Other coupled mode interactions Optoelectronic interactions in semiconductors Wave-particle duality Photons Electrons Band theory Effective mass Carrier statistics Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors Detailed balance Rate equations Optoelectronic devices The p-n junction diode Electro-optic semiconductor devices Photodiodes The light-emitting diode The semiconductor laser: basic operation The semiconductor laser: steady-state analysis 366

viii CONTENTS 12.7 The semiconductor laser: modulation 371 12.8 DBR and DFB lasers 373 12.9 Array lasers 378 12.10 Surface-emitting lasers 383 12.11 Travelling-wave laser amplifiers 385 13.

5 viii CONTENTS 12.7 The semiconductor laser: modulation DBR and DFB lasers Array lasers Surface-emitting lasers Travelling-wave laser amplifiers Optical device fabrication Overview Planar processing Substrate growth and preparation Deposition and growth of material Material modification Etching Lithography Optical fibre fabrication Systems and applications Introduction The planar integrated optic RF spectrum analyser The planar integrated optic disc read head Guided-wave optical chip-to-chip interconnects The channel waveguide integrated optic A-to-D converter Optical fibre sensors The integrated optic fibre gyroscope High-speed, guided wave optical communications Fibre lasers and amplifiers 447 Answers to selected problems 453 Subject index 492

Principles of Optics for Engineers

Principles of Optics for Engineers Uniting historically different approaches by presenting optical analyses as solutions of Maxwell s equations, this unique book enables students and practicing engineers