Capt. MOHAMED ASHOUR

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2 What is signaling techniques? Signaling techniques is the art to use signaling devices for saving lives 2

3 Communication One of your first concerns when you find yourself in a survival situation is to communicate with your rescuer's. 3

4 What is communication? Communication is the giving and receiving of information. As a survivor, you must get your rescuer's attention first, and second, send a message your rescuer understands. 4

5 Attention! Whatever signaling technique or device you plan to use, know how to use it and be ready to put it into operation on short notice. If possible, avoid using signals or signaling techniques that can physically endanger you. 5

6 Means For Signaling There are two main ways to get attention or to communicate. visual and audio. The means you use will depend on your situation and the material you have available. Whatever the means, always have visual and audio signals ready for use. 6

7 Visual Signals flags Fire Smoke Signaling flags Body signals Flashlight Parachute Flares Hand flares Buoyant smoke Mirrors or Shiny Objects 7

8 Audio Signals Radio Equipment Whistles Gunshots Ship s whistle Gongs 8

9 CODES AND SIGNALS Now that you know how to let people know where you are, you need to know how to give them more information. It is easier to form one symbol than to spell out an entire message. Therefore, learn the codes and symbols that all rescuer s understand. 9

10 SOS You can use lights or sound to send an SOS Three dots, three dashes, three dots. ( ) The SOS is the internationally recognized distress signal in radio Morse code. 10

11 Aircraft Acknowledgments Once the pilot of an aircraft has sighted you, he will normally indicate he has seen you by flying low, moving the plane, and flashing lights 11

12 How to send the message? Mayday X 3. This is (ship s name) X 3 or Call sign X 3. 12

13 Additional information Position. Number of survivors. Sea condition. Wind direction. Any remarks such as medical aid or other specific types of help needed immediately. 13

14 Simply Simply because you have made contact with rescuers does not mean you are safe. Follow instructions and continue to use survival techniques until you are actually rescued. 14

15 Simply Simply because you have made contact with rescuers does not mean you are safe. Follow instructions and continue to use survival techniques until you are actually rescued. 15

16 VISUAL SIGNALS Host NC flags 16

17 A black ball up or down a flag 17

18 Raising and lowering the arms 18

19 DISTRESS VISUAL SIGNALS sos Use the aldis lamp to send SOS signal 19

20 DISTRESS VISUAL SIGNALS Use sun reflected mirror 20

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22 Dye Marker 22

23 Fire in a drum Use ship s horn sound 23

24 Distress Call May day (3 Times) Ship s name or call sign (3 Times) Position Nature of Distress Required assistance 24

25 Pyrotechnics

26 Pyrotechnics

27 Type of pyrotechnics Hand flares. Rocket parachute flares. Buoyant smoke signals. Line-throwing appliances. 27

28 Visual Signals 28

29 Pyrotechnics for Survival Craft Four rocket parachute flares complying with the requirements of section 3.1. Six hand flares complying with the requirements of section 3.2. Two buoyant smoke signals complying with the requirements of section

30 Hand flares

31 Construction Be constructed with proper workmanship and materials. Be contained in a water-resistant casing. Have a self-contained means of ignition which can be readily operated. be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing. 31

32 be so constructed that the end from which the light is emitted can be positively identified by day and night. 32

33 Performance A hand flare shall not be damaged in stowage throughout the air temperature range of -30 C to +65 C. Burn with a bright red color. Burn uniformly with an average luminous intensity of not less than 15,000 candela. 33

34 Have a burning period of not less than 1 minute. After ignition continue to burn after having been immersed for a period of 10 seconds under 100 mm of water. 34

35 Marking A hand flare shall have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the hand flare printed on its casing. The date of manufacture and the date of expiry shall be marked indelibly on the casing. SOLAS approved. 35

36 How to use? 36

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40 Rocket parachute flares

41 Construction Be constructed with proper workmanship and materials. Be contained in a water-resistant casing. Have integral means of ignition which can be readily operated. Be so designed that it shall not cause discomfort to the person holding the casing. 41

42 Be so constructed that the end from which the rocket is ejected can be positively identified by day or night 42

43 Performance A rocket parachute flare shall not be damaged in stowage throughout the air temperature range of -30 C to +65 C. A rocket shall, when fired vertically, reach an altitude of not less than 300 meters. 43

44 Burn with a bright red color. Burn uniformly with an average luminous intensity of not less than 30,000 candela. Have a burning period not less than 40 seconds. 44

45 Have a rate of descent of not more than 5 meters/second. Not damage its parachute or attachments while burning. Be capable of functioning when the rocket is fired at an angle of 45 to the horizontal. 45

46 Marking A rocket parachute flare shall have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the rocket parachute flare printed on its casing. The date of manufacture and the date of expiry. SOLAS approved. 46

47 How to use? 47

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51 الصاروخ الباراشوت Flares Rocket Parachute 5 m/s 200 m 40 sec 300 m 60 sec 51

52 Buoyant smoke signal

53 Construction Be constructed with proper workmanship and materials. Be contained in a water-resistant casing. Have an integral means of ignition which can be readily operated. be so designed to enable the signal to be released from a survival craft without harm to the occupants. 53

54 Performance A buoyant smoke signal shall not be damaged in stowage throughout the air temperature range of -30 C to +65 C. It shall be capable of satisfactory operation in a seaway. Emit smoke of a highly visible color at a uniform rate for a period of not less than 3 minutes when floating in calm water. 54

55 Not emit any flame during the entire smoke emission time. Not be swamped in a seaway. Continue to emit smoke when submerged in water for a period of 10 seconds under 100 mm of water. 55

56 Marking A buoyant smoke signal shall have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of smoke signal printed on its casing. The date of manufacture and the date of expiry shall be marked indelibly on the casing. SOLAS approved. 56

57 How to use? 57

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61 Buoyant Smoke Signals 61

62 Line throwing appliances Speed Line

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64 Construction Be constructed with proper workmanship and materials. In the case of an integral rocket and line, be contained in a water-resistant casing. Line breaking strength of not less than 2 kilonewtons. The end from which the rocket is ejected can be positively identified by day or night 64

65 Performance A line-throwing appliance shall not be damaged in stowage throughout the air temperature range of -30 C to +65 C. A line-throwing appliance shall be capable of throwing a line minimum of 4 mm in diameter a distance of at least 230 meters in calm weather. 65

66 Performance 66

67 Marking A line-throwing appliance shall be marked with brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the appliance. The date of manufacture and the date of expiry shall be marked indelibly on the rockets, cartridges and igniters. SOLAS approved. 67

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69 How to use? 69

70 Numbers of pyrotechnics Life boats and life rafts 4 parachute signals. 6 hand flares. 2 buoyant smoke signal. Bridge 12 parachute signals. 4 line-throwing appliances. 70

71 Emergency Position- Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) 71

72 406 MHz vs. INM-E EPIRBs 72

73 EPIRB The EPIRB is designed to provide an alert in the event of a sudden disaster, It can be fully automatic so that if a ship sinks, the EPIRB will float free and automatically transmit a distress message. and also it can be activated manually. 73

74 EPIRB It will continue to transmit a signal for at least 48 hours after the accident to enable search and rescue units to home in on the signal. 74

75 EPIRB Satellite EPIRBs operate either on l.6 GHz (the Inmarsat frequency) or the 406 MHz frequency used by the COSPAS - SARSAT system. 75

76 EPIRB The system enables distress messages transmitted by EPIRBs to be positioned with a degree of accuracy which enables SAR units to find the persons in distress as quickly as possible 76

77 General Requirements for EPIRB 1- The EPIRB should be of an automatic float-free type. The equipment, mounting and releasing arrangements should be reliable, and should operate satisfactorily under the most extreme conditions likely to be met with at sea. 77

78 General Requirements for EPIRB 2- The satellite EPIRB should: a- be fitted with adequate means to prevent inadvertent activation; b- Be so designed that the electrical portions are watertight at depth of 10 m c- Be automatically activated after floating free; 78

79 General Requirements for EPIRB d- Be capable of manual activation and manual deactivation; e- Be provided with means to indicate that signals are being emitted; 79

80 General Requirements for EPIRB f- Be capable of floating upright in calm water and have positive stability and sufficient buoyancy in all sea conditions; g- Be capable of being dropped into the water without damage from a height of 20 m; 80

81 General Requirements for EPIRB h- be capable of being tested, without using the satellite system, to determine that the EPIRB is capable of operating properly; 81

82 General Requirements for EPIRB i- be of highly visible yellow/orange color and be fitted with retro-reflecting material j- Not be unduly affected by seawater or oil or both; k- Be resistant to deterioration in prolonged exposure to sunlight; 82

83 General Requirements for EPIRB L- Be provided with a MHz beacon primarily for homing by aircraft. m- The battery should have sufficient capacity to operate the satellite EPIRB for a period of at least 48 h. 83

84 How is the SAR system activated? 84

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89 COSPAS-SARSAT LUT MCC RCC 89

90 SART Search and Rescue Transponder 90

91 SART Search and rescue radar transponders (SARTs) are for locating ships in distress or their survival craft, The SART operates in the 9 GHz frequency band and generates a series of response signals on being interrogated by any ordinary 9 GHz ship borne radar or suitable airborne radar. 91

92 General Requirements for SART The SART should be capable of indicating the location of a unit in distress on the assisting units radars by means of a series of equally spaced dots 92

93 General Requirements for SART The SART should: 1. be capable of being easily activated by unskilled personnel 2. be fitted with means to prevent inadvertent activation 93

94 General Requirements for SART 3. be equipped with a means which is either visual or audible, or both visual and audible, to indicate correct operation and to alert survivors to the fact that a radar has triggered the SART 4. be capable of manual activation and deactivation 94

95 General Requirements for SART 5. be provided with an indication of the standby condition 6. be capable of withstanding without damage drops from a height of 20 m into water 7. be watertight at a depth of 10 m for at least 5 min. 95

96 General Requirements for SART 8. be equipped with buoyant lanyard 9. not be unduly affected by seawater or oil; 10.be resistant to deterioration in prolonged exposure to sunlight; 11.be of a highly visible yellow/orange color on all surfaces where this will assist detection; 96

97 General Requirements for SART 12. The SART should have sufficient battery capacity to operate in the stand-by condition for 96 h and, in addition, following the stand-by period, to provide transponder transmissions for 8 h when being continuously interrogated 97

98 General Requirements for SART 13.The height of the installed SART antenna should be at least 1 m above sea-level. 14.The SART should operate correctly when interrogated at a distance of up to at least 5 nautical miles by a navigational radar with an antenna height of 15 m 98

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