New Design of 1x3 Wavelength Demultiplexer Based on Tilted Grating in Glass Waveguide for First Window Operating Wavelength

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1 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(3): , 2009 ISSN New Design of 1x3 Wavelength Demultiplexer Based on Tilted Grating in Glass Waveguide for First Window Operating Wavelength Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman and Hamimi Fadziati Abdul Wahab Spectrum Technology Division Computer and Network Security Research Group Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract: In this paper, an overview of modeling work employed tilted Bragg grating filter in glass waveguide for a novel demultiplexer design is presented. The design is focused to operate in the first window wavelength band but extension to other windows is possible by modifying the grating period. Investigations are carried out to show the dependences of power reflection on the Bragg structural parameter (tilt a n g le ). By utilizing IFO_Grating software applying coupled-mode theory, the results o indicated that the propagating power is reflected significantly if the tilt angle is less than 10 and shows no reflectance above this angle. Further numerical simulation with BPM technique us ing BPM_CAD, demonstrated that a substantial amount of power can be deflected from the main waveguide by blazed Bragg grating structure. More than six wavelengths using channel spacing above 100 nm can be separated wh e n u t ilizing the model with over 88% of reflected output power. W ith o the limitation of the BPM method, the tilt angle of more than 45 is considered. From this study, an intuitive understanding of the spectral behaviors of the tilted fiber grating and an aid to designing and optimizing the devices for demultiplexer application is obtained. Key words : Tilted Bragg grating, Power deflection, Demultiplexer, CMT, BPM INTRODUCTION Fiber grating has already shown their amazing application by introducing filter, selective device and adddrop device development (Grubsky, V., et al., 2000). The physical parameter of grating will be the controlled parameter of fiber based grating but material s parameters such as the index of core & cladding has limited their extension study. This can be compensation by developed the grating on the planar based waveguide. Both parameters of physical grating and material will determine the performance of grating and able to be controlled. Waveguide grating is a periodic variation in the refractive index of the core as measured along its axis. For an input wavelength equal to one-half of the repetition period Ë, the waves reflected at each periodic refractive index change will add up in phas e. The grating a c t s a s a reflector as all the reflected beams add up in phas e with each other. The reflection phenomenon occurs when the reflected wavelength obeys Bragg s law, stated as (Andreas, O., K. Kyriacosi, 1999)(Grubsky, V.,et al., 2000) Ë = ë/2 (1) where ë is the reflected wavelength in the waveguide core and is considered as the strongest reflection. We may say that the grating is resonant at the wavelength, which satisfies Bragg s law (Joseph, C.P. 1998). The waveguide technology is chosen because the development of optical devices based on the thin film has many advantages: ruggedness, small size, high production, and potentially low cost. It also has potential to integrate the optical devices on the same substrate to construct integrated optical circuit. Bragg gratings in single mode waveguides typically couple a forward core-guided mode to back reflected modes in the core and the cladding. In at least some cases, it is desirable to control the relative strengths of these couplings to achieve a desired function. For instance, the coupling to backward-propagating cladding Corresponding Author: M ohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman, Spect rum Technology Division Computer and Network Security Research Group, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universit i Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia syuhaimi@vlsi.eng.ukm.my 2607

2 modes in single mode fibers may be used in loss filters. This typically requires that the undesirable core mode reflection be minimized in comparison to the cladding mode coupling. The mode coupling strengths of gratings generally depend on the waveguide photosensitivity profile and the electric field of a given mode, both of which are largely fixed at the time of grating formation (Grubs ky, V., S. Dmitry, ). A grating parameter, which can be changed to alter the relative strength of the mode couplings, is the tilt of the grating with respects to the waveguide axis. However, in prior art waveguides the degree of control that is achievable by means of the g ra t in g tilt is quite limited. For instance, in prior art single mode waveguides, the angular range of the tilt angle è over which a given mode coupling substantially is zero (defined herein as less than -30 db) is quite limited, typically 0.1 o r le s s. Such gratings are difficult to manufacture. Tilted gratings in optical fiber are known which discloses tilted refractive index gratings for coupling light in a fundamental mode (e.g., LP 01) into a higher order mode (e.g., LP 11). Such grating can be applied for variety of uses, e.g., as a wavelengthdependent loss element with abrupt wavelength dependence. Thus, there exists a need for a tilted waveguide grating in a single mode waveguide that can provide a broader tilt angle range of substantially zero coupling into the backwards core mode. This application discloses such a tilted waveguide grating. Furthermore, prior art tilted Bragg gratings typically have relatively low cladding loss (typically substantially less than 20 db) as well as relatively low bandwidth (typically substantially less than 20 nm). However, there is a need for tilted Bragg gratings in single mode optical waveguides that not only are readily manufactured but also have relatively large cladding loss (e.g., >20 db) and relatively large bandwidth (e.g., >20 nm). Such gratings can advantageously be used in Er-doped fiber amplifiers to reject undesired ASE (amplified spontaneous emission). Previously, several researches were done by Meltz and Morey to separate the wavelengths and modes by us ing the tilted grating on the fiber based. Meltz and Morey have achieved out coupling with efficiencies as high as 21 % at 488 nm and nm wavelength (Andreas, O., K. Kyriacosi, 1999)(Marin, E., R. Ghosh, 1999)(Toru, M, V. Tzvetanka, 2000). This paper is aimed to study the characteristics of the tilted waveguide grating design by analyzed numerically using beam propagation simulation. Simple application of a demultiplexer using the designed grating has been proposed. Theoretical Consideration: Tilting (or b la zing) the Bragg grating planes at an angle to the waveguide axis (Figure 1), will result in light core being coupled into loosely bound, guided-cladding or we call as radiation modes. The tilt of the grating planes and strength of the index modulation determines the coupling efficiency and bandwidth of the ligth that is tapped out. The criterion to satisfy the Bragg condition of a blazed grating is similar to that of the common fiber Bragg reflector. Figure 2 illustrates the vector diagram of the Bragg condition (energy and momentum conservation) for the blazed grating. Here, the wavevector of the grating K is incident at an angle q b with respect to the waveguide axis. The magnitudes of the incident, v i,and scattered v s, wavevector must be equal to (v = v i = v s ). Simple trigonometry shows that the scattered wavevector must be at angle 2q b with respect to the waveguide axis. Applying the law of cosines to the momentum diagram gives (Andreas, O., K. Kyriacosi, 1999) Fig. 1: Tilting (or blazing) the Bragg grating planes at angles to the waveguide axis v i + v s - 2 v i v s cos (p-2q b)= K (2) b which reduces to cos(q ) = K /2v and shows that the scattering angle is restricted by the Bragg wavelength and the effective refractive index. It is clear from (2) that for blazed grating not only different wavelengths emerging at different angles, but different modes of the same wavelength also emerged at slightly different angles due to their different propagation constants (Andreas, O., K. Kyriacosi, 1999). 2608

3 Fig. 2: The Vector diagram of Bragg condition (energy and momentum conservation) for blazed grating. MATERIALS AND METHODS Design Consideration: The design parameters of the grating for the Bragg filter were done using IFO_Grating commercial software packages from Optiwave Inc. Product, which is bas ed on couple mode theory. The design of Bragg grating filter involves adjustments of the grating shape, length, apodization, index modulation, and chirp, according to the fiber diameter and refractive index. Once such a device setup is complete, the program will perform simulation and generated specifications of the grating and its performance. The output parameter is then exported to beam propagation method (BPM) software called BPM_CAD for further analyze the Bragg filter s performance using different algorithm (Martin, M., 2000). Figure 3 shows the new design of waveguidebased demultiplexer using tilted grating. The reflected wavelength of interest is captured by both side of waveguide known as Capturer. Figure 4 shows the detailed design of the tilted Bragg grating filter on glass substrate and its specifications. Fig. 3: New design of waveguide based demultiplexer using tilted grating. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS IFO-Grating Software: The relation between the reflected power and tilt angle of the grating structure is shown in Figure 5. The simulation results reveal that the angle of tilt in a tilted Bragg grating has an effect on the reflected power. o From the figure, it is apparent that the reflected power is significant at tilt angle less than 10. Beyond this angle, the couple-mode theory used by the software does not show any reflection of power. BPM_CAD Software: Simulation results for tilted Bragg grating using beam propagation method (BPM) is exhibited in Figure 6. It shows that there is a fraction of power being deflected to both side of the cladding area as a phenomenon called radiation mode or cladding-coupling loss. A cross section of power distribution at a particular distance is shown in Figure 7. The wavelength was fixed at 720 nm. 2609

4 Fig. 4: Detailed design of the tilted Bragg grating filter on the substrate and its specifications Fig. 5: The Power output versus tilts angle of the grating Figure 8 shows the loss power versus the center wavelength of Bragg grating that reflected to the cladding area. It was found through BPM_CAD simulation that there are ten wavelengths can be deflected at more than 80% of the total power. They are 500 nm, 600 nm, 710 nm, 720 nm, 850 nm, 1030 nm, 1040 nm, 1080 nm, 1090 nm and 1400 nm. Lamda 1400 nm will be the prove of the design also applicable for third window operating wavelengths. These wavelengths obey the Bragg s law at period Ë = Each wave le n g t h will be partly deflected at different side and position along the grating waveguide. Therefore, it is proved that certain number of wavelengths can be separated from the guiding area. 2610

5 Fig. 6: Simulation of tilted Bragg grating showing the deflection of power on both sides of cladding at ë= 720 nm. Fig. 7: The power distribution of both sides cladding area at a particular cross-section of simulation in Fig.6 Fig. 8: The loss power versus the peak wavelengths. The peak wavelength is the Bragg wavelength, which is reflected to the cladding area. (P=0.3154) 2611

6 Tilted Gratings as Demultiplexer: Using the same structure, the tilted Bragg gra t in g a ls o c a n deflect wavelengths at 1330 nm and 1340 nm but at lower splitting power. These wavelengt h s will exit the waveguide at the opposite side. By placing other waveguides at both sides of the main grating waveguide, the deflected power can be collected. The diverted power through the grating structure at ë=1330 nm, collected by the bottom waveguide is s h own in simulation result of Figure 9. Meanwhile, at ë=1340 nm the power is collected by the top waveguide. This is a n e xa mp le of simple waveguide grating wavelength demultiplexer. Figure 8 has verified the design of the demultiplexer by using tilted Bragg grating Filter. The waveguide located at the cladding area function as a light collector. Figure 10 illustrates the power distribution in three waveguides while Table 1 shows the wavelength and measured output power. Fig. 9: BPM_CAD simulation of tilted Bragg grating demultiplexer at ë=1330 nm. It shows the power being collected by one side of waveguide. Fig. 10: The Power distribution in three waveguides at a particular distance of the simulation in Fig 8 Conclusion: We have shown a s imple design of wavelength demultiplexer using the deflection of power from a tilted Bragg grating in a glass waveguide. This device can possibly be used in integrated optic circuits. Although we anticipate high crosstalk level, but with some design refinement, a better quality device may be obtained. A similar type of device is being designed for InGaAs substrate to be used as the wavelength separator, which then can be detected by an array at lateral pin photodiodes fabricated on the same substrate. The development of Bragg grating on the substrate can be fabricated by using two methods; exposure to the UV light (ë = 244 nm) for inscribing and deposition technique by using PECVD which used the lithography mask for inscribing the grating on the waveguide (Grubsky, V., et al., 2000). Finally, besides being a filter and gain flattening, we have demonstrated other potential applications of waveguide Bragg grating. By optimizing and modifying the devices associated with tilted Bragg gratings, a demultiplexer and OADM can be designed. 2612

7 Table 1: T he Reflected wavelength and measured output power Wavelength P loss (%) (100-Poutput) Wavelength P loss (%) (100-Poutput) REFERENCE Andreas, O., K.Kyriacosi, Fiber Bragg Gratings, Fundamentals and Applications in Telecommunications and Sensing. Artech House. Boston Grubsky, V., S. Dmitry, Starodubov and J. Feinberg, W avelength - Selective Coupler and Add - Drop Multiplexer using Long Period Fiber Grating. Intech. Dig. OFC: Joseph, C.P., Fiber Optic Communication, Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall. Marin, E., R. Gho s h, J.P. M e u n ier, X. Daxhelet and S. Lacroix, Grating in 2 x 2 Symmetric Fused Fiber Couplers: Influence of the Tilt on the Wavelength Response. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 11(11). Martin, M., On the Application of Coupled Mode Theory for Modeling Fiber Bragg Gratings. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2(18). Toru, M, V. Tzvetanka, Djambova, N. Tsutomu, G. Sanjay, Bragg Gratings in Multimod and Few- Mode Optical Fibers. Journal of lightwave Technology, 2(18). 2613

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