Wallace Hall Academy Physics Department. Electricity. Pupil Notes Name:

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1 Wallace Hall Academy Physics Department Electricity Pupil Notes Name: 1

2 Learning intentions for this unit? Be able to state that there are two types of charge; positive and negative Be able to state that like charges repel each other and that unlike charges attract one another Be able to state that in an electric field a charged object will experience a force Be able to draw the electric field around charges and between parallel plates Be able to state that electrons are free to move in a conductor Be able to state the difference between conductors and insulators Be able to state that an electric current is a flow of electrons Be able to describe how electrons flow in dc and in ac Be able to perform calculations using the Q = It formula Be able to state that voltage is the energy per unit of charge Be able to draw circuit symbols and explain the function of the following components; Cell, battery, dc power supply, variable dc power supply, ac power supply, resistor, variable resistor, heater, LDR, thermistor, ammeter, voltmeter, ohmmeter, switch, lamp, fuse, LED, motor, transistor, relay switch. Be able to draw accurate circuit diagrams including the correct use of Ammeters and Voltmeters Be able to perform calculations using the V = IR formula Be able to state that the resistance of a resistor depends on its length, thickness and temperature 2

3 Be able to perform calculations on current and voltage in a series circuit Be able to perform calculations on current and voltage in a parallel circuit Be able to calculate the total resistance in a series circuit using the R t = R 1 +R 2 formula. Be able to calculate the total resistance in a parallel circuit using the 1/R t = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 formula. Be able to state that the resistance of a thermistor decreases as temperature increases Be able to state that the resistance of an LDR decreases as the intensity of light increases Be able to state that an LED will only light if connected a certain way round in a circuit Be able to explain how a transistor can be used as a switch Be able to describe the energy transformations occurring in the following appliances; kettle, iron, cooker, food mixer, lamp, television. Be able to state that the quoted value of mains voltage is 230 V, that it has a peak voltage of 325 V and a frequency of 50 Hz Be able to state whether an appliances is fitted with either a 3A fuse or a 13 A fuse depending on whether it has a power rating below or above 720 W Be able to state the definition of power. Be able to perform calculations using the P = E/t formula Be able to perform calculations using the P = IV formula Be able to perform calculations using the P = I 2 R formula Be able to perform calculations using the P = V 2 /R formula 3

4 ELECTRICAL CHARGES AND FIELDS Electrical charges A particle can either have a positive charge, a negative charge or no charge. Particles which are positive or negative can attract or repel each other. For the pairs of particles shown below state whether they are attracting or repelling each other Electric fields An electric field is a place where a charge experiences a force. The two types of electric fields we are concerned with are the electric field around a charge and the electric field between parallel plates. For all electric fields the closer the field lines are to each other the stronger the field. The direction of the electric field lines always point in the direction that a positive charge would flow. Draw the field lines around the 3 examples below

5 Conductors and insulators An electrical conductor allows charges to flow through it An electrical insulator does not allow charges to flow through it. In the table below make a list of common conductors and insulators that you know about. Conductor Insulator Electric current An electric current is a flow of electrons. Electrons are small negatively charged particles. The electrons in an electric current start in the wires and are given energy to move by a power supply. Direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac) dc electrons flow in one direction from negative to positive ac electrons flow back and forth several times per second 5

6 Charge, current and time Electric current is the amount of charge which flows per second. It is described by the equation shown below. Q = I = t = Example A lamp has a current of 1.5 amperes flowing through it while lit. Calculate how much charge flows through the lamp in 50 seconds? Practice Problems 1. A car headlamp uses a current of 2.4 ma. Calculate how long the lamp must be switched on for 1.2 C to pass through it? 2. A hair dryer is switched on for 5 minutes and the current flowing is 3 A. Calculate how much charge flows through the hairdryer in this time? 6

7 PRACTICAL CIRCUITS Circuit Symbols It would be impractical and confusing to draw an electrical circuit as a picture. Instead all electrical components are represented by circuit symbols. Below are the symbols you will need to recognise, what component they represent, what that component does and an example use. Power supplies Symbol Component Function Example Application A dc source which provides energy to charges in a circuit A dc source which provides energy to charges in a circuit A dc source which provides energy to charges in a circuit Power supply for mobile telephone Power supply for television remote control Power supply for laptop A variable dc source which provides energy to charges in a circuit An ac source which provides energy to charges in a circuit Power supply for garden tools Mains electricity Resistors Symbol Component Function Example Application Opposes the flow of current round a circuit by converting electrical energy into heat Varies its resistance to oppose the flow of current round a circuit Reducing the current in circuits to protect other components Light dimmer switch Converting electrical energy into heat Varies its resistance depending on the light level Varies its resistance depending on the temperature Heating element in a kettle or cooker Detecting when it is night time to turn on street lamps Detecting when it is cold to turn on central heating 7

8 Meters Symbol Component Function Example Application Measuring the current in a circuit Connected in series with components Measuring the voltage (potential difference) across components Measuring the resistance of a component Connected in parallel with components Connected with no power supply Other components Symbol Component Function Example Application Converts electrical energy into light Lighting up a room energy (and heat energy) Completes a circuit to allow current to flow when it is in the closed position Melts when the current in a circuit gets too high to stop current flow Converts electrical energy into light Converts electrical energy into kinetic energy (and sound energy) To turn electrical appliances on or off A safety device in all electrical appliances An indicator light on the front of a television A food mixer A switch which turn on when 0.7 V or above is applied across it A switch which turns on a second circuit when a current is passed through it. Turning on high voltage components Turning on high voltage components 8

9 OHM S LAW Ohm s Law Experiment Aim: To determine the relationship between voltage and current. Diagram: Method: Results: Voltage (V) Current (ma) 9

10 Graph: Plot V on the y-axis and I on the x-axis. Calculation of gradient: Conclusion: Evaluation: 10

11 Resistance Resistance is a measure of a components opposition to current. The bigger the resistance the smaller the current. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). There are 3 factors which affect the resistance of a component; When calculating a resistance the formula shown below is used. V = I = R = Example A battery supplies a lamp of resistance 10Ω with a current of 0.2A. Calculate the voltage across the lamp? 11

12 Practice Problems 1. A bulb is rated at 2.2 V and 80 ma. Calculate its resistance when it is used at its correct rating? 2. An electrical supply of 12 V is supplied to a 10 kω resistor. Calculate the current which will flow in the resistor? 3. An electrical supply of 230 V is supplied to a 6.2 kω resistor. Calculate the current which will flow in the resistor? 4. A resistor is rated at 4.7 V and 92 ma. Calculate its resistance when it is used at its correct rating? 12

13 Series Circuits A series circuit is a circuit where the current has only one path it can follow. An example is shown opposite. Experiment to measure the current in a series circuit Aim: To determine how current varies around a series circuit. Diagram: Method: Results: Ammeter reading at point 1 Ammeter reading at point 2 Ammeter reading at point 3 Conclusion: 13

14 Voltage and potential difference The voltage across a component is also called the potential difference across a component. The potential difference across a component is a measure of the energy gained per coulomb of charge (power supply) or energy lost per coulomb of charge (other components). For example is a power supply is rated at 12 V then it will supply 12 Joules of energy to every Coulomb of charge passing through the supply. Experiment to measure the voltages in a series circuit Aim: To determine how voltage varies around a series circuit. Diagram: Method: Results: Voltmeter reading across cell Voltmeter reading across resistor 1 Voltmeter reading across resistor 2 Conclusion: 14

15 Parallel Circuits A parallel circuit is a circuit where the current has more than one path it can follow. An example is shown opposite. Experiment to measure the current in a parallel circuit Aim: To determine how current varies around a parallel circuit. Diagram: Method: Results: Ammeter reading at point 1 Ammeter reading at point 2 Ammeter reading at point 3 Conclusion: 15

16 Experiment to measure the voltages in a parallel circuit Aim: To determine how voltage varies around a parallel circuit. Diagram: Method: Results: Voltmeter reading across cell Voltmeter reading across resistor 1 Voltmeter reading across resistor 2 Conclusion: 16

17 Current and voltage in series and parallel circuits summary The current in a series circuit is the same at every point in the circuit. Is = I1 = I2 The voltages across all of the components in a series circuit add up to the voltage of the supply. Vs = V1 + V2 The current in a parallel circuit is split amongst all of the branches in the circuit. Is = I1 + I2 The voltage across each branch in a parallel circuit is the same as the voltage of the supply. Vs = V1 = V2 17

18 Experiment to measure how resistances combine in a series circuit Aim: To determine how resistances combine in a series circuit. Diagram: Method: Results: Resistor 1 ( ) Resistor 2 ( ) Total resistance ( ) Conclusion: 18

19 Experiment to measure how resistances combine in a parallel circuit Aim: To determine how resistances combine in a parallel circuit. Diagram: Method: Results: Resistor 1 ( ) Resistor 2 ( ) Total resistance ( ) 1/R 1 1/R 2 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 1/(1/R 1 + 1/R 2) Conclusion: 19

20 Total resistances in series and parallel circuits summary The total resistance of resistors connected in series is the sum of all the individual resistances. Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 The total resistance of resistors connected in parallel is always less than the value of the smallest resistor. t Example Calculate the total resistance of the combinations of resistors shown below. 20

21 Practice Problems 1. The cell on the circuit shown has a Voltage of 3 V and each lamp has a resistance of 12. a. Calculate the current flowing in each lamp. b. Calculate the total resistance in the circuit. c. Calculate the current flowing through the cell. 21

22 Wiring in a house the ring main circuit The wiring in a house connects appliances in parallel. This means appliances can be turned on or off independently of each other. They are connected in a very specific type of parallel circuit called a ring main. This type of circuit limits the current through any one wire to reduce the risk of overheating and fire. A simplifies example of a ring main is shown below where there is an inner ring and an outer ring with 3 electrical sockets and the power supply between them. You will have four of these circuits in your house. One for the upstairs sockets, one for the downstairs sockets, one for the upstairs lights and one for the downstairs lights. The declared Voltage of the mains supply is 230 V. The peak Volatge of the mains supply is 325 V. The frequency of the mains supply is 50 Hz. Example For the ring main circuit shown above, a. State the voltage of the ac supply. b. 3 appliances are plugged in, a 200 kettle, a 100 food mixer and a 50 DVD player. Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. c. Calculate the current flowing through the kettle. 22

23 Experiment to determine how the resistance of an LDR changes with light level In a group of 2 or 3 you will be given an LDR. You must decide what apparatus you will need and design an experiment to determine how its resistance will change with changes in light level. Aim: Diagram: Method: Results: 23

24 Conclusion: Evaluation: 24

25 Experiment to determine how the resistance of a thermistor changes with temperature In a group of 2 or 3 you will be given a thermistor. You must decide what apparatus you will need and design an experiment to determine how its resistance will change with changes in temperature. Aim: Diagram: Method: Results: 25

26 Conclusion: Evaluation: 26

27 Potential dividers When two components are connected in series with each other the circuit is often called a potential divider. This is because the potential (Voltage) is divided between the components as it is a series circuit. Examples of this are shown below. 6 V 12 V 10 V 24 V 14 V 9 V When performing calculations on these circuits there are two ways of tackling them. Method 1 involves using ratios as the bigger resistor has the biggest Voltage across it. Method 2 involves repeatedly using the V = IR equation. You will learn both methods as method 1 will develop your understanding of the circuit and method 2 will allow you to solve problems. Method 1 ratios The resistance of each resistor is linked to the Voltage across each resistor. Bigger resistor means bigger Voltage. The Voltages must also add up to the supply Voltage V 24 V 30 V V 27

28 Method 2 V = IR calculations For the circuit shown, a. Calculate the current in the circuit V 18 b. Calculate the Voltage across the 12 resistor. c. Calculate the Voltage across the 18 resistor. 28

29 Light emitting diodes (LED s) As far as we are concerned at National 5 Physics level LED s are essentially very small lamps which convert electrical energy into light.. Experiment to determine how current flows through an LED Aim: To determine how current flows through an LED. Diagrams: Method: Results: Voltmeter reading across cell Voltmeter reading across LED Voltmeter reading across resistor Current through LED Calculation to determine the resistance of the resistor Conclusion: 29

30 Example 1. The LED is rated at 80 ma and 2.2 V, a. Explain why the resistor is in the circuit. 5 V b. Calculate the resistance of the resistor. 2. The LED is rated at 65 ma and 1.9 V, a. Calculate the resistance of the resistor. 8 V For the circuits shown below indicate which LED s are on and which are off 30

31 Transistor A transistor may look like a complex device but it essentially just a switch which closes when 0.7 V is applied across it. It is connected alongside a potential divider circuit and when 0.7 V is applied across the bottom resistor the transistor switch will close and whatever is on the right hand side of the transistor (usually an LED) will turn on. In order to make the circuits useful in everyday life one of the resistors is usually replaced with an LDR or a thermistor and the other resistor is replaced with a variable resistor. An LDR makes the circuit dependent on light level. A thermistor makes the circuit dependent on temperature. A variable resistor adjusts the sensitivity of the circuit. Example For the circuit shown explain how a decrease in light level turns the LED on. 31

32 Example For the circuit shown explain how a decrease in temperature turns the LED on. Example For the circuit shown explain how an increase in light level turns the LED on. Example For the circuit shown explain how an increase in temperature turns the LED on. 32

33 Energy transformations in appliances Electrical appliances transform electrical energy into other forms of energy. Next to the appliances shown below indicate the energy transformation that occurs in each. Power Power is defined as energy per unit time. For components in a circuit or appliances it tells us how many Joules of electrical energy are transformed into other types of energy per second. P = E = t = Example A food mixer converts 4 kj of electrical energy into kinetic energy in 1 minute. Calculate the power rating of the appliance. 33

34 Fuses A fuse is a safety device fitted in electrical circuits. It melts when the current gets too high to stop current from flowing. Fuses generally come in two types (3 A or 13 A). Appliances rated at less than 720 W use a 3 A fuse and appliances rated at more than 720 W use a 13 A fuse. When selecting a fuse for an appliance we must first determine the current which will flow in the appliance then round up to the correct fuse. For example an appliance with 2.3 A flowing would round up to a 3 A fuse while an appliance with 9.4 A flowing would round up to a 13 A fuse. Complete the table below indicating what fuse would be required for each appliance. Appliance Power rating or current flow Fuse required Power rating of 2.3 kw 1.9 A current Power rating of 300 W 2.1 A current 8.6 A current 34

35 PIVR equations The power rating of components and appliances can also be calculate using the formulae shown below. P = I = V = R = Practice Problems 1. Calculate the power rating of a bulb of resistance 18 Ω if the correct current supply is 2 A? 2. An engineer is designing a fire and reads a data book stating that a 26.5 Ω resistor can safely handle a power of 2 kw. Calculate the maximum current it can safely handle? 35

36 3. The heating element of a hairdryer is supplied with 920 W of electrical power at a current of 4 A. Calculate the resistance of the element? 4. A 36 W bulb has a resistance of 9 Ω. Calculate the current which will flow through the bulb when it is operating at its correct power rating? 5. An electric fire operating at its correct power rating of 1 kw has an element with resistance of 53 Ω. Calculate what voltage is required to operate this appliance properly? 6. A mains operated electric oven has two power settings, 3 kw (low) and 5 kw (high). Calculate the current it uses at both low and high settings. 36

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