Keywords: Forward Boost Converter, SMPS, Power Factor Correction, Power Quality, Efficiency.

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1 ISSN Vol.02,Issue.19, December-2013, Pages: Power Quality Improvement in Multi-Output Forward Boost Converter NARLA KOTESWARI 1, V. MADHUSUDHAN REDDY 2 1 PG Scholar, Dept of EEE, PBR Visvodaya Institute of Engineering & Technology, Kavali, AP-India. 2 Assoc Prof, Dept of EEE, PBR Visvodaya Institute of Engineering & Technology, Kavali, AP-India. Abstract: In Switched mode power supply (SMPS) system, the DC-DC converters play a major rule. The multiple numbers of DC-DC converters are used in multi-output SMPS for regulating voltage of each of the outputs. Due to this the reliability and cost effectiveness can be reduced. In this paper single DC-DC converter is used to improve reliability and cost effectiveness and viable control technique is employed to regulate voltages effectively. This paper deals with such a multi-output SMPS of 175W rating, generally used in personal computers (PCs), using forward boost converter. An effort is made to improve the input power quality also at the utility interface by employing average current control mode. The effect of load variation and input supply variation on SMPS is studied to demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of this converter in regulating the outputs in the wide range of mains voltage using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Keywords: Forward Boost Converter, SMPS, Power Factor Correction, Power Quality, Efficiency. I. INTRODUCTION Switching Power supply is a broad term, which generates a fixed or controllable magnitude dc voltage from the available form of input voltage. Integrated circuit (IC) chips used in the electronic circuits need standard dc voltage of fixed magnitude. Many of these circuits need well regulated dc supply for their proper operation. Efficiency, size and cost are the primary advantages of switching power supplies compared to linear power supplies due to which these are used extensively in future days. The switched mode power supplies (SMPS) market is fast growing due to rapidly increasing use of electronic equipment such as lap-top computers, cell-phones and netbooks that are becoming commonplace. As the technology develops, integrated circuits (ICs) function faster and get smaller in size. This calls for power supplies with lesser losses so that the heat can be dissipated in smaller surface area itself and hence requirement of SMPS is more. Multioutput SMPSs are used in personal computers (PCs) and consumer electronic appliances. A power factor correction (PFC) circuit is placed in front of the converter to improve the power factor of these SMPSs, which in turn is interfaced with the load. It processes the power in such a way that it stores the input energy when it is greater than the dc output power, and releases the stored energy when the input power is less than the required dc output power. To accomplish the above process, at least one energy storage element must be included in the PFC circuit. It forces the ac line current to follow the input line voltage such that the unity power factor can be obtained at ac mains. This paper deals with design and implementation of one such multi-output SMPS of 175W rating meant for PCs with 4 outputs namely ±5V and ±12V. All the outputs are derived using a single DC-DC converter with a high frequency transformer (HFT) at the output with single primary and multiple numbers of secondary windings with appropriate number of turns. The DC-DC converter topology considered here is the forward boost converter topology. For the PFC of the input AC supply, the forward boost converter topology is used as a power factor pre-regulator (PFP). The forward boost converter operates on the principle of a boost converter. To ensure that the input power quality is within the limits and also the output voltage regulation requirements are met, the circuit is employed with closed loop control using weighted error approach. In this work, the detailed design and exhaustive performance evaluation of the multi-output forward boost converter has been carried out for multioutput SMPS of 175W rating with improved input power quality and completely isolated and regulated outputs. The modeling and simulation of the converter has been done in PSIM environment as this software is especially designed for power electronics. The performance of the multi-output forward boost converter is presented for various load and supply voltage conditions. Based on the requirement one can suitably design the converter so that all the power quality indices such as power factor (PF), Displacement Power Factor (DPF) and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) can conform to the limits set by the IEEE and IEC standards. II. CONFIGURATION OF SMPS USING FORWARD The configuration of multi-output SMPS using forward boost converter consists of ac supply V AC, diode bridge, input inductor and capacitor L 1 and C 1, HFT, diodes D SEMAR GROUPS TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved.

2 NARLA KOTESWARI, V. MADHUSUDHAN REDDY and D 2 in the primary side, diodes D 3 through D 1o, inductors L 2 through L 5 and capacitors C o1 through C o4 at the secondary windings and the load resistances of R 1, R 2, R 3, R 4. The AC supply V AC feeds the diode bridge, which in turn is connected to the isolated multi-output forward boost converter. The input capacitor C 1 is used as the load of the boost converter and the source for the forward converter. With a sufficiently large value of C 1, the ripple voltage can be kept within a small value. As shown in figure 1 the capacitors (C o1, C o2, C o3 and C o4 ) are connected at the output side to reduce the second order harmonic voltage. Fig. 1: Circuit configuration of multi-output forward boost converter magnetics and filters. The switching frequency is decided by various factors such as the limitations of the switching device, its switching losses and operating power level. Weighted error approach is used to regulate all the outputs as shown in Fig. 2. The weighting factor of each of the outputs is multiplied with the respective output errors, and their sum is passed through a PI controller to decide I dc. An output ripple filter is also designed for the multi-output DC-DC converter to reduce the ripples introduced due to high switching frequency f sw. III. DESIGN OF PFC FORWARD BOOST CONVERTER The forward boost converter is designed with an objective of power quality improvement at AC mains. The boost converter topology is commonly used in industries as the output voltages are greater than AC supply. The SMPS consists of a diode bridge, isolated multi-output forward boost converter and output ripple filters. For the design it is assumed that passive components are linear, time invariant and frequency independent. The switching frequency is much higher than line frequency so that averaged quantities over a switching cycle can be considered in place of instantaneous quantities. The HFT leakage inductance and stray capacitance are considered to be negligible. Further, the current through the inductor Lo is assumed to be linear. The forward boost converter controls the DC link voltage at a set reference value. The relationship between output and input is given as, Where n is the ratio of N s1 /N p. N s1 is the number of turns in secondary windings of the HFT and N p is the number of turns in secondary windings of the HFT. D is the duty ratio of the converter which is an important parameter to decide the on off time of the switch S w. V o1 is the output voltage of the highest rating secondary winding. Due to high frequency the output voltage and input current have ripples. So, a ripple filter is designed for constant output voltage with inductance (L 2 ) and capacitance (C o1 ) so that the peak to peak ripple of inductor current ( I L2 ) and capacitor voltage ( V Co1 ) are maintained within specified value for the given switching frequency (f s ). An inductance L 1 value can be calculated for a given current ripple is given as, (1) L 1 =V d DT/ i L1 (2) Fig. 2: Control scheme for the SMPS When the switch S w is on, the diode D 2 becomes forward biased making diode D 1 reverse biased. When switch turns off, diode D 1 becomes forward biased and the energy is transferred to the loads. A metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is used as the switching device for on/off control of the converter. High switching frequency results in a fast control of output DC voltages and effective PFC action resulting in reduction in size of Similarly inductor L 2 value can be calculated for a given current ripple as, L 2 =-V o1 (1-D) T/ i L2 (3) The values of output filter capacitor is calculated as, C o =I o /(2ω V o ) (4) Where, I o is output current of the converter, V o is the ripple in output voltage. ω =2πf, f is the fundamental frequency.

3 Power Quality Improvement in Multi-Output Forward Boost Converter IV. DESIGN EXAMPLE Designing of the forward boost converter is presented in this section through a design example. The converter can be viewed as a single-phase single switch multi-output DC-DC converter. A forward boost converter with the following specifications is designed to illustrate the design procedure: input voltage is V in = 220V (rms), 50 Hz, output voltage V o1 =5V, V o2 =12V, V o3 =-5V, V o4 =-12V, output power P o =175W, switching frequency f sw =50 khz, T s =20µs, Output voltage ripple V o = 2%, ripple current i L =2%, the nominal duty ratio of the switch D=0.45. The input voltage to the isolated forward boost converter, V d =198V. Using eqn. (1) the HFT ratio n is calculated as, n 1 =0.0138, n 2 =0.0333, n 3 =0.138, n 4 = The value of the input inductor L 1 can be calculated from eqn. (2) as, ( i L1 ) ripple =5% of the input current I in =0.9A, therefore the L 1 value is 39.6mH The value of the output filter inductor L 2 can be calculated from eqn. (3) as, ( i L2 ) ripple =2% of the input current I o1 =18A, therefore L 2 value is 0.15mH Similarly, ( i L3 ) ripple= 0.04, ( i L4 ) ripple=0.006, ( i L5 ) ripple= So the value of L 3 =3.3mH, L 4 =9.16mH, L 5 =8.25mH. The value of the capacitor C o1 can be calculated from eqn. (4) V o1 =2% of the output voltage V o1 =5V, therefore ( V o1 ) ripple= 0.1V as, C o1 = 286mF Similarly C o2 =39mF, C o3 =4.7mF, C o4 =5.3mF. These designed components values have been considered while modeling the forward boost SMPS system. V. EFFICIENCY OF FORWARD BOOST CONVERTER The efficiency of the multi-output forward boost converter is approximately calculated by considering the individual losses in the SMPS as estimated below. The SMPS basically consist of bridge rectifier, multi-output forward boost, HFT and output diodes and filters. Efficiency (%)=Total output power/(total output power +Total Losses in the converter) (5) Total losses are as, Total Loss =Losses in diode bridge rectifier+losses in multi-output forward boost converter+losses in hft+ losses in output diodes (6) A. Losses in Diode-Bridge Rectifier Total losses in diode-bridge is as, = V f I d +I d 2 R d (7) =0.7* *1e -4 =0.497w Where, R d is the internal resistance of the diode. The total losses in the diode-bridge rectifier is as=1.99w B. Losses in the Multi-Output Forward Boost Converter =(V f I d +I d 2 R e )*D (8) =(0.7* *1e -4 )*0.45= 0.224W Where, R e is the internal resistance of the switch S w and D is the duty ratio of the multi-output forward boost converter. The total losses in forward boost converter are as= 0.224W. C. Losses in High Frequency Transformer The resistance of the high frequency transformer R 1 =R 2 =1e -4 Ω; I 1 =0.71A Primary turns I 1 2 R1= *1e -4 =5*10-5 W. Secondary turns I 21 2 R 21 = *1e -4 =0.0149W. Secondary turns I 22 2 R 22 =5.8 2 *1e -4 =0.0336W. Secondary turns I 23 2 R 23 = *1e -4 =9*10-6 W. Secondary turns I 24 2 R 24 = *1e -4 =8*10-5 W. Total losses in the high frequency transformer =0.0496W. D. Losses in Output Diode Diode D 1 =V f I d +I d 2 R d, where, I d =18A, R d =1e -4 =0.7* *1e -4 =12.624W. Diode D 2 =V f I d +I d 2 R d, where, I d =2A, R d =1e -4 s = 0.7* *1e -4 =1.404W. Diode D 3 =V f I d +I d 2 R d, where, I d =0.3A, R d =1e -4 = 0.7* *1e -4 =0.210W. Diode D 4 =V f I d +I d 2 R d, where, I d =0.8A, R d =1e -4 = 0.7* *1e -4 =0.561W. For 2 diodes, the total diode losses =29.5W. Total losses in the system =39.86 W. %Efficiency= (173.3/203.5)*100=85.10%. Thus the overall efficiency of the multi-output forward boost converter is found to be 85.1% at full load. VI. SIMULATION OF MULTI-OUTPUT FORWARD The simulation diagram of multi-output forward boost converter fed SMPS along with the control circuit is simulated in PSIM environment. This model shows a single-phase supply of 220V, 50Hz connected to the diode bridge which is in turn connected to the forward boost converter. The forward boost DC-DC converter is connected to the HFT. The HFT has four secondary windings namely Ns1, Ns2, Ns3, Ns4 which are connected to the outputs Vo1, Vo2, Vo3 and Vo4 respectively. The output voltage is regulated by a PI (Proportional-Integral) controller using weighted error approach. A low pass filter is used at the output side to filter out the harmonics. The input currents/voltages, output currents/voltages during source and load variations are shown in Figs Tables I and II present the simulation results at source and load variations. The simulation results for the converter are described in the following section.

4 NARLA KOTESWARI, V. MADHUSUDHAN REDDY VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FOR FORWARD The simulation of the multi-output forward boost converter has been carried out for assessing its performance under load variations and supply voltage variations. The start-up performance and response to load and supply voltage variations have been studied and presented in Figs Fig. 3 shows the response of the converter at the input voltage of 220V. It is seen from following figures that under normal supply voltage conditions, it takes about 7 cycles for the voltages to settle down initially. The +5V output load is varied from 100% to 50% at 0.4 sec. Table I summarizes the output voltage ripple, THD, PF and DPF of the forward boost converter at 100% and 50% load conditions with 220V mains voltage. Table II shows the performance of the converter for supply voltage variations. The time taken by the output voltages to settle down initially diminishes as the supply voltage increases. For example, at 220V, it takes 7 cycles for settling down, whereas at 270V, it is about 5 cycles. All the outputs settle down to their respective values with a 2% ripple. Fig 3: Response of the converter at the input voltage of 220V Fig 4: The start-up performance of the converter at the input voltage of 220V Fig 5: The start-up performance of the converter at the input voltage of 270V

5 Power Quality Improvement in Multi-Output Forward Boost Converter VIII. CONCLUSION The rigorous performance analysis of a multi-output forward boost converter applied to an SMPS system has been carried out in this paper for varying load and supply voltage conditions. By using an example, the complete design methodology also has been presented. The response of the system has been obtained during start up and load perturbation. The performance parameters of the system in terms of its input power quality and output voltage regulation have been studied. It is found that the THD of the input current falls within 10% for both full-load as well as 50% load for the complete range of operating voltage of the mains from 170V to 270V with the power factor being maintained close to unity. The voltage ripples at all the outputs are also kept under control meeting the requirements of being within 2%. In all, this paper has presented an effective design of a multi-output SMPS using a single forward boost converter with improved input power quality and output voltage regulation. IX. REFERENCES [1] M. Kohno, T. Suzuki, Simplified Isolated Forward Converter, in Proc. of Telecommunications Energy, INTELEC 1982, l3-6 Oct. 1982, pp [2] Abraham I. Pressman, Switching Power Supply Design, 2nd edition, McGraw Hill, New York. [3] M. H. L. Chow, Yim-Shu Lee and C. K. Tse, Singlestage single-switch isolated PFC regulator with unity power factor, fast transient response, and low-voltage stress, in IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol.15, no.1, pp , [4] Youhao Xi and P. K. Jain, A forward converter topology with independently and precisely regulated multiple outputs, in IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol.18, no. 2, pp , March [5] Limits for Harmonic Current Emissions, International Electro Technical Commission Standard, , [6] IEEE Guide for harmonics control and reactive compensation of Static Power Converters, IEEE Standard [7] PSIM: On-line reference, PowerSim Inc., USA, Author s Profile: Narla Koteswari received the B.Tech (Electronics and Electrical Engineering) in 2005 Narayana Engineering College.She is M.Tech Student Scholar (Power Electronics)in from PBRVITS, Kavali, Andhra Pradesh, India.A.P. V. Madhusudhan Reddy has received his B.Tech in Electronics and electrical engineering and M.Tech degree in PE &ID (Power Electronics And Industrial Drives) from Sathyabama University Chennai in 2006 He is dedicated to teaching field from the last 11 years. He has guided 10 P.G and 50 U.G students. His research areas Power Systems and Power Electronics At present he is working as Associate Professor PBR Visvodaya Institute of Engineering & Technology, Kavali, Andhra Pradesh, India.

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