Course of Instrumentation. and Measurement. National School of Engineers of Tunis ENIT. Karim Bourouni. Dipl.Dr-Ing.

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1 1 Course of Instrumentation and Measurement Karim Bourouni National School of Engineers of Tunis ENIT Dipl.Dr-Ing. (R.U. Energetic of Buildings and Solar Systems) Industrial Engineering Department

2 2 Plan of The Course 1. Introduction 2. Chapter 1: Errors of Measurements 3. Chapter 2: Statistical Analysis 4. Chapter 3: Measuring system s performances 5. Chapter 4: Temperature Measurement

3 3 Planning of the course Session 1: Presentation of the course Introduction ❶ Definitions; ❷ Recent evolutions. Chapter 1 : Introduction to measurement ❶ Preface ❷ Introduction ❸ The electronic Instrument system Session 2: Chapter 1 : Introduction to measurement ❸ The electronic Instrument system Chapter 2 : Measurement and errors ❶ Introduction ❷ Classification of errors Session 3: Chapter 2 : Measurement and errors ❷ Classification of errors Session 4: Chapter3 : Statistical Analysis ❶Introduction; ❷ Characterising Statistical distribution ❸ Total Measurement System Errors ❹Regression analysis

4 4 Planning of the course Session 5: Serie of Exercises N 1,2 Session 6: Chapter 4 : Measuring System performances ❶ The ideal Measuring system ❷ Static Characteristics of instruments ❸ Dynamic Characteristics of instruments Session 7: Chapter 4 : Measuring System performances ❸ Dynamic Characteristics of instruments Session 8: Chapter 5 : Temperature Measurement ❶ Introduction ❷ Expansion Methods for Measuring temperatures ❸ Resistance Thermometers

5 5 Planning of the course Session 9: Chapter 5 : Temperature Measurement ❹ Thermocouples ❺ Integrated Circuits Temperature Sensors ❻ Pyrometry Session 10: Serie of Exercises N 3, 4

6 6 Plan of experiments 1. Linear Variable Differential Transformer 2. Rotational Speed 3. Thermopile 4. Thermocouple Calibration 5. Optical Pyrometer 6. Resistance Temperature Sensors 7. Time Constant

7 7 Introduction to the Course 1. Preface 2. Introduction 3. The Electronic Instrument System

8 8 1.Preface Importance of Experimentation Many areas of basic research and applied product development All phases of Engineering There is a very defined need of the engineer to be familiar with methods of measurements as well as analysis techniques for interpreting experimental data Changement of Experimental techniques Development of Electronic devices More precision is now possible in the measurement of basic physical quantities

9 9 1.Preface Knowledge of many engineering principles -Specification of the physical variables to investigate -Design or procuration of the instrumentation -Knowledge of the governing principles of the instruments -Analyze of the experimental data Research involves a combination of analytical and experimental work -Experimental data are explained or prodicted by analytical models developed by the theoricians in accordance with fundamental physical principles When experimental data are encountered which do not fit into the scheme of exixting physical theories -Experimental data are verified -In some cases the theories are modified or revised to take the results of new experimental data into account

10 10 2.Introduction Objectives of this course : 1 Electronic instrumentation systems in a manner sufficiently complete that the student will acquire an ability to make accurate and meaningful measurement of mechanical and thermal quantities. Thermal quantities Mechanical quantities - Temperature - Radiation - Heat Flux - Specific Heat - Thermal Conductivity - Strain - Force - Pressure - Moment - Torque, 2 Methods that are commonly employed to make such measurements 3 Some of the elements of an electronic instrumentation system

11 Power Supply Transducer 11 3.The Electronic Instrument System Data Processor Conditioning Amplifier Recorder circuit Controller Command Generator

12 12 3.The Electronic Instrument System 3.1 The Transducer : It is an analog device that converts a change in the mechanical or thermal quantity being measured into a change of an electrical quantity. R ε V

13 13 3.The Electronic Instrument System The Active Transducer : They act as generators. Such transducers are based on a physical concept which converts the energy of the «Measurand» into electrical energy example: photoelectric effect, piezoelectric effect, photovoltaic effect, etc The Passive Transducer : It s generally an Impedance which varies when the measurand varies Examples : Temperature (resistivity) Deformation (resistivity) Position Humidity (Dielectric Constant) Level (Dielectric Constant)

14 3.The Electronic Instrument System 3.2 The Power Supply : Provides the energy to drive the transducer Coil 1, Secondary Coil 2, Secondary Primary Coil Motion to Core 14 be indicated Constant AC Voltage Core Insulating Form vs Primary Secondary Secondary v1 v2 v0 Difference voltage v0 = v1 - v2

15 15 3.The Electronic Instrument System 3.3 The Signal Conditioners : Are electric circuits that convert, compensate or manipulate the output from the transducer into a more usable electrical quantity Wheatstone Bridge Example : Example : R V C R s e s R 1 R 3 R d A B i d v m The bridge is in equilibrium when V A =V B R 2 R 4 i d = 0 D

16 16 3.The Electronic Instrument System 3.4 Amplifiers : They are used when the output from the transducer signal conditioner is very small (signals of a millivolt or less). Amplifier with gain of 10 to 1000 are used to increase these signals to levels of 1 to 10 V that are compatible with the voltage measuring devices.

17 17 3.The Electronic Instrument System 3.5 Recorders : Are voltage measuring devices used to display the measurement in a form that can be read and interpreted. Recorders may be analog or digital. The voltage from the amplifier is an analog signal that is the input to the recorder. Analog recorders such as oscilloscopes, oscillographs and magnetic tape recorders display or store the analog signal. Digital recorders accept the analog signal and convert it to a digital code that is displayed in a numerical array, or stored on magnetic media.

18 18 3.The Electronic Instrument System 3.6 Data Processor : The data processor are generally micro-computers that accept the digital input and perform computations in accordance with programmed instructions. The output is displayed in graphs and tables. Data processors are only used when the instrument system incorporates analog-to- digital converter (A/D) and provides the output signal representing the measurement in a digital code.

19 19 3.The Electronic Instrument System 3.7 The command Generator : It is a device that provides a control voltage that represents the variation (usually with respect to time) of an important parameter in a given process. Example: the time-temperature profile for an oven must be controlled in curing plastics. The command generator provides a voltage signal that varies with time in exact proportion to the time-temperature profile required of the curing oven.

20 20 3.The Electronic Instrument System 3.8 Process Controllers : Are used to monitor and adjust Any quantity that must be maintained at a specified value to produce a material or product in a controlled process. The signal from the instrumentation system is compared with a command signal that reflects the required value of the quantity in the process. The process controller accepts both the command signal and the measured signal and forms the difference to give an error signal. The error signal is then used to automatically adjust the process.

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